Human Anatomy Flashcards
(79 cards)
0
Q
What are the 2 subdivisions of human anatomy?
A
- Macroscopic Anatomy
2. Microscopic Antatomy
1
Q
What is anatomy?
A
The branch of biology concerned with the study of the structure of animals and their parts
2
Q
What is macroscopic anatomy?
A
Visible to the naked eye
Gross anatomy
3
Q
What is microscopic anatomy?
A
Use of optical instruments in the study of various structures
Cytology, histology
4
Q
What are the three main approaches to studying anatomy?
A
- Regional Anatomy
- Systemic Anatomy
- Clinical Anatomy
5
Q
What is regional anatomy?
A
- Study of the body’s structure by parts or segments
- Example: 1. head, neck, and trunk
2. Upper extremities
3. Lower extremities
6
Q
What is Systematic Anatomy?
A
- Study of the body’s organ system that work together to carry out complex functions
- Example: Skeletal, muscular, urinary, respiratory, etc.
7
Q
What is clinical anatomy?
A
-Study of the body’s structures and functions important to medicine, dentistry and allied health sciences.
8
Q
What is homeostasis?
A
- To keep in balance
- The ability to maintain a relatively stable internal condition, even though the outside world is continuously changing
- The body is in homeostasis when it’s needs are adequately met and is functioning smoothly.
- Example: teeter totter
9
Q
What is the order of homeostasis on the teeter totter?
Look at diagram on page 3 of notes
A
Starts at stimulus: Heat-Receptors Temperature Sensitive cells- control Center Thermoregulatory center in Brain- Effectors Sweat Glands- Stimulus: Cold- Receptors Temperature Sensitive cells- Control center Thermoregulatory center in Brain- Effectors Skeletal Muscles- back to the beginning at the stimulus
10
Q
What are the 11 systems in Systematic Anatomy?
A
- Integumentary System
- Reproductive System
- Endocrine a System
- Nervous System
- Digestive System
- Urinary System
- Circulatory System
- Cardiovascular System
- Lymphatic System
- Respiratory System
- Skeletal System
- Articular System
- Muscular System
11
Q
What are the two components in the Integumentary System?
A
- Epidermis
2. Dermis
12
Q
What is the Epidermis component of the Integumentary System?
A
- It is the protective outer layer
- Regenerative and avascular
13
Q
What is the Dermis component of the Integumentary System?
A
- Dense layer of interlacing collagen and elastic fibers
- Account for strength and toughness of skin
14
Q
What are the 5 functions of the Integumentary System?
A
- Protection
- Containment
- Heat Regulation
- Sensation
- Synthesis and storage of Vitamin D
15
Q
What is protection mean as a function of the integumentary system?
A
It protects internal organs from disease
16
Q
What is containment mean as a function of the integumentary system?
A
Organs, water, to prevent fluid loss
17
Q
What is heat regulation mean as a function of the integumentary system?
A
Evaporation, loose body temperature, ultraviolet radiation
18
Q
What is sensation mean as a function of the integumentary system?
A
Pain receptors
19
Q
What is synthesis and storage of vitamin D mean as a function of the integumentary system?
A
Decrease Vitamin D, lower energy
20
Q
Within the Integumentary System there are three different degrees of burns what are they?
A
- 1st degree burn
- 2nd degree burn
- 3rd degree burn
21
Q
What is a 1st degree burn?
A
- Superficial
- Damage to the epidermis
- Redness of skin, pain, swelling, and peeling
22
Q
What is a 2nd degree burn?
A
- Partial-thickness
- Epidermis and superficial dermis are damaged with blistering
- Nerve endings damaged
- Slow healing (3 weeks to months)
23
Q
What is a 3rd degree burn?
Look at picture on page 4 in notes to see graphics
A
- Full-thickness
- Entire thickness of skin damaged and sometimes underlying muscle
- Sensory nerve endings are destroyed
- Minor degree of healing can occur around edges; ulcerated portions require skin grafts
24
The reproductive system is studied in two systems, what are they?
1. Females
| 2. Males
25
What is the study of the Female reproductive system?
-Gynecology
26
What are the primary sex organs in females (gonads) and what do they produce?
- Ovaries
| - produce oocytes (eggs)
27
What are the accessory reproductive organs in females?
-Ducts, glands, and external genitalia
28
What does the female reproductive system secrete?
-Secrete steroid sex hormones
29
What are the hormones that the female reproductive system produces?
-Estrogen and Progesterone
30
What is the study of the Male reproductive system?
Andrology
31
What are the primary sex organs in males (gonads) and what do they produce?
- Testes
| - produce sperm
32
What does the male reproductive system secrete?
Secretes steroid sex hormones
33
What are the hormones that the Male reproductive system produces?
Androgen
34
What is the study of hormones and endocrine organs?
Endocrinology
35
What are the organs that are involved in the endocrine system?
- The organs are small and widely scattered throughout the body
- Pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, and pineal glands.
36
What controls and integrates the endocrine systems?(There are 5 controls)
1. Reproduction
2. Growth and development
3. Maintenance of electrolyte, water, and nutrient balance of blood
4. Regulation of cellular metabolism and energy balance
5. Mobilization of body defenses
37
What is the nervous system?
- Master controlling and communicating system of the body
| - Every thought, action and emotions a result of nervous system activity
38
What are the two principals divisions of the nervous system?
