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Human Endocrine System Flashcards

(61 cards)

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1
Q

What does the nervous system and hormones do?

A

enable animals to respond to external changes and

maintain homeostasis

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2
Q

endocrine gland

A
  • ductless glands that release their secretions (hormones) directly into the blood stream
  • blood transports the hormones to the target organs where they perform their function
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3
Q

glands

A
  • any structure that produces and secretes hormones

- hormones can only trigger a reaction in specific cells (target cells)

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4
Q

location of pituitary gland

A

base of the brain

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5
Q

location of thyroid

A

front of the trachea (throat) (butterfly)

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6
Q

location of pancreas

A
  • right side of abdomen - below a diaphragm

- releases hormone through duct

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7
Q

location of adrenal glands

A

above the kidneys

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8
Q

gonads

A
  • mammary glands
  • testis
  • ovaries
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9
Q

pancreas

A

controls blood glucose levels

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10
Q

PGH - ADH (anti- diuretic hormone)

-target organ

A

Kidney (Collecting ducts and distal convoluted tubules of the nephron)

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11
Q

ADH - function

A
  • Osmoregulation
  • Makes renal tubules permeable to water
  • More water is reabsorbed into bloodstream
  • Prevents urination
  • Released when dehydrated
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12
Q

ADH

-Negative feedback

A

More ADH-less aldosterone

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13
Q

PGH - TSH
Thyroid-stimulating hormone
-target organ

A

Thyroid

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14
Q

TSH

-target organ

A

Stimulates thyroid to release thyroxin

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15
Q

TSH

-negative feedback

A

Less TSH-More Thyroxin

More TSH-Less Thyroxin

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16
Q

PGH - FSH
Follicle stimulating hormone
-target organ

A

Gonads

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17
Q

FSH

-function

A

Women- follicle development in ovaries

Men- sperm production in testes

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18
Q

FSH

-negative feedback

A

Men:
More testosterone-less FSH (low sperm count-could lead to infertility)
Women:
More progesterone-less FSH (prevent female from developing any more follicles while she is pregnant)

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19
Q

FSH

-Hyposecretion

A

Men:
low sperm count-could lead to infertility
Women:
Prevent follicles from forming-lead to infertility

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20
Q

PGH - LH
Luitenising hormone
-target organ

A

Women: ovaries (Graafian follicle)
Men: testes (Leydig cells)

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21
Q

LH

-function

A

Women-ovulation

Men: Testosterone production

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22
Q

LH

-negative feedback

A

More testosterone: less LH

More progesterone: less LH

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23
Q

PGH - GH
Growth hormone
-function

A
  • Increase in bone length
  • Increase in muscle mass
  • Decrease in adipose tissue (fat
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24
Q

GH

-Hyposecretion

A

Dwarfism (children)

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25
GH | -Hypersecretion
- Gigantism (children) | - Acromegaly (adults)
26
PGH - Oxytocin | -target organ
Muscles in uterus
27
Oxytocin | -function
Causes the muscles of uterus to contract (labour pains)
28
oxytocin | -positive feedback
More oxytocin-stronger contractions
29
PGH - Prolactin | -target organ
Mammary gland
30
Prolactin | -function
Stimulate mammary glands to produce milk
31
Prolactin | -Hyposecretion
Not enough milk produced – bottle milk to be produced
32
Thyroid Gland
hormone released : Thyroxin requires iodine in diet goes hand in hand with growth hormone
33
Thyroid Gland | -function
- Increases metabolic rate - Increases breathing & heart rate - Growth of organs - Normal functioning of nervous system
34
Thyroid Gland | -Negative feedback
More Thyroxin-Less TSH | Less Thyroxin-More TSH
35
Thyroid Gland | -Hyposecretion
Lack of Iodine-hyposecretion Children- Cretinism Adults- Myxoedema Goitre
36
Thyroid Gland | -Hypersecretion
hyperthyroidism
37
Pancreas | -hormone released
-Insulin released by beta cells which are located in the pancreas - Glucagon
38
Pancreas | -target organ
insulin - Fat cells/liver | glucagon - liver
39
1. pancreas | - function (insulin)
β (beta) cells releases insulin It decreases blood glucose by converting glucose into glycogen inside the cells Glycogen remains in the liver for future use
40
2. pancreas | - function (glucagon)
alpha cells are activated when the blood glucose levels are low ά (alpha) cells (which are in the pancreas) releases glucagon when blood glucose levels are low It increases blood glucose by converting glycogen into glucose inside the cells
41
pancreas | -negative feedback
When the blood glucose level is above the normal level-insulin is released When the blood glucose level is below the normal level-glucagon is released Graph fluctuates around the normal blood glucose level
42
Adrenal Gland | -hormone released
Adrenalin
43
1. Adrenal Gland | - target organ
Works on entire body Heart rate increases (so that blood can go to the muscle tissues faster in order to provide the oxygen needed for cellular respiration) Blood pressure increases (more blood is being pumped through the blood vessels) Muscle tone increases (muscles become tense-contract) ``` Pupil dilate (pupils become bigger and this allows more light to pass through so that you can see better) ```
44
2. Adrenal Gland | - target organ
Insulin suppressed (glucose is used for energy-balekaaa) Glycogen converted into glucose by the liver (Glucagon is released) Breathing deepens (more oxygen is needed for muscles)
45
Adrenal Gland | -function
Prepares the body for an emergency
46
Adrenal Gland | -negative feedback
After the emergency: | Noradrenaline is secreted in order to take the body back to a state of relaxation
47
Gonads: Ovaries Testis
Oestrogen Progesterone Testosterone inhibits the release of FSH
48
Ovaries | -target organ
``` Uterus (main shawty) Breast tissue Skeleton Brain Skin ``` Endometrium
49
1. Ovaries | - function
Thicken endometrium Formation of secondary sexual characteristics Maintains thickness of endometrium for pregnancy Inhibits FSH and LH
50
2. Ovaries | - function
Inhibits FSH and LH Stimulate blood vessel and alveoli in breasts to later produce milk (hence why pregnant women have bigger breasts)
51
Ovaries | -negative feedback
FSH and LH Why? To ensure that the female does not produce any more egg cells during pregnancy) - progesterone
52
Ovaries | -hyposecretion
oestrogen - may lead to infertility problems
53
Testis | -function
Stimulates formation of secondary sexual characteristics
54
Testis | -negative feedback
More testosterone: less FSH More testosterone: less LH
55
-----
negative feedback
56
LOW BLOOD GLUCOSE (WHEN HUNGRY)
Alpha cells release glucagon Glucagon inhibits insulin secretion Glucagon instructs liver to convert glycogen into glucose – glucose level rises
57
HIGH BLOOD GLUCOSE (AFTER MEALS)
Beta cells release insulin Insulin inhibits glucagon secretion Insulin instructs liver to convert glucose into glycogen – glucose level drops
58
An individual with this type of diabetes is unable to produce insulin - Type I diabetes
Causes: Genetic/ Autoimmune/ Neglected type II diabetes Treatment: Insulin shots /Special diet/Regular testing
59
An individual with this type of diabetes is unable to respond to insulin production - Type II diabetes
Causes: Obesity/Inactivity/Age Treatment: Balanced diet/Exercise/Oral medication
60
Diabetes results in what type of blood condition?
hyperglycemic (high glucose)
61
homeostasis
maintaining a constant internal equilibrium (balance) in the body

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