Human Diseases Exam 1 Flashcards
learn the terms in 7 days (100 cards)
1
Q
Health
A
Health is a state of complete physical, intellectual, emotional, spiritual, social, environmental, and financial well-being, and does not consist only of absence of disease or infirmity.”
2
Q
disease
A
“the inability of the body to adapt and return to homeostasis”
3
Q
etiology
A
cause of disease
4
Q
signs
A
what a physician can see or measure
5
Q
symptoms
A
problems reported by patient
6
Q
prognosis
A
expected outcomes
7
Q
diagnosis
A
identification or naming a disease
8
Q
patient history
A
- History of current illness
- Medical history
- Family history
- Social history
- Review of symptoms
9
Q
congenital
A
• Exist at a state of birth: can be acquired through hereditary or acquired during development of uterus.
o Examples: tetralogy of Fallot (heart abnormality)
10
Q
Degenerative diseases
A
• Function or structure of the affected tissues or organs progressively deteriorates over time
o Examples: arteriosclerosis, osteoarthritis, Alzheimer’s
11
Q
Inflammatory, autoimmune, and allergic
A
• Result abnormal immune function; infectious diseases are caused by pathogens and viruses
12
Q
Neoplastic diseases
A
• Result from abnormal growth that leads to the formation of tumors
o Examples: lung cancer, malignant melanoma, breast cancer
13
Q
Metabolic diseases
A
• Disruption of normal metabolism, the process of converting food to energy on a cellular level
o Examples: diabetes, hypothyroidism, gigantism
14
Q
Metabolic diseases
A
• Disruption of normal metabolism, the process of converting food to energy on a cellular level
o Examples: diabetes, hypothyroidism, gigantism
15
Q
Diagnostic tests
A
all diagnostic procedures not included in the basic physical examination. These include lab test, diagnostinc imaging, electrophysiologic measurements, endoscopy, etc
16
Q
pathogenesis
A
process of how structural/functional changes causes disease/clinical manifestations
17
Q
chapter 5 inflammation and repair
A
new chapter
18
Q
innate immunity
A
–Quick response –Predetermined array of chemical or injury signals
19
Q
adaptive immunity
A
–Slow but can adapt to changes never previously encountered by organism–Immune memory
20
Q
acute inflammation
A
Earliest phase of the inflammatory response.
21
Q
chronic inflammation
A
Cellular reaction leading to repair.
22
Q
neutrophils
A
Cell is first line of defence, actively phagocytic.
23
Q
macrophages/monocytes
A
Scavenger cell, eats debris from affected area. There cannot be healing with a lot of debris. (Example: it is a “Pac man” cell, eats all the debris)
Type of white blood cell. In chronic inflammation they produce chemical mediators of inflammation, clean up debris and begin healing process.
24
Q
mast cells
A
filled with organelles of histamine which initiate the inflammatory process
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lymphocytes
T and B cells
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Immunologist
often referred to as allergists, are specialists in the diagnosis and treatment of allergies, asthma and immune deficiency disorders. ... The AAAAI's Find an Allergist / Immunologist service is a trusted resource to help you find a specialist close to home.
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histamine
Released by mast cells, acts as a vasodilater and increases vascular permeability
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histamine
Released by mast cells, acts as a vasodilater and increases vascular permeability
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vasodilator
A substance that dilates blood vessels.
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Exudate:
The fluid, leukocytes, and debris that accumulate as a result of an inflammation.
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Serous
Serous
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Serous
Fluid-rich exudate
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Purulent
Neutrophil-rich exudate (pus)
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Fibrinous
Fibrin-rich exudate (fibrin derived from fibrinogen in the blood).
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Bradykinin
A chemical mediator of inflammation derived from components in
the blood plasma.
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complement
Group of proteins interact to produce by-products, some of
| which act as mediators of inflammation
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complement
Group of proteins interact to produce by-products, some of
| which act as mediators of inflammation
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chapter 6 Immunity, Hypersensitive, Allergy and autoimmune disease.
new chapter
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Adaptive immunity
Immune response that can change based on intruding molecules.
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Adaptive immunity
Immune response that can change based on intruding molecules.
second line of defense
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Humoral
Immune response that attacks extracellular pathogens like bacteria. Responds to free antigen and relies on B cells and helper T cells. Produces antibodies.
