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Introduction to Human Disease: Pathophysiology for Health Professionals > Human Diseases Chapters 5 and 6 > Flashcards

Human Diseases Chapters 5 and 6 Flashcards

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1
Q

Differentiation

A

maturation from nonspecific cell type to a specialized one

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2
Q

Stem Cell

A

a nonspecific pluripotent cell; main fn is to divide and produce daughtr cells which pass through several stages

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3
Q

Labile Cells

A

cells that are continuously dividing; can regenerate and undergo hyper plasia and neoplasia; ex skin gi tract bone

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4
Q

Stable Cells

A

normally divide only in response to injury; ex: kidney and liver

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5
Q

Permanent Cells

A

Do not normally undergo division once mature; ex: cardiac muscle, neurons

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6
Q

Two Types of Cells

A

Germ Cells (sex cells) and Somatic Cells (body cells)

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7
Q

Somatic Cells Categories

A

Epithelial Cells, Connective Tissue Cells, Muscle Cells, Nervous Tissue Cells

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8
Q

Epithelial Cells

A

arise from ectoderm and endoderm to form skin and lining of body spaces; Surface lining cells: Stratified Squamous Epithelium, Transitional Epithelium, Columnar Epithelium; Three groups: glands, tubules, cords (sheets)

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9
Q

Stratified Squamous Epithelium

A

forms a tough protectiv barrier; keratinized or nonkeratinized

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10
Q

Transitional Epithelium

A

multilayered; lacks keratin; urinary tract: renal pelvis, ureter, bladder, urethra

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11
Q

Columnar Epithelium

A

usually composed of one layer of tall cells; mucus secreting; forms mucus membranes linngs

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12
Q

Connective Tissue Cells

A

derived from mesoderm; not close; produce subsances; labile and stable cells; fibroblasts –> collagen; osteocytes -> bone

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13
Q

Muscle Cells

A

derived from mesoderm; resemble epithelial cells; elongated fiber-like structures and have contractile cytoplasm; heart muscle, skeletal muscle, smooth muscle

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14
Q

Nervous Tissue Cells

A

derived from ectoderm; neurons and supporting cells (astrocytes, oligodendroglia, Schwann cells); permanent cells

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15
Q

Tumor

A

any mass or swelling; one of the cardinal signs of inflammation; refers to growth

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16
Q

Hyperplasia

A

exaggerated response to growth stimulus resulting in increased volume in tissue; increase in number of cells; labile cells; response to physio or patho stimulus

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17
Q

Hypertropy

A

exaggerated response to growth stimulus resulting in increased volume in tissue; increase in size of cells; stable cells

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18
Q

Neoplasia

A

“new growth”, proliferation of cells that are independent of normal growth control mechanisms; autonomous growth (absence of growth-promoting stim, genetic changes)

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19
Q

Malignant

A

a neoplasm that has potential to spread widely throughout the body and cause death

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20
Q

Cancer

A

Malignant Neoplasm

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21
Q

Increased Cellular Demand

A

1) Functional demand 2) hormonal demand 3) inflammatory stimulus 4) Chronic irritaton

