Human Development Exam 3 Flashcards
(142 cards)
1
Q
Puberty
A
- A public, not an even but a process
- prepare body for sexual reproduction.
- physiology/anatomy
2
Q
Spermarche
A
man’s first ejaculation
3
Q
Testosterone
A
- a steroid hormone, produced by testes
- 20x more in men, women 4x (adrenal cortex)
- Body weight changes, muscles change
4
Q
Estrogen
A
- steroid hormone produced by ovarian follicles
- Boys 2x, Girls 8x
5
Q
Primary Sex Characteristics
A
- Directly related to reproduction
- changes in ovaries/testes
6
Q
Secondary Sex Characteristics
A
- Not related to reproduction
- Breasts/Facial hair
7
Q
Secular Trend
A
- puberty occuring at earlier and earlier ages
- Age going down by 4 months every generation.
8
Q
Anorexia
A
- compulsive fear of getting fat
9
Q
Bulimia
A
- obssesive desire to lose weight
- overeating and vomiting
- more common in upper class women
- disengaged parents
- easier to treat b/c more interested in changing their behavior
10
Q
Hypothetical Deductive Reasoning
A
- Problem solving using a general theory to deduce specific hypothesis
- then testing systematically
- Example: when a beaker turns pink
11
Q
Personal Fable
A
- Ego Centrism
- Experiences are unique and no one understands them
- problem in safe sex, drinking
12
Q
Imaginary Audience
A
- Ego centrism
- I am on stage. Everyone is looking at me
13
Q
Four Factors that contribute to Menarche Timing
A
- Heredity
- Family environment (present of step-father. pheromones)
- Race/Ethnicity
- Weight (17% fat, 106 lbs)
14
Q
How does sleep change with puberty?
A
- REM patterns more adult-like
- Go to sleep much later, desire to sleep in later (eveningness)
15
Q
Adolescent Sleep Changes- Problems?
A
- Daytime sleepiness
- 40% sleep deprived (grumpy/bad decisions)
- sleep in on the weekends (bad)
16
Q
Identity
A
-
Who Am I?
- Sexually
- Ethnically
- Achievement
17
Q
Tightly strucutral groups of 5-7 friends. Look and act the same. Same sex, ethnicity.
A
Cliques
18
Q
Based on stereotypes. Large, loosely organized groups of cliques. Identity in the larger school.
Example: Band Geeks, Jocks, Preps, Druggies
A
Crowds
19
Q
Generation Gap
A
- Difference in attitudes
- Similarities in core values
20
Q
G. Stanley Hall Theory of Strom and Stress
A
- Adolescent characterization
- Extreme highs and lows
- Creates stress
- Turbulent
21
Q
What behaviors led Stanely to storm & stress theory?
A
- Riskier behavior
- fighting
- aggression
- deviance
22
Q
What evidence is there for storm and stress
A
- rats fight more if you put them in a nest
- travel further from the pack
- more negative moods
23
Q
Signs of early maturation in boys
A
- Decline in academic performance
- more leadership positions
- more independet
- stress
24
Q
Signs of early maturation in girls
A
- low self-esteem
- decline in academic performance
- eating disorders/body image
- bigger
25
Signs of *late* maturation in boys
* Anxious
* overly talkative
* attention seeking
* poorer body image (resolves itself)
26
Signs of *late* maturation in girls
* Well adjusted
* regarded as attractive
* may become rigid, inflexible, conforming
27
Androgency
both male/female traits.
28
Changes associated with puberty & relationship with parents
* fighting more often
* still seek guidance, but more remote
* autonomy
* media (parents anxious)
* self fulfilling prophecy
29
4 Identity Statuses by James Marcia
1. Diffusion
2. Foreclosure
3. Moratorium
4. Achieved
30
Diffusion, Marica
* no exploration,
* no commitment.
