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Geography > Physical - Hazards > Flashcards

Physical - Hazards Flashcards

1
Q

What is a natural hazard?

A

A perceived event that threatens both life and property. Often results in disasters that cause loss of life and/or built environment.

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2
Q

Adaption

A

Attempts by people/communities to live with hazard events. By adjusting living conditions to reduce vulnerability.

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3
Q

Fatalism

A

View of a hazard event that suggests people cannot influence/shape that outcome so nothing can be done to mitigate against it. People put in place limited or no preventative measures. (‘Gods will’).

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4
Q

Perception

A

The way an individual/group views the threat of a hazard event which will determine the course of action taken by individuals or response they expect from governments or organisations.

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5
Q

What factors affect our perception of a hazard?

A 
Socio-Economic 
Level of education 
Occupation/employment status 
Religion, culture or ethnic background 
Family and martial status 
Past experience 
Values, personality, expeditions
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6
Q

What different ways can a hazard be seen as?

A

Fatalism (or acceptance)
Adaption (prediction/protection/prevention)
Fear

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7
Q

Community preparedness/risk sharing

A

Prearranged measures that aim to reduce loss of life and property damage through public education and awareness programs, evacuation procedures, the provision of emergency ,radical, food and shelter supplies and taking out insurance.

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8
Q

Frequency

A

Distribution of a hazard through time.

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9
Q

Integrated risk management

A

Process of considering social, economic, political factors involved in risk analysis; determining acceptability of damage/distribution and deciding on factors to be taken t minimise damage/disruption.

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10
Q

Magnitude

A

Assessment of size of impact of Hazard event.

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11
Q

Prediction

A

Ability to give warning so action can be taken to reduce impact of event. Improved monitoring, info and communications tech mean predictions hazards has become more important in recent years.

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12
Q

Primary effects

A

Effects of a hazard that result directly from the event.

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13
Q

Resilience

A

Sustained ability of individuals or communities to be able to utilise available resources to respond to, withstand and recover from effects of natural hazard event. Communities that are resilient are ale to minimise effects of event enabling them to return to normal life as soon as possible.

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14
Q

Secondary effects

A

Effects that result from primary impacts of event.

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15
Q

Distribution

A

Spatial coverage of hazard and refers to the area affected by a single event some are localised but some are world wide.

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16
Q

What hazard can affect the world on a global scale and how?

A

Volcanic eruptions as they throw dust into the atmosphere and can cause short-term climate change.

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17
Q

What are some secondary effects of earthquakes?

A 
Soil liquefaction
Landslides
Tsunami 
Damage to people 
Damage to buildings 
Fires 
Floods
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18
Q

What is a disaster/response curve?

A

It shows how events can have varying impacts over time.

In 1991 Park revised the model.

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19
Q

What are the 3 layers of the earth?

A

Crust
Mantle
Core

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20
Q

What is the temp of the core?

A

5000 degrees Celsius

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21
Q

What are the 2 processes that make the core of the earth hot?

A

Primordial heat leftover from earths formation.

Radiogenic heat produced by radioactive decay.

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22
Q

What elements is the crust made of?

A

Silicon, oxygen, aluminium, potassium, sodium.

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23
Q

What is the thickness of the crust in the ocean?

A

6-10km

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24
Q

What is the thickness of the crust below continents?

A

30-40km

25
Q

What is the thickness of the crust below mountains ?

A

70km

26
Q

What is the lithosphere?

A

It’s made of the crust and upper section of the mantle. It is roughly 80-90km thick.

27
Q

What is the Asthenosphere?

A

It lies beneath the lithosphere and is semi Milton so plates are able to float and move.

28
Q

Who first noticed that continents looked like they once fit together?

A

Francis bacon

29
Q

Who official published plate tectonic theory.

A

German, Alfred Wagner in 1912. And said that the earth once consisted of one single continent over 300 million years ago. This super continent was called Pangaea (which later split into 2 smaller ones: Laurasia in the north and Gondwanaland).

30
Q

What is a hot spot?

A

Areas around the core that generate thermal convection currents in the asthenosphere. Magma rises towards the crust and spreads before cooling and sinking.

31
Q

Name some landforms associated with plate movement

A 
Oceanic ridges 
Rift Valleys
Deep ocean trenches 
Island arc 
You fold mountains
32
Q

What is another word for ‘ridge push’ ?

A

Gravitational sliding

33
Q

What is slab pull?

