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Human Biology Flashcards

0
Q

Why do you think derivative hormones not need an extracellular receptor to allow hormonal activation

A

It can readily defuse through the cells membrane

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1
Q

Which part of the bone is the strongest?

A

Cortical

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2
Q

What does muscle relaxation require?

A

Active Transport of C a +2 into sarcoplasmic reticulum which requires ATP, makes myosin binding sites unavailable

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3
Q

What is the response to a stimulus of a single fibre and a whole muscle ?

A

Single fibre displays and all on nothing response and the muscle displays a straight line response

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4
Q

What does the pancreas do ?

A

Secretion of enzymes and secretion of insulin

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5
Q

What pancreas cells secrete hormones insulin and glucagon ?

A

Islet of langerhans

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6
Q

What is the function of the gallbladder?

A

To store and release bike

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7
Q

What made you change occurs to food in the mouth ?

A

Beginning the chemical changes needed to produce nutrients in a form that can be absorbed

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8
Q 
Which sections of the heart do whops do what?
A. Left atrium
B. Right Atrium
C. Right ventricle
D. Left ventricle
A

A. Left atrium receives oxygenated blood
B. Right atrium receives deoxygenated blood
C. Right ventricle Pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs
D. Left ventricle pumps blood around the body

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9
Q

What are the diastolic and systolic pressure measuring?

A
  1. Blood pressure
  2. Systolic pressure in artery one ventricle is contracting
  3. Diastolic: Pressure in artery when ventricle is relaxed
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10
Q

What does an ECG (electrocardiogram) Measure?

A

A wave of polarisation that radiates through the heart and time it takes to complete one cycle for the heart Of

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11
Q

Name all the chambers of the heart and which side is oxygenated and Deoxygenated

A

To atriums – top left and top right
To ventricles – bottom left and right

Left side is Oxygenated red, right is deoxygenated Blue

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12
Q

What does the vascoconstrict and vascodialator mean

A

Vasco constriction is narrowing bloods vessels due to cold

Vasco dilation Is dilation of blood vessels in warmth which decreases blood pressure

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13
Q

Name the two main layers of the uterus

A

myometrium – outer

Endometrium – Inner

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14
Q

What hormone causes ovulation to occur

A

Luteinising hormone

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15
Q

What are the two main hormones that cause contractions during childbirth?

A

Oxytocin and prostaglandins

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16
Q

What you mean is found in pregnancy tests ?

A

Human chorionic gonadotropin

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17
Q

What occurs in the Alveoli

A

Gaseous exchange in the lungs

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18
Q

What does the lower respiratory system consist of ?

A

Trachea, bronchus, bronchioles, Aveoli

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19
Q

Gaseous exchange between the Alveoli

And capillary occurs by?

A

Diffusion due to difference in pressure

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20
Q

Can muscles perform more than one action?

A

Yes

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21
Q

What do all synovial joints have in common?

A

Gliding movement

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22
Q

Muscles that work together are called?

A

Synergistic

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23
Q

What is the flap of tissue that prevents food from entering the trachea

A

Epiglottis

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24
Q

The internal body temperature of a healthy human is maintained at a relatively constant 37°C This is an example Of?

A

Homeostasis

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25
Q

Which structure is only present in a few synovial joints?

A

Meniscus

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26
Q

What are skeletal muscles made up of?

A

Striated muscle

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27
Q

The effect of a nerve impulse from a nerve ending on a post synaptic neurone is?

A

One way only

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28
Q

Facts on Schwann cells

A

Schwann cells surround the axons and lead to a greater rate of conduction

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29
Q

The maximum volume of air that can be exhaled after taking a deepest breath possible

A

Vital capacity

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30
Q

How many divisions occur within the lungs before they support respiration?

A

17

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31
Q

What takes place when two or more fibres converge on a post synaptic neurone?

A

There is a summation of the signal, it may take up to two or more firing and releasing transmitter substances to make the neurone Fire and an inhibitory neurone will delay the firing of the post synaptic neutrons

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32
Q

Difference between arteries and veins

A

Veins have valves

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33
Q

Muscles with two sets of fibres are called?