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Cell-Mediated Immunity
Immune response that attacks intracellular pathogens via T cells. Respond to peptide antigens on cells like macrophages presented by major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules rather than free antigen. Mainly target viruses, fungi, parasites, some bacteria, dysplastic cells, transplanted organs
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The Role and Types of Lymphocytes
The key cells of the adaptive immune system are the lymphocyte (FIGURE 6-
1), which responds to foreign antigens, and the macrophages and related cells
that process the antigen and “present” it to the lymphocytes
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The Role and Types of Lymphocytes
The key cells of the adaptive immune system are the lymphocyte (FIGURE 6-
1), which responds to foreign antigens, and the macrophages and related cells
that process the antigen and “present” it to the lymphocytes
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antigens
Foreign substance
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antibodies
Immunoglobulin molecule that can recognize a foreign substance.
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Hypersensitivity
reaction: A state of abnormal reactivity to a foreign material
delayed: A state of abnormal reactivity to a foreign material
that takes time to develop
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immunoglobulins
The class of proteins that includes antibodies
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Interferon
A broad-spectrum antiviral agent manufactured by various cells in
the body.
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The Role of Complement
Group of complement molecules that destroys the target
| micro-organism or abnormal cell.
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Interferon
Interferon is a general term for a group of carbohydrate-containing proteins
produced by cells in response to viral infection and was named from its ability
to “interfere” with viral multiplication
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Immunodeficiency
Primary immunodeficiency diseases are the result of intrinsic congenital
defects that result in defects in the host immune response. Such defects may
be global and result in a total lack of immune responses (severe combined
immunodeficiency diseases [SCID])
53
Organ specific
Systemic lupus erythematosus•Systemic manifestations in various organs–Rheumatic fever•Inflammation in heart and joints–Glomerulonephritis•Inflammation in renal glomeruli
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non-organ specific
Anemia– Thyroiditis (hypothyroidism)–Diffuse toxic goiter (hyperthyroidism)
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Anaphylaxis
life threatening systemic hypersensitivity response that causes a fall in blood pressure and severe respiratory distress. Treated with epinephrine and other agents. Localized response: hay fever, food allergy (peanuts); systemic response: bee sting, penicillin allergy
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Allergy
Individuals who develop localized IgE-mediated reactions are predisposed to
form specific IgE antibodies (become allergic) to ragweed, other plant pollens,
and various antigens that do not affect others, a process termed atopic allergy.
57
Athsma
defined by airway obstruction related to hyper-responsiveness of the
smooth muscles of the bronchi
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Athsma
defined by airway obstruction related to hyper-responsiveness of the
smooth muscles of the bronchi
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Failure of Tolerance
autoimmune disease
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Pathogenic microorganisms chapter 8
new chapter
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Bacteria: Gram stain reaction
Staining process used to identify bacteria
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Staphylococci;
1. gram positive cocci grapelike
2. commonly found on skin and in nose of patients and in hospital patients
3. Not pathogenic
4. cause disease by producing toxins
- vomitting diarea and toxic shock
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Streptococci;
1. gram positive cocci arranged in chains or pairs
2. normal inhabitants of skin, mouth, pharynzx, gut, female genital tract
3. oppurtunistic organisms
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Pneumococci;
1. grow in pairs or short chains
| 2. common cause of bacteria pnemonea
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Gram negative cocci
–Nonpathogenic members of the genus Neisseri
- Inhabit nasal passages
- Meningococcus: Causes meningitis
- Gonococcus: Causes gonorrhea
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Gram-Positive Bacilli
1. non-spore forming bacteria: listeria
| 2. spor-forming bacteria: Bacilli
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Spiral Organisms
1. Tightly coiled: Treponema pallidum
| 2. Relaxed coil: Borrelia
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Acid-Fast Bacteria
a waxy capsule that resists staining
–Tuberculosis
- Leprosy
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Antibiotic Treatment of Bacterial Infections
Antibiotics are substances that destroy bacteria or inhibit their growth. They
are useful clinically because of their ability to injure bacterial cells without
producing significant injury to the patient.
70
Antibiotic Sensitivity Tests
These tests measure, under
standardized conditions, the ability of the antibiotic to inhibit the growth of the
organism isolated from the patient.