* Powerless
* Apathetic
31
Foreclosure
* high commitment
* low exploration
* no questioning
32
Moratorium
* Depressed
* still exploring
* Lack of commitment seems daunting
33
Achieved
* Explored
* present commitment
* make political decision
* feel good/high self esteem
34
Which identity status is positive?
Achieved
35
Which Identity Status is Negative
Diffusion, foreclosure, moratorium
36
4 Things that contibute to healthy sexual development in adolescence?
1. Comfort with maturing body
2. Accept feelings of sexual arousal as normal
3. Sex is a voluntary activity.
4. Practicing safer sex
37
When should sex education begin?
Earlier, around 9 years of age. Before it all is happening. Schools start too late
38
What wrong with sex ed?
* Media never shows people wearing condoms, no fluids, always get an orgasm
* Should run the program for a longer period of time
* need trained teachers
* variety of teaching methods
* practice in engotiation and refusal skills
39
What does sex ed *not* teach
LGBT
40
Describe contraceptive usage in adolescensce
* personal fable
* very infrequent
* 2nd highest rate of STI's & teen pregnancy
41
Condom Issue in school
* don't want to make more desirable
* Makes no difference though
* at least have more tools
42
What factors are correlatid with adolescent parenting x3
1. parental warmth and involvement
2. poor school performance
3. alcohol/drug use
43
What evidence is there that adolescents are more suseptible to addiction
* changes in limbic system- drugs blast dopamine
* Brain takes longer for dopamin to reserve than adults
* Try to delay drinking alcohol until more mature
* BAD TIME
44
How do adolescents describe themselves?
"I'm intelligent"
* Interested in future self
* mask true self with fable self
45
Formal operational thinker
* adolescence
* last stage
* abstract/hypothetical
* more idealistic
46
In favor of teen employment
* Character building
* Keepy idle hands busy
* breakdown barriers between adolescent and adults
47
Against teen employment
* interferes with school
* unnecessary stress
* takes time away from more important leisure activities
* working long hours takes time away from school and might drop out
48
Why are girls more vulnerable to depression?
* Low levels of seratonin
* twice as likely as men
* cognitive styles- ruminate
* oxytocin
49
The ability to use skills, knowledge, and experience. It does not equate to memory, but it does rely on accessing information from long-term memory.
Crystallized intelligence
50
To think logically and solve problems in novel situations, independent of acquired knowledge.
Fluid Intelligence
51
* Period of exploration, love and career.
* Not identity *achieved*
* Not cuturally universal
* when LGBT comes out
* high sex
Emerging Adulthood
52
4 Characteristics of Emerging Adulthood
1. Responsibilities
2. Intellectual assets
3. Pschological assets
4. Socail Assets
53
* Adapting logical thinking to practical constrains of real life
* life is uncertain/ambiguous.
* A+ B not = C
Pragmatism
54
Reflective Thinking
Evaluation of info that includes both logical evidence & implications (shades of gray)
55
Stage where there is more critical thinking. Plularistic. Reflective thinking & pragmatism.
Postformal Thought
56
mental illness and compulsive behavior resulting from alcohol dependency
Alcoholism
57
this term is used when preference is for going to bed late and waking up late
eveningness
58
Negative impacts of binge drinking
* unintentional injuries
* alcohol poisoning
* STD's
* Sex dysfunction
* intentional injuries
* neurological problems
59
Ideas for Intervention of binge drinking x5
* alternative activies
* education and counseling
* ad campaigns
* harsh penalties underage
* high tax
60
Kohlberg's 3 Levels of Moral Reasoning
Discontinuous
1. Preconventional
2. Conventional
3. Post Conventioanl
61
Preconventional
* Worrying about punishment and reward.
* Self Interest
62
Worrying about societal rules and norms. What society expects of me?
Conventional Reasoning (most common)
63
Post-Conventional
* Abstract personal principles.
* Autonomy or personal conviction
64
Cohabitation
two people who are not married live together in an emotionally/sexually intimate relationship on a long-term or permanent basis.
65
What purpose does college serve?
pluralistic, discovering your vocation, conventional reasoning.