A

Bipennate

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34
Q

What two muscles are involved in inhalation and exhalation?

A

Diaphragm and intercostal

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35
Q

What does the peptic enzyme digest?

A

ONLY protein

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36
Q

What’s the cardiac muscles special function?

A

Conduction

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37
Q

Where does the impulse for the heartbeat start?

A

Sinistral node

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38
Q

Glands within the small intestine produce enzymes that break down?

A

Peptides and disaccharides

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39
Q

What happens in the duodenum?

A

Pancreatic enzymes travel along the bile duct and Most of the chemical digestion and breakdown of the food happens in the duodenum. Food is mixed with bile from the gallbladder and digestive juices from the pancreas.

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40
Q

What are myofibrills made up of?

A

Sarcomeres

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41
Q

What example of a 2 neurone reflex arc?

A

Reaction to hitting the quadriceps tendon below the patella/knee

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42
Q

What nerve carries motor information?

A

Efferent

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43
Q

The bronchial tree contains?

A

Primary bronchus, secondary bronchi, tertiary bronchi, bronchioles

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44
Q

The regions of the upper respiratory tract are?

A

Nose, nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx

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45
Q

The lipid derivative hormone are what type of hormone?

A

Sex hormone such as oestrogen

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46
Q

What carbohydrate form is most commonly oxidised as fuel?

A

Glucose

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47
Q

Examples of macronutrients?

A

Proteins, fats, carbohydrates

48
Q

What is involved in blood clotting?

A

Platelets

49
Q

What is the hematocrit?

A

The volume percentage of red blood cells in the blood

50
Q

What protein is involved in blood clotting?

A

Fibrin

51
Q

What are carrier proteins?

A

Albumin

52
Q

What are gamma globulins?

A

Antibodies

53
Q

Are red blood cells flexible?

A

Yes

54
Q

What does haemoglobin contain?

A

Protein myoglobin

55
Q

What are red blood cells produced from?

A

Stem cells in the RED bone marrow

56
Q

What is the central atom in haemoglobin molecule and is needed in the diet because of the constant loss of RBCs

A

Iron

57
Q

What is the most abundant white blood cell which is first to arrive at the site of infection?

A

Neutrophil

58
Q

What are macrophages?

A

Phagocytise microorganisms and dead cells outside of the blood stream

59
Q

What cell is involved in immune protection?

A

T lymphocytes

60
Q

Which cell makes antibodies?

A

B lymphocytes

61
Q

What cell produces antibodies?

A

Plasma cell

62
Q

What does the mast cell do?

A

Produces histamine

63
Q

What type of protein are antibodies?

A

Gamma

64
Q

What cell would reject an organ transplant or skin graft?

A

T lymphocytes

65
Q

What is cancers of the White blood cells?

A

Leukaemia

66
Q

Which chemical simulates the clotting mechanism?

A

Thromboplastin

67
Q

What hormone simulates blood cell formation?

A

Erythropoietin

68
Q

What is true about haemophilia?

A

It’s a disease that occurs when the liver fails to make blood clotting factors

69
Q

Which blood type can be transferred to anyone?

A

Type o

70
Q

Why can type o blood be transferred to anyone else?

A

It doesn’t have type a or b antigens so it won’t react when given to others.

71
Q

What blood type is the universal recipient?

A

Ab

72
Q

What is the RH factor?

A

An antigen on blood cells

73
Q

What is produced in the adrenal gland?

A

Aldosterone

74
Q

What is the hormone ADH?

A

Anti diruetic hormone

Maintains blood pressure, blood volume, tissue water by controlling the concentration of urine made by the kidneys

75
Q

What is reabsorbed into the blood stream in the proximal convoluted tube?

A

Sodium and water

76
Q

The ball capillaries associated with each nephron is what?

A

Glomerulus

77
Q

What are nephrons?

A

Structures in the kidney that filter the blood and produce urine

78
Q

What is the connective tissue surrounding the kidneys?