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Adverse Effects of Antibiotics
toxicity , hypersensitivity, and alteration of normal bacteria flora, and developement of resistant strains of bacteria
72
Chlamydiae
1. gram negative
2. nonmotile bacteria
3. form inclusion bodies in infected cells
4. have rigid cell wall
5. no vaccine available
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Rickettsiae;
rocky mountain spotted fever
Damage to small blood vessels of skin; leakage of blood into surrounding tissues (rash and edema)
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Rickettsiae;
rocky mountain spotted fever
Damage to small blood vessels of skin; leakage of blood into surrounding tissues (rash and edema)
Rickettsialpox (mites
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viruses
1. classification
2. capsid: protective protein membrane
3. obligate intracellular parasites
4. mode of action: invasion of susceptible cell
5. bodily defenses agaisnt viral infections
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bodily defenses against viral infections
1. production of interferon
2. activating humoral immunity
3. activating cell mediated defense mechanisms
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treatments with antiviral agents
page 337
78
Fungi:
plantlike organisms without chloryfyll
1. two types: yeasts and molds
2. most are obligate aerobes, oppurtunistic
3. natural habitat, environment except candida
growth factors: high humidity, heart, dark areas with oxygen supply
79
Superficial Fungal Infections
The common superficial fungal infections of the skin are caused by a group of
fungi called dermatophytes. They cause itchy, scaling skin lesions on the
scalp and on other parts of the body
80
Systemic Fungal Infections
Chronic or progressive systemic fungal
infections are treated with various systemic antifungal antibiotics; local
superficial infections are treated topically.
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chapter 9
new chapter
82
parasitic hosts
1. not capable of free living-existance
2. Have a complex life cycle
3. Live within intestinal tract and discharge eggs in feces
4. Transmission favored by poor sanitation, high temperature, humidity
5. Common in tropical climates; less frequent in cold or temperate climates
83
animal parasites
Organisms adapted to living within or on body of another animal (host)
84
intermediate hosts
An immature form of parasite may spend part of its life cycle within the body of an animal or fish before taking residence in the final host
85
definitive host
The final host for parasites
86
Opportunistic Host:
When a parasite uses intermediate host that acts as a mode-of-transmission for the parasite (human body)
87
Protozoa
1. Genital tract trichomonad:
2. Caused by Trichomonas vaginalis
- Sexual transmission
- Causes itching and irregular discharge
1. microscopic single cell organisms
2. diseases: Malaria, amoebic dysentery, African sleeping sickness, cryptosporidiosis, toxoplasmosis, giardiasis, Chagas disease
3. Common in temperate or tropical climates
4. Like bacteria, protozoa release toxins and enzymes that destroy cells or interfere with their functions
88
Metazoa infections
1. three most roundworms that parasitize human beings
- ascaris
- fecal-oral contamination
- pinworm
- trichinella
- tapeworms
89
Arthropod infections
1. transmitted by close physical contact, sexual contact
- scabies: Small parasite burrows in the superficial layers of the skin, where it lays eggs that hatch in a few days
- Crab louse: Lives in anal and genital hairs; causes intense itching
90
infections caused by protozoa
Malaria
Caused by various species of Plasmodium
1. Parasitic disease transmitted to humans by the bite of the Anopheles mosquito
2. Breeds in swampy areas
3. Originally thought to have been caused by “bad air” (malo – aria)
4. Develops in liver & invades red blood cells which feed on hemoglobin which ultimately destroying red blood cells
91
infections caused by protozoa
Ambiasis
Single-celled organism spread through fecal-oral route
92
infections caused by protozoa
chagas disease
Caused by the protozoan
1. Trypanosoma cruzi–Transmitted to humans by “kissing bugs”
2. most common in central and south America
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infections caused by protozoa
Leishmaniosis
1. spread through the bite of certain types of sandflies
2. the disease can be present in three main ways
- skin ulcers,
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Metazoan Infections
Roundworms
Trichinella: Small roundworm that parasitizes humans and animals; most people become infected by eating improperly cooked pork
95
Giardias
1. Caused by Giardia lamblia, infects small intestine
2. Causes diarrhea, crampy abdominal pain, nausea, gas, dehydration
3. Nickname “Backpacker’s Disease”
4. Fecal-Oral transmission
96
Toxoplasmosis
a disease caused by toxoplasmas and is transmitted through undercooked meat, or in soil or cat feces, symptoms generally unremarked for adults but can be dangerous to newborns
97
Cryptosporidiosis
Cryptosporidiosis, also known as crypto, is a parasitic disease caused by Cryptosporidium, a genus of protozoan parasites in the phylum Apicomplexa. It affects the distal small intestine and can affect the respiratory tract in both immunocompetent and immunocompromised individuals, resulting in watery diarrhea with or without an unexplained cough. In immunosuppressed individuals, the symptoms are particularly severe and can be fatal.
98
metazoan infections
flukes
1. Thick, fleshy, short worms with suckers that attach to the host
2. Some live within the intestinal tract, liver, lungs, venous portal system; some (schistosomes) may infect skin
99
Arthropods
Scabies
Small parasite burrows in the superficial layers of the skin, where it lays eggs that hatch in a few days
100
Arthropods
Crab louse infestation
Lives in anal and genital hairs; causes intense itching