A

At destructive plate boundaries a major component is the downward gravitational force acting on cold/dense descending plate as it sinks into mantle. This gravity generated force pulls whole oceanic plate down as a result of negative buoyancy.

34
Q

Lahars

A

Formed by volcanic ash mixing with water and flowing downhill. Essentially they are volcanic mudflows. In the Philippines, if a typhoon occurs after a volcanic eruption, lahars can result.

35
Q

Lava

A 
Morton rock (magma) flowing onto the surface. 
Acid lava solidifies quick but basic lava (basaltic) tends to flow some distance before solidifying.
36
Q

Pyroclastic flows

A

Formed from mixture of hot gas over 800dc and tephra. After ejection from volcano they flow down side of mountain at speed of over 700km p hr.

37
Q

Tephra

A

Solid matter ejected by a volcano into the air. Ranges from volcanic bombs to ash.

38
Q

Where can volcanic activity be found?

A

Along oceanic ridges (where plates are moving apart)
In subduction zones
Rift valleys
Hotspots

39
Q

What is the VEI?

A

The Volcanic Eruption Index and it measures the magnitude of a volcanic eruption.

40
Q

What are the primary impacts of a volcanic eruption?

A

Tephra
Pyroclastic flows.
Lava flows
Volcanic gases

41
Q

What are some secondary impacts of volcanic eruptions?

A 
Lahars 
Flooding 
Volcanic landslides 
Acid rain 
Climate change
42
Q

Earthquake

A

Crust of the earth is constantly moving, tends to be slow build up of stress within rocks. When pressure is released, parts of surface experience intense shaking motion.

43
Q

What is retrofitting?

A

In earthquake-prone areas buildings and other structures can be fitted with devices such as shock absorbers and cross-bracing to make them more earthquake proof.

44
Q

What is a tsunami ?

A

Giant sea waves generated by shallow-focus underwater earthquakes, violent volcanic eruptions, underwater debris slides and landslides into the sea.

45
Q

What are the 3 categories of earthquakes?

A 
Shallow focus (0-70km) cause greatest damage plus account for 75% of all earthquake energy released.
Intermediate focus (70-300km deep).
Deep focus (300-700km deep).
46
Q

What are the different scales of measuring the magnitude of an earthquake?

A 
Richter scale (0-8) increases by 30x with each unit.
Momat Magnitude Scale (MMS) (1-10) 
Mercalli scale (1-12)
47
Q

What factors effect the impact of a tsunami?

A 
Height of wave and distance travelled 
Length of event 
Extent to which warnings could be given 
Coastal physical geography 
Coastal land use and population density
48
Q

How do you decease an areas vulnerability of a hazard?

A 
Building hazard resistant structures 
Education 
Fire prevention 
Emergency services 
Land-use planning 
Insurance 
Aid 
Tsunami protection
49
Q

Mitigation

A

Strategy designed to reduce risks to people/property from natural hazards, money spent prior to a hazardous event to reduce impact of it can result in substantial savings in life and property following event.

50
Q

What are storm surges?

A

Rapid rise in sea level where water is piled up against coastline far more than high tide level. Usually produced during passage of tropical storm where wind driven waves pile up water against coastline combined with ocean heaving upwards as result of much lower air pressure.

51
Q

What is a tropical storm called in the carribbean and Gulf of Mexico?

A

Hurricanes and accounts for 10% of all tropical revolving storms

52
Q

What are storms called in the Arabian Sea/bay of Bengal?

A

Cyclones and account for 8% of all tropical storms

53
Q

What are storms called off Southeast Asia?

A

Typhoons and 1/3 of all storms every ear occur here .

54
Q

What are retardants?

A

Chemicals sprayed on fires in order to slow them down. Composed of nitrates, ammonia, phosphates, sulphates and thickening agents.

55
Q

Pyrophytic vegetation

A

Pyrophytes are plants adapted to tolerate fire. Methods of survival include thick bark, tissue with high moisture content and underground storage structures.

56
Q

What are the 2 things that are needed for a fire to start and spread?

A

An ignition source

Fuel

57
Q

What are the effects of wildfires?

A 
Loss of crops, timber, livestock
Loss of lives 
Loss of property 
Release of toxic gases/particulates 
Loss of wildlife 
Damage to soil structure and nutrient content
58
Q

What are some secondary effects of fires?

A

Evacuation

Increased flood risk

Geography (6 decks)

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