1. Central Nervous System
| 2. Peripheral Nervous System
39
What is the Central Nervous System?
Brain and spinal cord
40
What is the Peripheral Nervous System?
- Spinal nerves
| - Peripheral nerves
41
What are the three overlapping functions in the nervous system?
1. Sensory Input
2. Integration
3. Motor Output
42
What is the sensory input in the nervous system?
-Sensory receptors monitor changes both inside and outside of the body
43
What is the integration in the nervous system?
-Interprets sensory input and decides what should be done with it
44
What is motor output in the nervous system?
-Effector organs (muscles and glands) are activated to cause a response.
45
What are the two main groups of digestive organs?
1. Alimentary Canal/Gastrointestinal (GI) Tract
| 2. Accessory Digestive Organs
46
What does the alimentary canal/Gastrointestinal (GI) Track do in the digestive system?
- Digests food and absorbs digested fragments into blood
- Includes the mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine.
- Approximately 30 feet longer in a cadaver, shorter in a living person
47
What does the accessory Digestive Organs do in the digestive system?
- Produce a variety of secretions that help break down food
| - Includes the teeth, the tongue, gallbladder, liver, and pancreas
48
What are the six essential activities to process food in the digestive system?
Look at diagram on page 7
1. Ingestion
2. Mechanical breakdown
3. Propulsion
4. Digestion
5. Absorption
6. Defecation
49
What does the ingestion do in the digestion system?
It brings food into the body
50
What does mechanical breakdown do in the digestive system?
In mouth (chewing), stomach (churning), small intestine (segmentation), breaks it down
51
What does propulsion do in the digestive system?
Swallowing (oropharynx)
| Peristalsis (esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine).
52
What does absorption do in the digestive system?
- Take and absorb fluid
- Includes lymph vessel and blood vessel
- In the blood vessel it is mainly H20
53
What does defecation do in the digestive system?
Release of feces
| Poop
54
What is the urinary system?
-The kidneys filter nearly 200 liters of fluid from the blood stream
55
What are the components of the urinary system?
Ureters, urinary bladder, urethra
56
What are the 5 steps to maintaining the body's internal environment?
1. Regulating the total volume of water in the body
2. Ensuring long term acid-base balance
3. Excreting metabolic wastes and foreign substances
4. Produce molecules essential for regulating red blood cell production
5. Converting vitamin D to its active form
57
What is the Lymphatic System?
- Circulation of access fulids
| - The division of the circulatory system
58
What are the three functions of the lymphatic system?
- Acts as an "overflow" system, providing drainage or surplus tissue fluid
- Absorption and transportation of dietary fat
- Formation of a defense mechanism for the body
59
What are the 6 components of the lymphatic system?
1. Lymphatic plexuses
2. Lymphatic vessels
3. Lymph
4. Lymph nodes
5. Lymphocytes
6. Lymphoid organs (thymus, spleen, tonsils)
60
What is widely distributed throughout the body and is not apparent on a cadaver?
The Lymphatic System
61
What happens when you sprain your ankle?
The ankle swells which is a second response of healing, all molecules increase in protein and you need water in that area, dilute molecules, it stays longer , too much swelling is bad, need hot/cold ice bath
62
What is the cardiovascular system?
It is a division of the circulatory system, responsible for blood transportation
63
What did the Greeks believe?
They believed the heart was the source of intelligence, while others thought it was the source of emotion
64
What are the two components in the cardiovascular system?
1. Heart
| 2. Blood vessels
65
What is the heart in the cardiovascular system?
- Two superior atria
| - Two inferior ventricles
66
What are the blood vessels in the cardiovascular system?
- Veins-take blood to the heart
- Arteries-take blood away from the heart
- Capillaries- all nutrients are exchanged
67
What are the two circulatory divisions in the cardiovascular system?
1. Pulmonary Circulation
| 2. Systemic Circulation
68
What is the Pulmonary circulation in the cardiovascular system?
-Right side of the heart pumps blood to the lungs to dispose of carbon dioxide and pick up oxygen
69
What is the Systemic circulation in the cardiovascular system?
-Left side of the heart pumps blood throughout the body to supply oxygen and nutrients to body tissue
70
What is the direction of blood flow in the heart?
| Look at page 9 in notes for the diagram of the heart
The blood starts in the Right Atrium-goes down into the Right Ventricle-up through to the the Left Atrium-and down through the Left Ventricle-and up through the red blood vessel and back out on the bottom of the heart.
71
What does the respiratory system supply?
Supplies oxygen to our trillions of cells, which without we can not live.
72
What are the two components of the respiratory system?
1. Upper Respiratory Tract
| 2. Lower Respiratory Tract
73
What is the Upper Respiratory Tract in respiratory system?
- Nose
- Nasal Cavity
- Paranasal sinuses
- Pharynx
- Larynx
74
What is the Lower Respiratory Tract in respiratory system?
- Trachea
- Bronchi
- Lungs
- Alveoli
75
What is the respiratory system?
-It brings air in and out of our lungs
76
What are the four process of the respiratory system?
1. Pulmonary Ventilation
2. External Respiration
3. Transport of Respiratory Gases
4. Internal Respiration
77
Which two process of Respiration can not occur without help from the circulatory system?
1. Transport of Respiratory Gases
| 2. Internal Respiration
78
What is internal Respiration?
Exchange of gases between blood cells and anywhere they need to go
