Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Geography > Human - CUE > Flashcards

Human - CUE Flashcards

(98 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

Suburbanisation

A

Movement of people from living in the inner city to living on the outer edges. Facilitated by the improvement in transport networks and increased car ownership. Resulting in a spread of the urban area.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Counter-urbanisation

A

Movement of people from urban areas to smaller urban areas or rural areas. Leapfrogging the rural urban fringe.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Greenfield site

A

Area not previously been built on. Often on rural urban fringe.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Ribbon development

A

Urban growth and expansion of suburbs along routes into the CBD.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Urban sprawl

A

Spread of urban area into the surrounding countryside. Happens if there are no planning controls

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Green belt

A

Area of land usually surrounding an urban area, where development is restricted. A strategy to prevent urban sprawl

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Rural urban fringe

A

Area beyond the built up area of town or city.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Suburbanised village

A

A village in commuting distance, which receives newcomers as a result of counter-urbanisation. It shares characteristics of a suburb.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Urban resurgence

A

Economical and structural regeneration of an urban area which has suffered a period of decline, which can be initiated by regeneration schemes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Deindustrialisation

A

Loss of jobs in the manufacturing sector which occurred in the uk in the 2nd half of the 20thC

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Gentrification

A

Process by which individuals or groups buy and renovate properties often in run down areas. This is fuelled by wealthier people.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

“Dead-heart” syndrome

A

Result of loss of manufacturing and retailing from downtown areas of a city leaving it with a ‘dead heart’.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Urbanisation

A

An increase in the proportion of a counties population that lives in towns and cities. There are 2 main causes: natural population growth, rural to urban migration.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Million city

A

City with a population of more than 1 million people.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Megacity

A

City with a population of over 10 million people.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Metacity

A

Conurbation with more than 20 million people.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Urban growth

A

Increase in the number of urban dwellers, classification of this depends of the census definition of urban areas which vary from country to country. They include more than 1 of the following criteria: population size, population density, distance between buildings and legal boundaries.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Natural increase

A

Birth rate minus death rate per 1000 people per year.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Rural-urban migration

A

Movement of people from rural areas to urban areas.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Push factors

A

Negative things that drive people away from a place.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Pull factors

A

Positive things that attract people to a place.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Homogenisation

A

Process of people products and places becoming the same.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Underemployment

A

Person not doing work that makes use of their skills and abilities, may occur when a migrant moves to a new place for work.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Decentralisation

