Human Genetics Reading (final)

Question 1

what are the 2 opposing views on “where do these differences come from”

Answer 1

nativists and empiricist

Question 2

what are nativists

Answer 2

emphasized genes and inborn characteristics, or nature

Question 3

what are empiricists

Answer 3

focused on learning and experience, or nurture

Question 4

is it nature or nurture

Answer 4

they are both together, it is not one or the other

Question 5

what expresses genes

Answer 5

experience; such as stress and hormonal changes, etc

Question 6

what are behavioural genetics

Answer 6

an interdisciplinary field of study concerned with generate contributions and individual differences in behaviour and personality

Question 7

what are genes

Answer 7

th functional unit of heredity; they are composed of DNA and specify the structure of proteins

Question 8

what are chromosomes

Answer 8

within every cell, rod shaped structures that carry the genes

Question 9

what is DNA

Answer 9

the chromosomal molecule that transfers genetic characteristics by way of code instructions for the structure of proteins

Question 10

what is gnome

Answer 10

the full set of genes in each cell of an organism (with the exception of sperm and egg cells), together with noncoding DNA located outside the genes

Question 11

where are genes located

Answer 11

on chromosomes

Question 12

where does 98.8% of our total DNA lay

Answer 12

outside the genes, is called junk DNA but that is quickly proving to be an inaccurate name

Question 13

what form does DNA take

Answer 13

the DOUBLE HELIX

Question 14

What are the bases in dna

Answer 14

ACTG

Question 15

does the number of genes play a role in the complexity of the organism

Answer 15

not necessarily, it isn’t how many genes, but rather what those genes d

Question 16

what is genome-wide association studies

Answer 16

trying to identify genes that cause disease in people who have them

Question 17

what is linkage studies

Answer 17

searching for genes associated with rare disorders

Question 18

what are genetic markers

Answer 18

DNA segments that vary considerably among individuals whose locations on the chromosome are already known and can function as a genetic landmark for a gene involved in a physical or mental condition

Question 19

what are epigenetics

Answer 19

the study of stable changes in the expression of a particular gene that occur without changing in DNA base sequences; the Greek prefix epi means “on top of” or “in addition to”

form of mutation

Question 20

does the genome stay the same

Answer 20

nope, mutations happen and produces various forms of genes

Question 21

where do we get any mutations (gene varientients) from

Answer 21

our parents, but also the environment

Question 22

the basic units of heredity are called

Answer 22

genes

Question 23

what does whole-genome sequencing involve

Answer 23

sequencing the entire 3 billion base pares of DNA that make up the human genome

Question 24

what do genetic mutations produce

Answer 24

inherited defects that will continue to be passed along genetic lines

Question 25

why do gene frequencies change in a population

Answer 25

mutations and environment

Question 26

what is evolutionary psychology

Answer 26

a field of psychology emphasizing evolutionary mechanisms that may help explain human commonalities in social practices, perception, emotional responses and other areas of behaviour

Question 27

what is evolution

Answer 27

a change in gene frequencies within a population over many generations; a mechanism by which genetically influenced characteristics of a population may change

Question 28

what is natural selection

Answer 28

the evolutionary process in which individuals with genetically influenced traits theatre adaptive in a particular environment tend to survive and reproduce in greater numbers than do other individuals; as a result, their traits became more common in the population

Question 29

give an example of a mental module

Answer 29

why are we nice to people who aren't nice to us? why do we tip a waiter even if we will never go back to that restaurant because the service was bad? because we have the natural selective mindset of "cooperate now because you may need them in the future" but critics are against this

Question 30

lost 5 innate human characteristics

Answer 30

``` infant reflexes an interest in novelty (new things) a desire to explore and manipulate objects an impulse to play and fool around basic cognitive abilities ```

Question 31

what is sociobiology

Answer 31

an interdisciplinary field that emphasizes evolutionary explanations of social behaviours in animals, including human beings

Question 32

what are the opposite sexual strategies between males and females

Answer 32

males generally want sex more often then females do; males are often fickle and promiscuous whereas females are usually devoted and faithful; males are drawn to sexual novelly (they want to pass on as many genes as possible) whereas females was stability and security (because carrying an offspring is difficult and she needs help)

Question 33

what are the 4 challenges to the evolutionary view of human mating strategies

Answer 33

stereotypes versus actual behaviour what people say vs what they do convenience vs representative samples the fred flintstone problem

Question 34

explain stereotypes versus actual behaviour

Answer 34

many examples where females have lots of sex and males are the faithful ones

Question 35

what is meant by what people say vs what they do

Answer 35

based on what people say they desire in a potential mate is different than what they actually pick

Question 36

what is convenience vs representative samples

Answer 36

the survey conducted will have some bias if you only pick from a specific group of people (e.g. what college students say will be different than hat the rest of the population says)

Question 37

what is the fred flintstone problem

Answer 37

even if the plies tone age really influenced the choices and desires of people, there is no need to think we are still like that

Question 38

what is heritability

Answer 38

a statistical estimate of the proportions of the total variance in some trait that is attributable to genetic differences among individuals within a group

Question 39

what are the important facts about heritability

Answer 39

an estimate of heritability applies only to a particular group living in a particular environment heritability estimates do not apply to a specific person, only to variations within a group of people even highly heritable traits can be modified by the environment

Question 40

what is Intelligence Quotient (IQ)

Answer 40

a measure of intelligence origionalycosmputed by dividing a person's mental age by his or her chronological age and multiplying the rest by 100; it is now derived from norms provided for standardized intelligence tests

Question 41

is IQ heritable

Answer 41

it can be

Question 42

what are some environmental influences associated with reduced mental ability

Answer 42

poor parental care malnutrition exposure to toxins stressful family circumstances