Human Body Systems, Regulation and Immunity

Question 1

Levels of organization for unicellular and multicellular organisms

Answer 1

for unicellular organisms: Atoms–>molecules–>organelles–> cell

for multicellular organisms: atoms–>moleules–>organelles–>cells–>tissues–>organs–>organ systems–>multicellular organism

Question 2

organelles, cell, tissue, organ, and organ system

Answer 2

organelle: cell parts
cell: basic unit of structure and function in living things
tissue: group of CELLS all performing same or similar function
organ: group of different types of TISSUES working together to preform a function
organ system: group of ORGANS working together to perform a function

Question 3

respiratory system function

Answer 3

exchange of gases between the blood and the environment, takes in oxygen and releases carbon dioxide
know trachea and bronchial tube know gas exchange chart

Question 4

nasal cavity, trachea, bronchial tubes, and aveolli

Answer 4

nasal cavity: warms, filters, and moistens the air.
trachea: windpipe- filters air with mucus and cilia-surrounded by cartilage rings
bronchial tubes: carry air to air sacs in lungs
aveolli: (air sacs)- site of gas exchange

Question 5

disorders of the respiratory system

Answer 5

bronchitis, pneumonia, emphysema

Question 6

bronchitis, pneumonia, emphysema

Answer 6

bronchitis: inflammation/ infection of bronchial tubes -caused by virus or bacteria -treated with antibiotics if bacterial
pneumonia: an infection of the lungs that’s caused by a bacteria or virus -alveoli of the lungs become filled with fluid -treated with antibiotics if bacterial
emphysema: destruction of lung tissue caused by smoking or other environmental irritants -difficulty breathing

Question 7

circulatory system

Answer 7

transport: the process of absorption(exchange of materials between blood and boy cells) and circulation (movement of materials throughout the body) know absorption and circulation

Question 8

parts of the circulatory system and function

Answer 8

heart: muscle that pumps out blood to the lungs and body cells
artery: -blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart chambers (ventricles) -thick muscular walls
vein: - blood vessels that carry blood to the heart. contain blood values to prevent back flow of blood -thick walled
capillaries: -microscopic blood vessels that allow exchange of materials between blood and cells between blood and air sacs in lungs

Question 9

disorders of the circulatory system

Answer 9

cardiovascular disease, heart attack, high blood pressure

Question 10

cardiovascular disease, heart attack, high blood pressure

Answer 10

cardiovascular disease: deposits of fatty substances on artery walls (atherosclerosis) can cause blockage of the blood flow or clots. fat around the heart can damage the heart muscle.
Heart attack: irregular heartbeat due to blockage of blood flow through coronary arteries to a specific part of the heart; damages the muscle due to lack of oxygen. CARDIAC ARREST- when the heart stops beating
high blood pressure: (Hypertension) caused by narrowing of arteries. long-term results lead to heart attacks.

Question 11

plasma, blood cells

Answer 11

plasma: the liquid part of the blood 90% water, 10% dissolved nutrients (glucose, amino acids, etc.), wastes, hormones, salts, etc.
blood cells: living part of blood; primarily made in the bone marrow
normal count per drop of blood:
rbc: 4-5 million
platelets:200,000
wbc:10,000 - amount increases when infection is present
know what they look like
know pathogens

Question 12

types of Blood cells

Answer 12

platelets, white blood cells (different types are phagocytes, lymphocytes), red blood cells

Question 13

platelets, white blood cells (different types are phagocytes, lymphocytes), red blood cells

Answer 13

platelets: clot the blood
White blood cells: fight pathogens (anything that causes disease) by either engulfing them or attacking them with antibodies
phagocytes: type of wbc, engulf (eat bacteria)
lymphocytes: make ANTIBODIES (proteins) that kill bacteria and/ or detect viruses
Red blood cells: carry oxygen and carbon dioxide in a molecule called : HEMOGLOBIN -do not have a nucleus-life span is only 120 days
an atom of iron (FE) in the hemoglobi bonds and carries the gases

Question 14

disorders of blood

Answer 14

anemia, hemophilia, leukemia

Question 15

anemia, hemophilia, leukemia

Answer 15

anemia: (4 possible causes) a decreased amount of oxygen by the blood causing extreme fatigue -low iron,not enough rbc’s -low hemoglobin (treatment injections of vitamin B 12), sickle cell anemia (genetic) RESULT: is a decreased amount of O2 carried by the blood causing extreme fatigue
hemophilia: a hereditary disease in which the person’s blood does not clot normally (treatment:blood transfussions)
leukemia: cancer of the cells that produce WBC’s, a person has abnormally high levels of WBC’s (over 30,000)(normal 8,000-10,000)