A

The renal capsule

79
Q

What transports urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder?

A

Ureter

80
Q

What is the myelin sheath?

A

Speeds up the transmission of nerve impulses along many axons

81
Q

What type of muscle is antagonist?

A

Muscles that when contracting directly oppose prime movers

Relax while the prime mover (agonist) contracting to produce movement

Provide precision and control during contraction of prime mover

82
Q

What are osteoblasts?

A

Cells that create bone

83
Q

Where does most digestion occur?

A

Duodenum in the Small intestine

84
Q

What is the function of the pancreas ?

A

The pancreas produces digestive enzymes and sodium bicarbonate which are released into the Small intestine. It also produces insulin and glucagon to hormones that help regulate the serum glucose levels

85
Q

What is the main function of the large intestine?

A

Absorb excess water, sodium and potassium in the fecal matter

86
Q

What increases surface area for absorption in the small intestine? (2)

A

Villi and micro villi

87
Q

What does the stomach digest?

A

Proteins

88
Q

What is the role of bile salts secreted in the small intestine?

A

Emulsify fats

89
Q

What is a vestigial organ?

A

An organ with no function like the appendix

90
Q

What two types of epithelial cells are there in mammals ?

A

External : cutaneous epithelial

Internal: mucosal epithelial

91
Q

What do epithelial cells in the small Intestine do

A

Absorb food

92
Q

What are the basal epithelial cells ?

A

The bottom layer of the epidermis which is alive

93
Q

Where is the sphenoid bone?

A

In a diagram of the skull it is shown next to the temporal bone and looks like It’s in a position of where your Temple is

94
Q

What is the zygomatic bone

A

Cheek or Malaria

95
Q

Where is the Lacrimal bone?

A

It is the smallest bone on the face just behind the nasal Bone and seen from the side within the eyesocket

96
Q

Where is the ethmoid bone?

A

The ethmoid bone is located directly behind the lacrimal bone

97
Q

Which valve is a one way valve that prevents blood from draining from the aorta back into the left ventricle?

A

Semilunar

98
Q

Which valve is located between the left atrium and left ventricle?

A

Bicuspid valve

99
Q

Which valve is located between the right and left atria?

A

Tricuspid

100
Q

What is fsh?

A

Follicle stimulating hormone

It is produced in the pituitary gland and is secreted by gonadotrophin

It controls the production of eggs and sperm

101
Q

What does prolactin do?

A

Stimulates milk production in the breast

102
Q

Which hormone comes from the posterior pituitary?

A

ADH (anti diuretic hormone)

103
Q

Which hormones come from the anterior pituitary

A

Prolactin and growth hormone

104
Q

What hormone comes from the thyroid

A

Thyroxine

105
Q

What does the adrenal cortex produce?

A

Sex steroids, mineral coricoids, glucocorticoids

106
Q

What does cortisol do?

A

Increases blood glucose levels

107
Q

What are fibrous (synarthrodial) joints?

A

Held together by a ligament e.g. Teeth held into their bony sockets

108
Q

What are types of synovial joints?

A

Hinge, pivot, ball and socket, saddle, condyloid, gliding

109
Q

What types of movement do synovial joints use?

A

Gliding, rotation, flexion, extension, abduction,

110
Q

What is the duodenum?

A

The first part of the small intestine

111
Q

What is red marrow also known as?

A

Myeloid tissue

112
Q

What is produced in the red marrow?

A

MOST white blood cells, red blood cells and platelets

113
Q

What is produced in the yellow marrow?

A

Some white blood cells

114
Q

What does the central and pheripheral nervous systems control?

A

Central: brain and spinal cord
Pheripheral: everything else

115
Q

What do nerve cells depend on?

A

Irritability and conductivity

Irritability is cell response to physical or chemical action by generating an action response

Conductivity is ability to pass this impulse from one area to another

116
Q

What is the sensory receptor called

A

Afferent

117
Q

Whtat is saltatory conduction.

A

nodes of Ranvier in a myelinated axon act to increase the speed of impulse by the poten0al jumping from one node to the next.

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