A

Movement of population and industry from urban areas to outlying areas. This term may encompass the process of suburbanisation and counter-urbanisation.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Quaternary sector
Sector of the economy where knowledge or ideas are the main output, e.g. advertising, computer programming and software design.
26
Tertiary sector
Sector of economy concerned with providing services.
27
World city
Cities that have great influence on a global scale, because of finance and commercial power. These cities house headquarters of many transnational corporations (TNCs).
28
Devolution
Transfer or delegation of power to a lower level, especially by central government to local or regional administration.
29
Regeneration
Policies directed at tackling social, economic, physical and environmental problems within urban areas.
30
Urban policy
Strategies chosen by local or central government to manage development of urban areas and reduce urban problems.
31
Edge city
Self-contained settlement which has emerged beyond original city boundary and developed as a city in its own right.
32
Fortress landscapes
Landscapes designed around security, protection, surveillance and exclusion.
33
Post-modern Western City
Characterised by the mixing of different artistic styles and architecture.
34
Urban morphology
Spatial structure and organisation of an urban areas
35
Bid-rent model
Graph showing land values falling with increasing distance from PLVI resulting in different land use zones.
36
Peak land value intersection (PLVI)
Most expensive location in a town or city
37
Distance decay
Concept that land values decrease with increasing distance from PLVI.
38
Central Business District (CBD)
Traditionally the most accessible part of a town or city, with the highest concentration of retailing, offices and entertainment.
39
Inner city
Area of old housing and light manufacturing industry dating back to the industrial revolution. Factoring and terraced housing for workers, many cities have witnesses regeneration of these areas in the last 3 decades.
40
Residential
Areas consisting of housing from range of periods, increasing in size and price as you move towards the outskirts.
41
Green areas
Tend to be dotted throughout urban areas, ranging from large botanical gardens to playgrounds in a housing estate.
42
Out of town retail developments
Originally developed by large supermarkets, they include non-food retail and entertainment, but have had a negative impact on city centres.
43
Business parks
Found on the edge of urban areas where there is good access to major roads.
44
Industry
Manufacturing industries often require large areas of land and tend to locate towards the edge of cities where cheaper land is availabl.
45
Informal settlements
Aka. Slums/shanty towns, a feature of a city on low-income countries. Traditionally developed on the edge as well as in areas of the city deemed undesirable. Steep slopes, unstable land and areas prone to natural hazards may also influence their location.
46
Cultural diversity
Existence of a variety of cultural or ethnic groups within a society.
47
Diaspora
Group of people with similar heritage or homeland who have settled elsewhere in the world.
48
Economic inequality
Difference between levels of living standards, income, etc. Across the whole economic distribution.
49
Social segregation
When social groups live apart from larger populations due to factors such as wealth, ethnicity, religion or age.
50
Urban social exclusion
Economic and social problems faced by residents in areas of multiple deprivation.
51
Albedo
The reflectivity of a surface, also the ratio between amount of incoming insolation and amount of energy reflected back to the atmosphere. Light surfaces reflect more than dark, therefore have a greater albedo.
52
Microclimate
Small-scale variations in temperature, precipitation, humidity, wind speed and evaporation that occur in a particular environment such as an urban area.
53
Urban dome
The urban microclimate is sometimes called this, it’s the area within which the weather is different from that of surrounding rural areas. Two levels in the dome: Urban Canopy and Urban Boundary layer.
54
Photochemical pollution
Form of air pollution that occurs mainly in cities and can be dangerous to health. Exhaust fumes become trapped by temperature inversions and, in presence of sunlight, low-level ozone forms. (Associated with high pressure weather systems).
55
Urban heat island
Zone around and above an urban area, which has higher temperatures than the surrounding rural areas.
56
Isotherm
A line joining places with equal temperature (like contours joining places of equal height).
57
Channelling
Wind redirected down long, straight streets where there is less friction. Sometimes referred to as urban canyons.
58
Venturi Effect
Squeezing of wind into an increasingly narrow gap, resulting in a pressure decrease and velocity increase of winds.
59
Sustainable Urban Drainage (SUDS)
Managing rainfall by using natural processes in the landscape to reduce flooding, control flooding and provide amenity for the community.
60
Hydrology
The scientific study of the movement, distribution, and quality of water on earth. The water cycle, water resources and environmental watershed sustainability.
61
Storm hydrograph
A graph of discharge of a river over the time period when normal flow of a river is affected by a storm event.
62
Discharge
Amount of water in a river flowing past a particular point expressed in cumecs (cubic meters per sec.).
63
Peak discharge
Point on a hydrograph when river discharge is at greatest.
64
Base flow
Represents the normal day to day discharge of the river and is the consequence of slow moving soil through flow and groundwater seeping into the river channel.
65
Lag time
Time between peak rainfall and peak discharge.
66
Flashy
A ‘flashy’ hydrograph has a short lag time, high peak discharge and steep rising and falling limbs. If a river has a flashy hydrograph it is more likely to flood.
67
Impermeable
Surface or rock that will not allow water to percolate or pass through.
68
Hard engineering
River management strategies which involve use of man-made structures in order to prevent or control natural river processes from taking place.
69
Soft engineering
River management strategies shchi work alongside natural river processes to manage flood risk. They don’t involve building artificial structures or trying to stop movement of water into a river channel to help prevent flooding.
70
Energy from waste
Electricity and heat produced when general waste is safely burned at high temps. and under carefully controlled conditions.
71
Incineration
Thermal treatment of waste (burning).
72
Industrialisation
Process by which an economy is transformed from primarily agricultural to one based on the manufacturing of goods.
73
Inert waste
Material which is neither chemically or biologically reactive and will not decompose.
74
Inorganic waste
Material that is non-biodegradable. It’s chemical substances of mineral origin.
75
Landfill
Disposal of waste material by burying it.
76
Leachates
Toxic waste water containing arsenic, lead, solvents and other contaminants leached from illegal dumps and landfill.
77
MSW - Municipal Solid Waste
Commonly known as refuse or rubbish. Most definitions do not include industrial waste, agricultural waste, medical waste, radioactive waste or sewage sludge.
78
Organic waste
Material that is biodegradable and comes from either a plant or animal.
79
Recovery
Selective extraction of disposed materials for a specific next use, e.g. recycling, composting or energy generation.
80
Recycling
When materials from which items are made be reprocessed into new products.
81
Reuse
Action of using something again.
82
Urban mining
Process of reclaiming compounds/elements from products, buildings and waste which would otherwise be left to decompose in landfills.
83
Waste stream
Complete flow of waste from it source through to recovery, recycling or disposal.
84
Brownfield site
Area of previously developed land. Term is used in urban planning to describe land previously used for industrial purposes or some commercial purposes.
85
Dereliction
The state of buildings/ and area having been abandoned and become dilapidated.
86
Land remediation
The removal of pollination or contaminants from the ground, which enables areas of derelict former industrial land to be brought back into commercial use.
87
Water pollution
The contamination of water bodies or sources including rivers, lakes, oceans, aquifers and groundwater. It occurs when pollutants are directly or indirectly discharged into water without adequate treatment to remove harmful compounds.
88
Water-borne infections and diseases
Caused by pathogenic micro-organisms that are transmitted in contaminated fresh water. Infection commonly results during bathing, washing, drinking, food prep and consumption.
89
Non-point source pollution
Pollution which is the result of precipitation run off from a wide range of sources including fertilisers/pesticides, chemicals/toxins from urban. These are difficult to regulate.
90
Remediation
Removal of pollution or contaminants from watercourses which have become polluted.
91
Low-impact development (LID)
A storm water management approach that help to reduce run off. Done primarily through use of vegetation and permeable surfaces to allow infiltration of water into the ground. Permeable streets, ‘green’ roofs, rain gardens, urban parks allow water to infiltrate into soils rather than flow directly to sewers.
92
Appropriate technology
Technology that is suitable to social and economic conditions of the geographic area in which it is to be applied, is environmentally sound, and promotes self-sufficiency on part of those using it.
93
Greener built environments
Use of water and energy efficiently, reduce urban waste and increase recycling.
94
Improved transport
Expand and develop transport infrastructure and networks to meet demand.
95
Planned expansion
Encourage ‘compact cities’ and planned expansion, rather than uncontrolled and unrestricted urban sprawl.
96
Economic communities
Provide range of local opportunities including new opportunities in a ‘green economy’.
97
Conserving buildings and open space
Protect existing and create new green spaces, valued and made use of by all members of the community. To support high levels of biodiversity within urban ecosystems.
98
Carbon neutral development
To achieve a zero carbon footprint.

Geography (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions