HUMAN FACTOR Flashcards by JOHN MICHAEL MORTILLO

identifies the capabilities and limitations of humans, then, adapts the human or the system components accordingly

Human factors

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The science of Human Factors can quantify ___ with measures like time, units of work, safety, error and sometimes attitudinal change. It help to design or modify systems for optimal human performance.

human performance

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Therefore; operational attention to Human Factors can raise ___, ___, and ___ in aviation environments. That translates to cost control and continuing safety

efficiency
effectiveness
safety

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is the study of the human as a
central part of the system.

Human factors

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science and practice of designing tools, equipment, workstations, and environments to suit human capabilities and limitations.

ergonomics

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Ergonomics concentrates on ___ and ___ aspects of the work environment.

biomechanical
biophysical

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___ focuses on how work affects workers, and ___ emphasizes designs that reduce the potential for human error

Ergonomics
human factors

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science of measurement and the art of application that establishes the physical geometry, mass properties, and strength capabilities of the human body

Anthropometry

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Anthropometry was derived from

Anthropos = human
Metrikos = to measure.

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addresses issues of movement, leverage and strength. From a biomechanical perspective, the human body is a series of physical links (bones) connected at certain points (joints) that allow various movements.

Biomechanics

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Beginnings of human factor: First identifiable during WWII

cockpit design
aircrew performance

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Beginnings of human factor: Anthropometrics

Eye datum in cockpit

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Beginnings of human factor: Biomechanics

strength required for gear retraction

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Beginnings of human factor: Controls

tactile handles on flap lever

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Beginnings of human factor: Displays

color coding speed ranges

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Beginnings of human factor: Communication

standardized phraseology

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Beginnings of human factor: Social Psychology

Crew Resource Management

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Milestones: work on problems in the design of aviation and armored-force equipment (simulator)

1939, Sir Frederick Barlett

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Milestones: sleep and fatigue, control of the aircraft decreased by up to 50%

1940, Drew

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Milestones: misinterpretation of instrument information

1947, Fitts and Jones

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Milestones: Aviation Safety Reporting System supports the FAA in its mission to eliminate
unsafe conditions in the national aviation system and prevent avoidable accidents.

1976, FAA and NASA

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Milestones: KLM Human Factors Awareness Course (KHUFAC) development

1977, Tenerife disaster

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Milestones: Human Factors included in training syllabi

1990, ICAO

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Milestones: Human Factors Engineering Examination

2001, CAAS

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Milestones: Human factor evolved in ___

Maintenance Error Management (MEM)

Who and when was ergonomics recognized in Europe

Ergonomics Research Society, 1949

Who and when was human factors recognized in U.S.

Human factors society, 1957

Reasons why human factors and ergonomics is important to aircraft maintenance engineering

- Safety - Cost effectiveness

Implication of an effective human factor program in a maintenance organization

- Lower cost - Reduced downtime - Quick turn-around times - Few injuries

Meaning of SHEL model

- Software - Hardware - Environment - Liveware

Two important elements of an effective HF program

- Detection - Perception

It is the physical response of our senses, or detectors, in the presence of some event or stimulus

Detection

It is a combination of psychological and physical (called psychophysical) process that allows us to know that we’ve detected something

Perception

They are better at: - Sensing very low level of certain kinds of stimuli - Detecting stimuli against high-noise-level background - Recognizing patters of complex stimuli - Sensing unusual and unexpected events in the environment - Storing large amounts of information over long periods of time - Retrieving pertinent information from storage; reliability of recall is low

Humans

They are better at: - Drawing upon varied experience to make decisions - Selecting alternative modes of operation - Inductive reasoning - Applying principles - Making subjective estimates - Developing entirely new solutions - Concentrating on most important activities - Adapting physical response

Humans

They are better at: - Sensing stimuli outside the human’s normal range of sensitivity - Applying deductive reasoning = Monitoring pre-specified events - Storing coded information quicky and in large quantity - Retrieving coded information quickly and accurately - Processing quantitative information - Making rapid and consistent responses

Machines

They are better at: - Performing repetitive activities reliably - Exerting considerable physical force - Maintaining performance over extended periods - Counting or measuring physical quantities - Performing several activities simultaneously - Maintaining efficient operations under heavy load and distraction

Machines

This law states that if anything can go wrong, it will

Murphey's law

Crew coordination concept evolve into

Human performance in maintenance

Human performance in maintenance evolve into

Maintenance resource management

Dirty dozens

- Lack of communication - Complacency - Lack of knowledge - Distraction - Lack of teamwork - Fatigue - Lack of resources - Pressure - Lack of assertiveness - Stress - Lack of awareness - Norms

Performance shaping factors

- Internal - External

Displays provide the operator with information about the status of the equipment

Visual Discrimination

Four Distinct types of displays commonly encountered in the maintenance environment:

- “Check” displays - “Qualitative” displays - “Quantitative” displays - “Label, Instruction, Warning” are special displays

This type of display indicate whether a given condition exists

Check displays

This type of display shows the exact value of the information

Quantitative display

Reflects the quantitative value of some variable such as temperature, speed diameter of a cylinder

Quantitative information

This type of display indicate the status of a variable

Qualitative display

This type of display are special displays that are used to provide the user with additional information about the system.

Labels, instructions, warnings

Limitations of the Visual System

- blind spot - illusions - perpheral vision - expectation

Is a passive process

hearing

involves selecting, attending, understanding and responding

listening

Listening requires:

- Selecting - Attending - Understanding - Responding

Ingrained routine established through practice.

motor programme

Types of attention

- Selective - Focused - Divided - Sustained

Good decision involves

- Knowledge - Experience

Is the focusing and concentrating of consciousness

Attention

Attention getting factors

- Light - Sound - Color

Attention suppressing factors

- Camouflage - Low contrast - Small profile

act as buffers for stimuli received through the senses.

sensory memories

A sensory memory exists for each sensory channel: ___ for visual stimuli ___ for aural stimuli and ___ for touch

- iconic memory - echoic memory - haptic memory

Items are held in the ___ (___) for several minutes but if not written down or rehearsed, they will be lost or confused

- working memory - short memory

Short term memory ___ with age as there is ___ on the size of the chunks

- increases - no limit

Main processes of short term memory

- coding - rehearsals

Ways to enhance memory

- Rehearsals - Mnemonics - Chunking - Visualization

Refers to a broad range of company programs helping employee deal with various problems, including emotional and financial distress and substance dependency

employee assistance programs

EAP requirements are limited to

drug alcohol use and treatment for misuse

EAP type

- in house model - out of house model - Consortium model - Affiliate model

This EAP type employs and directly supervises the staff

in house model

This EAP type the company contracts with a supplier for employee assistance staff and services

out of house model

This EAP type several companies jointly fund and develop a collaborative EAP

consortium EAP

This EAP type a company contracts with a single vendor supplying EAP services

Affiliate model

Types of motivation

- intrinsic - extrinsic

One type of maintenance job performance aid (JPA) is called a

decision tree

is a printed or computerized chart that directs the maintenance technician along a logical testing and diagnosis path for a particular system or product.

decision/decision tree

A diagnostic decision-making aids used in a number of different domains, including medicine, geological exploration, and maintenance.

EXPERT SYSTEMs

anything that can affect human performance

performance shaping factors

a broad range of individual differences related to emotional characteristics

emotional imbalance

Various stressors

- task related - physical environment - organizational - physchological

Anxiety in response to excessive demands

low self-efficacy

stress in response to the lack of opportunities to make use of their skills

high self-efficacy

Stress management interventions

- primary - secondary - tertiary

Stress management interventions Preventive: Reduce the number and /or intensity of stressors

primary

Stress management interventions Preventive/ reactive: Modify individual’s responses to stressors

secondary

Stress management interventions Treatment: Help individual’s cope more effectively with consequences of stressors

tertiary

Two kinds of sleep

- REM Sleep - Non-REM sleep

Type of sleep - deeper as brainwaves slow down (stages 1,2,3,4) - sleep inertia waking from stages 3-4 - slow, regular heart rate - slow, regular breathing

Non-REM sleep

Type of sleep - rapid brain waves - eyes moving under eyelids - vivid dreaming - uneven heart rate - uneven breathing - twitching - paralysis

REM sleep

Five senses

- Vision - Aural - Integument - Gustatory - Olfactory

For workers who incur an 8-hour nose dose equivalent to ___, companies must begin with an active program of hearing conservation.

85dB(A)

For continuous noise ___ or above, workers must wear some from of hearing protection device.

90dB(A)

The ‘A’ in dB(A) means a noise is measured using a weighting (___) in the measuring instrument

the A-scale

The quality of light falling on a surface.

illumination

A reflectance value of ___ means that the surface reflects half of the falling on it.

50%

is related to the amount of light coming from an object, such as a video display terminal or a wall.

Luminance

Occurs when people look directly at light sources, either windows or light fixtures.

Direct Glare

The so called “direct glare zone” is taken that ___ above the line of sight.

between 0 to 45 degrees

The Four C’s

- Competence - Centrality - Commitment - Control

addresses issues of movement, leverage and strength.

Biomechanics

occurs both physically and psychologically. Physically, a constant stimulus becomes imperceptible.

Habituation

The fastest growing category of industrial injuries is known as

repetitive strain injury (RSI)

are common in the maintenance domain. Any type of repetitive inspection work in which the probability of finding a problem is low qualities as a ___

Vigilance tasks

Is the name given to a range of methods used to determine important elements.

Tasks Analysis

Identify any user factors that might affect performance on job tasks.

User Analysis

HUMAN FACTOR Flashcards

(104 cards)