66
Why do people drop out of college?
* 30-50%
* Financial problems
* Cultural disrespect, not wanted or valued
* Depression
* Anxiety
67
5 Stages of vocational exploration in emerging adulthood
1. **Fantasy** (3-14) unrealistic doesn't match up.
2. **Crystallization**( 14-18) how do my talents match me?
3. **Specification** (18-21)- firming goal
4. **Implementation** (21-24) training/employment
5. **Stabilization** (24-35) working/confirming
68
4 Ethnic Identity Statuses
1. Bicultural
2. Separated
3. Assimilated
4. Marginal
69
Bicultural
* High identification with majority culture
* high identification with ethnic grp
70
Separated
* low identi with majority culture
* high ident with ethnic group
71
Assimilated
* High identification with majority
* low identification with ethnic group
72
Marginal
* low identification with majority
* low identification with ethnic grp
73
What are some religious changes in emerging adulthood?
* DECLINE
74
Age related loss of vision of nearby objects
* **Presbyopia**- (loss of elasticity of lens)
75
Loss of muscle mass and strength
Sarcopenia
76
Age related loss of hearing, especially **higher** frequency sounds
Presbycusis
77
Mid life transition, fertility declines. More dramatic for women then men
Climacteria
78
maximum amount of air a person can expel from the lungs
Vital Capacity
79
Happens in late 40s to early 50s. Menstural period completely cease.
Menopause
80
inability of a man to maintain an erection sufficient for satisfying sexual activity
Erectile Dysfunction
81
Chronically high blood pressure. 73% are unaware of this.
Hypertension
82
Brittle thin bones. Rapid calcium depletion. 80% in females. More common after menopause.
Osteoporosis
83
An artificial pill that give you estrogen/progesterone. Alleviates hot flashes. Increase stroke, heart attack, and breast cancer.
Hormone Replacement Therapy
84
5 Physical changes during aging
1. Wrinkling
2. Age Spots
3. Thinner hair/grayer
4. yellowing of teeth
5. Harder to see in low light
85
Name Some Symptoms of Menopause
* hot flashes
* Vaginal dryness
* painful intercourse
* mood disturbance
* urinary incontinance
86
Treatment for Menopause
Hormonone Replacement Therapy
87
Symptoms for Osteoporosis
* Anorexia
* bone fracture
* loss of height
* back pain
88
Treatment for Osteoporsis
* Calcium and Vitamin D
* Steroids
* More active lifestyle
* less alcohol use
* not smoking
89
Factors predicting LOW health outcome in middle adulthood
* Behavioral Influences (smoking/drinking)
* Socioeconomic
* Stress (takes off 20 years)
* Race Ethnicity
90
How does expertise contribut cognitive development in middle adulthood
* death rates have fallen 25%
* increase in solving problems effectively in a chosen vocational field
91
perpetuated influence on the next generation. Have I done something useful?
Generativity
92
Anxiety, unhappiness and critical reappraisal of one's life. Focus on finite nature of life.
Mid life Crisis
93
What are the 2 kinds of stres
Unpredictable and unctonrollable. Shrinks your telomeres
94
Reviewing all of the events in your life and determining if you are accomplishing your goals
Mid life Review
95
Take on responsibility for parents and children
Sandwich generation
96
Normative Crisis Model
* Psychosocial development in universal stages,
* tied to a sequence of age-related crises.
97
Life Events Model
Timing of events, rather than age, determines course of psychosocial development
98
boomerang children
* revolving door
* unable to find a job
* more likely for men
* marrying at later ages
99
Changes associated with parenting during middle adulthood x5
* letting go
* dealing with adolescence
* sandwich
* empty nest
* grandparent?
