HUMAN DEVELOPMENT Flashcards
What’s considered as an infant?
One month to 1 year.
What’s a neonate?
Birth to one month.
In infants, what are their vital signs, weight, and cardiovascular system?
V: the younger, the faster the pulse rate and respirations. Blood pressure corresponds to the patient’s weight.
W: Approx. 2.4kg at birth, usually lose 5% -10% of birth weight, gain weight in second week.
CS: Prior to birth, fetal circulation occurs through the placenta.
In infants, what occurs with their pulmonary system, renal, and immune system?
First breath is forceful, primarily nose breathers for the first month, rib cages are less rigid, airway can be occluded more easily than in adult, small functional residual capacity (FRC)
Renal: Becomes easily dehydrated, kidneys cannot produce enough concentrated urine.
IS: collects antibodies from maternal blood, maintains some of mother’s immunities, receives antibodies via breastfeeding.
What’s occurring in the nervous system, musculoskeletal system?
NS: Developed at birth, evolution continues after birth, memory and fine motor coordination not fully developed, born with certain reflexes, fontanelles(allow head to be moulded), and sleep patterns (5hours by 3 months)
MS: Growth plates, epiphyseal plates, bones grow in thickness by building on themselves, muscles account for ~ 25% total body weight.
In infants, what are the changes in their psychosocial?
Begins at birth, crying; communicating distress and each kind of tone could mean anger, frustration, pain, fear, sleepiness. Some keys to happy, healthy infant could be by spending time with fam, bonding, secure attachment, trust and mistrust stage of development.
With toddlers and preschoolers, what are their physical changes (Cardiovascular, Immune, Neuromuscular growth,teething, and psychosocial changes?
Toddlers are from age 1-2, preschoolers are from 3-5. Vital signs: Heart and resp. rate slower than vital signs in infants, systolic blood pressure is higher, and weight gain levelling off. CS: no different from an adult, lungs develop more bronchioles and alveoli, not have well-developed lung muscles. IS: Loss of passive immunity, more colds, more virus because of more exposure. Neuromuscular growth: More progress, finds out how to use their nervous and muscle control. Teething could occur, can be painful and cause fever. PC: learning how to speak, express, major steps toward independence, 3-4 speaking sentences, use language creatively, playfully, interacts with others, playing, games, learning from peers, sexual differences.
With school-age children, what’s occurring to them physically and psychosocially?
Age 6-12 years old. Physical: vital signs and body gradually approach those observed in adulthood, and has permanent teeth. Psycho: pre-conventional, conventional, post-conventional, self concept, self-esteem
In the Adolescent phase (teen) explain the physical changes, and psychosocial changes they are going through?
age 13-18. VS: Level off within adult range, growth spurt boys experience later than girls. Reproductive system matures(bigger sex organs, hairs growing, voice change,)
Acne due to hormonal changes. Psychosocial: Issues like conflict, privacy, identity, greater interest in sexual relations, public image fixation, terrified of embarrassment, personal ethics, higher risk for suicide and depression.
As an early adult, what are the physical, and psychosocial changes?
19-40 y/o. Vital signs do not vary greatly from adulthood, body function, 19-25 y/o function at optimal level. After 25, “shrinking” occurs, fatty tissue increase, muscle strength decrease, reflexes slow. Psych: Work, family, stress, strives to create a place for themselves, settling down, love and childbirth, one or more stable periods of life.
Explain the physical and psychosocial changes in middle adults.
41-60 y/o. Physical: Vulnerable to vision, hearing loss, cardiovascular health, greater incidence of cancer, menopause(late 40s or early 50s) in women and andropause in men. Psycho: Achieving life goals, approaching halfway point in life expectancy, reprioritize life, financial concerns, retirement concerns,
Explain the physical and psychosocial changes in late adults. Explain the CS system in late adults.
61 and older. Life expectancy is constantly changing. CS: declines, atherosclerosis, aneurysm, decrease in heart rte, decline in cardiac output, inability to elevate cardiac output, vascular system becomes stiff.
In late adults, what is happening with the respiratory, and renal, gastric system?
RS: Size of airway increase and surface area of the alveoli decreases, natural elasticity of the lungs decreases, chest becomes more rigid, loss of mechanism that protects the upper airway, strong inhalation can make walls of airway collapse inward, and hypercarbia(increased CO2 in bloodstream). Renal and gastric: Filtration declines, nephrons decline, inhibit nutritional intake and utilization, gastric motility slows with age, gallstones, become increasingly common.
In later adult years, what is happening in the nervous, and its sensory changes.
Most debilitating of age-related ailments, brain may shrink 10% to 20% by age 80, selective loss of 5% to 50% of neurons, Synapse loss, shrinkage creates a void between the brain and the outermost layers of the meninges, subdural hematoma, Peripheral nervous system slows, sensation diminished and misinterpreted. Sensory changes: papillary reaction and ocular movements become more restricted, visual distortions, hearing loss,
Explain more about the psychosocial changes in late adults.
Terminal drop hypothesis, during last 5 years of life, mental function is presumed to decline. Unique ways to accommodate their needs, many refuse of help, assisted living communities, financial issues.