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22
Q

Physiologic Hypertrophy

A

enlargement in response to normal physiologic demand; weight training

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23
Q

Pathologic Hypertrophy

A

enlargement in response to abnormal conditions; Inc TSH

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24
Q

Premalignant Lesion

A

a lesion with increased likelihood of developing into cancer

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25
Atrophy
dec in size of cells, tissues, and organs; can be physio or patho; causes: dec stim by hormones, pressure from mass, dec work of muscle cells, age, innervation; usually not a premalignant condition
26
Metaplasia
replacement of one tissue type with another; commonly involves change from columnar epithelium to stratified squamous epithelium; physio or patho; ex Cervix; cigarette smoking
27
Hyperplasia and Neoplasia BOTH
inc cell proliferation resulting in inc tissue mass; produce lesions detected by vision, palpation, radiographic imaging, presumption
28
Inflammation, Hyperplasia, Benign Neoplasm, Malignant Neoplasm
Inf - remove causative stim; hyperplasia - remove caus. stim. or remove lesion; Benign - remove lesion; Malignant - depends on how advanced: curative and palliative
29
Curative Therapy
attempt to remove all of the cancer by surgery, radiation, or drugs
30
Palliative Therapy
attempting to control the effects of cancer when there's no chance of a cure; by surgery radiation or chemotherapy
31
Tumor Stage
?
32
Classification of Neoplasm
Benign, malignant, uncertain malignant
33
Benign Neoplasm
generally localized, discrete masses of cells that reman confined to their site; do not spread; may or may not have symptoms; on body surface extend outwards (polyps); form fibrous rim ; easily removed minimal cell atypia; ___-oma
34
Polyp
any abnormal protrusion from a mucosal surface; usually benignf
35
Malignant
potential to invade and metastasize; cellular atypia, invasion, metastasis
36
Cellular Atypia
enlarged nuclei, dec amts of cyto, irreg nuc placement, multiple nucleoli, freq mitotic figures
37
Dysplasia
atypical cell growth that has acquired some of the genetic alterations for the development of malignancy, but is localized to the tissue of origin; precursor lesion; low grade to high grade;
38
in situ
dysplasia that stays above the basement membrane; usually high grade; if past basement membrane: carcinoma
39
Invasion
direct extension of neoplastic cells into surrounding tissue w/o regard to tissue boundary
40
Metastasis
transplantation of cells to entirely new site; often to lymph nodes, lungs, liver, and bones; usually not curable
41
Carcinoma
refers to malignant neoplasm of epithelial tissue
42
Sarcoma
refers to malignant neoplasm of mesenchymal tissue (connectiv tissue and muscle)
43
Common Cancers
2nd leading cause of death; basal and squamous cell carcinoma - rarely fatal; incidence of malignant tumors is twice the mortality rate
44
Variables of cancer
site of development, gender, age
45
Prognosis of cancer depends on:
type of cancer, extent of spread, efficacy of existing therapy
46
Etiology
study of cause
47
Genetic Alteration
basis of development of cancer
48
Initiation
alterations that cause autonomous growth potential; turn oncogenes on; stimulated by carcinogen
49
Carcinogens
agents that trigger cells to develop cancer; can be physical, chemical, or biologic agents
50
Promotion
selective growth of the initiated cells; does not involve new mutations
51
Progression
acquisition of additional DNA mutations; resulting in multiple clones that constitute neoplasm
52
Transformation
process by which normal cells first lose imp. checks on their growth
53
Oncogene
genes that code for growth-enhancing products such as growth factors
54
Tumor Suppressor Genes
keep oncogenes in check; ex: p53
55
Local Manifestations of Cancer
relate to symptoms at cancer site; mass, pain, obstruction, hemorrhage, pathologic fracture
56
Systemic Manifestations of Cancer
relate to symptoms not limited to cancer site; infection, anemia, cachexia, hormone production
57
Anorexia
loss of appetite
58
Paraneoplastic Syndromes
ectopic hormone production by a neoplasm with associated symptoms
59
Diagnosis
1) lab tests: biopsy, blood smear, cytology 2) radiologic exam 3) endoscopic exam
60
Tissue Diagnosis
diagnosis based on microscopic exam of biopsy sample
61
Screening Procedures
tests to identify different types of disease at treatable stages; ex: papsmear, psa blood test, mammography, colonoscopy
62
Pap Smear
use a sample of cells scraped from the cervix and examined microscopically
63
PSA
Prostate-specific antigen; checks blood
64
Stage
a definition of the extent of a cancer in the body; invasive/noninvasive; lymph nodes/no; metastasis/no; Stage I to IV
65
TNM System
system used to determine stage; T describes tumor, N describes lymph node metastasis, and M describes metastasis in general
66
5 or 10 Year Survival
what % of patients with that particular neoplasm will still be alive 5 or 10 years after initial diagnosis
67
Grade
assessment of how aggressive the growth looks or how differentiated it looks
68
Differentiated
resembling the tissue of origin; vs atypia
69
Treatments
Surgical Removal; Radiation Therapy; Chemotherapy; Hormonal Therapy

Introduction to Human Disease: Pathophysiology for Health Professionals (4 decks)

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