100
Well being of middle adulthood
* feel younger than you are
* personal progress
* finding purpose in life
101
Findings on empy nest syndrome
* Parents can work harder when kids leave
* more time alone
* house stays cleaner
* Quiet
* loneliness/worry
102
* Prejudice or discrimination against a person for age
Ageism
103
* Gradual inevitable process of deterioration
Primary Aging
104
* Gradual decay resulting from bodily misuse or abuse
Secondary Aging
105
The study of Aging
Gerotology
106
* concern for guiding the next generation
* stems from optimism about humanity.
Generativity
107
Characteristics of Primary Aging
* genetic
* normal development
108
Characteristics of Secondary Aging
* Environment (internal/external)
* case by case
109
* A person's ability to function effectively in his/her environment
Functional Age
110
* Program senscence
Genes switch on and off
111
Genetic Programming theories
* Program senescence
* Endocrine
* Immunology
* Evolutionary (lives long enough to reproduce)
112
* The term used to describe blurred vision where what you see is cloudy or opaque
Cataracts
113
Age Related Macular Degeneration
Can't see fine details
114
Glaucoma
* Irreversible
* Damage to the optic nerve
* caused by inc pressure
115
* Deterioration in cognitive functioning due to physiological causes
Dementia
116
* Decline in long term memory
* irrevrsible brain disorder
* loss of control of bodily functions
* leading to death
Alzheimers
117
* Irreversible neurological disorder
* tremors
* stiffness
* slowed movement
* instability in posture
Parkinson's Disease
118
Intelligence across lifespan
* fluid intelligence (short term memory) deteriorates
* crystalized intelligence increases over time (vocab, verbal memory)
119
Successful Ageing x4
1. Disengagement Theory
2. Activity Theory
3. Continuity Theory
4. Selective Optimization with Compensation (best)
120
Age successful if you naturally withdraw from society. Quieting emotions (bunk)
Disengagement Theory
121
Activity Theory
* As active as possible
* not true body says you can't do certain things
* Social connections (finding someone to run with)
122
* The theory of doing what you have always done.
* Balance between past and present
* (too simple)
Continutity Theory
123
* Select meaninful things while choose **new** activities for things you can no longer do
Selective Optimization with Compensation
124
Factor in the Model of Personality x5
1. **O**penness
2. **C**onscientiousness
3. **E**xtraversion
4. **A**greeableness
5. **N**euroticism
125
Erickson's stage theory for Emerging Adulthood
Intimacy vs Isolation
126
Erickson's stage theory for Middle Adulthood
Generativity vs. Stagnation
127
Erickson's stage theory for Late Adulthood
Ego Integrity vs. Despair
128
Retirement Stages
* Reorientation- re consider new options
* Routine-come to grips get comfortable
* Termination- go back to work, or can no longer function independently
129
Hospic Care
Palliative Care
130
* Reducing pain and suffering to help individual maintain dignity in death
Palliative Care
131
Emotional Numbness
Bereavement Grief
132
* Withholding available treatments
* allowing person to die
Passive Euthanasia
133
* Death induced deliberately as by injecting a letha dose of drug.
* 65% believe in the choice of PAS
Active Euthanasia
134
* A document expressing a person's wishes about critical care when he or she is unable to decide for him or herself
Advanced Directive
135
* a patient suffering from an incurable disease, effected by the taking of lethal drugs provided by a doctor for this purpose.
Assisted Suiced
136
Complicated Grief
* unresolved despair over an extended period of time
* Example- pets, death of a child, unexpected accident
137
Disenfranchised Grief
* Socially ambiguous that cannot be openly mourned or supported
* Ex- sleeper effect, abortion, something that comes up later
138
How do children deal with death?
* honesty is the best
* dont understand its permanence
139
How do Adolescence and Young Adults deal with death?
* The WORST
* intense emotions due to personal fable and imaginary audience
* suicide contagion
140
How does middle adults deal with death
* #2
* half of life is gone
* death is more noticeable
141
How does late adults deal with death?
* the best
* regulate emotions
* prepare
142
What makes people less anxious about death?
* have money in order- plan
* spiritual well developed philosophy of the after life
* complete unfinished business