Question 16

skeletal/muscular system function

Answer 16

support,protect the body and allow movement

Question 17

parts of the skeletal/muscular system

Answer 17

muscles, bones, tendon, ligament, cartilage

Question 18

muscles, bones, tendon, ligament, cartilage

Answer 18

muscles: 1.cardiac: heart only
2. smooth:digestive organs, artery walls and
bronchial tubes
3.skeletal: attached to bones,contraction pulls
on bone producing movement
bones:body structure, protect vital organs, produce
blood cells in marrow
tendon:connects muscle to bone
ligament:connects bones to bones
cartilage: tough connective tissue structure of outer ear and nose, rings around trachea (windpipe) between bones at joints (act as a cushion or shock absorber)

Question 19

Disorders of the skeletal/muscular systems

Answer 19

arthritis, tendonitis, osteoporosis

Question 20

arthritis, tendonitis

Answer 20

arthritis: inflammation of joints leading to pain, bone destruction, and loss of function
tendonitis: inflammation of a tendon due to stress or overuse. The surrounding sheath becomes irritated and inflamed
osteoporosis: bones become porus..lose density. spontaneous fractures can occur. Treatment. weight bearing exercises, diet rich in Vitamin D and calcium, taking female hormone estrogen , medications like boniver (help withcalcium absorption into the bone)

Question 21

digestive system function

Answer 21

take in nutrients(ingestion),change them into a usable for (digestion) and removal of undigested food (non-metabolic waste) (egestion)

Question 22

mechanical digestion

Answer 22

breaks food into smaller pieces

Question 23

chemical digestion

Answer 23

changes food into building blocks with the help of enzymes

Question 24

starch, protein

Answer 24

starch:chemically digested in mouth (changed into glucose)
protien: chemically digested in stomach (changed into amino acids)
starch protiens and lipids: chemically digested in small intestine (small intestine completes chemical digestion)

Question 25

small intestine

Answer 25

chemical digestion is completed here and ABSORPTION of digested nutrients into the blood occurs here as well, small intestinal villi increase surface area for absorption

Question 26

large intestine

Answer 26

excess water absorbed (diffusion) into the blood from this organ creating feces (undigested food)

Question 27

disorders of the digestive system

Answer 27

ulcers, constipation, diarrea, appendicitis, gall stones

Question 28

ulcers, constipation, diarrea, appendicitis, gall stones

Answer 28

ulcers:open sores or wounds in the wall of the digestive system usually stomach or esophkagus (causes: stress(excess acid) bacteria H. pylori) constipation: Too much water is reabsorbed from the large intestine feces and they become dry and difficult to remove. (cause: diet: not enough fiber(foods with plant cellwalls)(roughage) in diet) diarrea: not enough water reabsorbed from large intestine dehydration is a common result (cause:diet, virus, bacteria) appendicitis: appendix becomes infected, inflammed, and swollen, Bile is made in liver, stored in the gall bladder. It is sent to the small intestine to aid in fat digestion. gall stones:crystals of bile salts form inside the gall bladder. if they block the flow of bile from the gall bladder , it can be extremely painful

Question 29

excretory system

Answer 29

removes METABOLIC wastes. Metabolic wastes are wastes from cellula processes

Question 30

excretory organs

Answer 30

lungs, kidney, skin

Question 31

lungs, kidney, skin

Answer 31

lungs: excrete CO2 and water vapor kidney: filter blood creating urine- regulate amount of water in the blood skin: removes sweat- regulates body temp.

Question 32

kidneys, urine, bladder, sweat glands

Answer 32

kidneys: filter blood returning reusable materials to blood and sending watses through ureters to bladder in the for of urine. Urethra carries urine out of the body Urine: water, urea, salts Bladder:stores urine until realesed through ureathra-regulates water loss. urine production slows down when sweating increases sweat glands: excree water, urea, and salts (sweat) regulates body temperature *check chart to understand more*

Question 33

disorders of the excretory system

Answer 33

kidney stones, gout, cirrhosis of the liver

Question 34

kidney stones, gout, cirrhosis of the liver

Answer 34

kidney stones:collection of solid material that may block the kidneys, ureters (tube from kidneys to bladder), or bladder gout: a disease associated with the production and deposit of urie acid crystals in joints very painful and usually affects the large toe cirrhosis of the liver:cells in the liver become maged most common cause is alcoholism

Question 35

``` human organ system compare to single-celled organisms respiratory: gas exchange:? circulatory system: transport:? digestive system:nutrition:? excretory system remove waste:? ```

Answer 35

respiratory: gas exchange:cell membrane circulatory system: transport:ER or cytoplasm digestive system:nutrition:food vacuale excretory system remove waste:lysosome, cell membrane or vacuole