Human Geography case studies Flashcards
(116 cards)
1
Q
How many people does Walmart employ?
A
2.3 million
2
Q
How many stores does Walmart have?
A
11,500 stores
3
Q
How does Walmart use spatial organisation?
A
HQ in USA, however products are manufactured in lower countries where labour costs are lower( Bangladesh for textiles/China for electrical)
4
Q
How has Walmart caused flows of money globally?
A
Investment into ASDA (horizontal integration) , Seiyu Japan, Best price India ,
5
Q
How does Walmart benefit from spatial organisation?
A
Economies of scale and comparative advantage
6
Q
What are the UN sustainable development goals?
A
end poverty, protect the planet, and ensure that by 2030 all people enjoy peace and prosperity./ form of security
7
Q
Was IAmsterdam top down or bottom up?
A
top-down-The campaign aimed to improve Amsterdam’s global brand and attract more tourism and business. Aim to change negative connotations
8
Q
How has the WHO mitigated against malaria?
A
Provision of vaccines, nets, testing, developing antimalarial drug resistance
9
Q
What percentage of malaria programmes does the Global Fund finance?
A
62%
10
Q
How much money did the Global fund invest as of June 2024 in malaria control programmes?
A
$19.1 billion
11
Q
How suspected cases of malaria were there in 2022?
A
335 million
12
Q
How many malaria cases were treated in 2022?
A
171 million
13
Q
How many mosquito nets were distributed in 2022?
A
227 million
14
Q
How many cases of malaria did the Gates foundation prevent/ how many lives were saved over the past 2 decades?
A
1.7 billion cases/10.6 million lives
15
Q
How many estimated cases were there in 2020?
A
241 million cases
16
Q
What percent of malaria cases are in Africa?
A
95%
17
Q
What are the ways to mitigate against malaria?
A
Education, vaccines, nets, drug testing
18
Q
What were the objectives made for Iamsterdam?
A
“to contribute to the liveability, attractiveness and broad prosperity of a sustainable and inclusive Amsterdam Area, by building a better reputation and guiding residents, businesses and visitors.”
19
Q
When was the Iamsterdam
A
2004
20
Q
How many visitors did Iamsterdam recieve 2004 vs 2019?
A
10 million vs 20 million
21
Q
How many jobs were created from Iamsterdam?
A
150,000
22
Q
What were the negatives of Iamsterdam?
A
Gentrification, over tourism, commercialisation
23
Q
Was Iamsterdam bottom up or top down?
A
Bottom down=> Government
24
Q
What is an example of a bottom up project?
A
Highline New York
25
When did the Highline project began?
2008
26
Who launched the Highline project?
Joshua David and Robert Hammond
27
What were the negatives of the highline project?
Gentrification/ brought house prices up- affected low income households
28
What was the purpose of the Highline project?
Prevent demolition of the historic structure.-promote historic/culture /identity
Increase green space in dense area
Stimulate economic development in Manhattan’s West Side.
preservation of industrial heritage (highline was elevated freight railway)
community enrichment.
29
What is the Antarctic convergence zone?
a marine belt encircling Antarctica, high marine productivity
30
Where does the Antarctic treaty only apply to?
Anywhere 60 degree south of Antarctica
31
Which part of Antarctica is the most venerable?
West Antarctica
32
When is the Antarctic treat up for review?
2048
33
Which NGO regulates tourism in Antarctica?
IAATO (International Association of Antarctica Tour Operators)
34
What is ATS and what is its role?
Antarctic treaty system- regulates international relations in Antarctica
35
What is the role of the Madrid Protocol?
Ban mining , prevention of resource exploitation
36
What is the role of IWC
(International whaling commission)- Prevention of commercial whaling
37
When was the IWC signed?
1982
38
Which countries did not ratify the IWC?
Japan and Norway
39
When was the Madrid protocol signed?
1991
40
What is ASOC and their role?
(Antarctica and Southern Ocean coalition)- gained 'observatory status of Antarctica', meaning to provide information in discussions
41
What is the role of COP in Antarctica?
COP influences Antarctica by driving global climate policies that address ice melt, protect ecosystems, support scientific research, regulate human activities, and strengthen environmental commitments.
42
What is the 'works'?
The Works is a £350 million regeneration project in Ebbw Vale transforming the former steelworks site into a modern hub with new homes, a hospital, education facilities, green spaces, and business opportunities.
Significant employers Thales , the hospital
43
How many people in Ebbw Vale have no qualifications?
19.4% , 25-64 year olds have no qualifications
44
What was the unemployment rate in 2011 in Ebbw Vale?
7-8% higher than the Welsh average of 4.3%
45
What has the EU funded in Ebbw Vale?
Schools , hospitals, leisure centres, roads (heads of the valleys)
46
What percent of Blaenau Gwent have bad health?
2.3%
47
What health concerns are in Blaenau Gwent?
Mortality outcomes generally worse than Wales for cancer and heart disease
48
What are endogenous factors that give place meaning for Cheltenham?
Horse racing, GCHQ, Education, festivals
49
What are exogenous factors that affect Cheltenham?
Tourism, flows of money (cybersecurity and aerospace) GE aerospace
50
What are deprived parts of Cheltenham?
St Pauls , Hester's Way
51
How does Walmart create unequal flows of people?
Rural depopulation, attracting job opportunities, undercuts SMEs,
52
How many hectares did Indonesia lose due to palm oil deforestation in 2019?
324,000
53
What are the environmental damages of palm oil?
deforestation, increased risk of flooding,(Aceh province floods 2006) , loss of biodiversity, chemical pollution
54
What are the negative socio-economic impacts of palm oil?
Potential for Dutch disease, TNCs dominate and exploit resources (illegal logging Nestle), loss of land for tribes
55
What are the positive socio-economic impacts of palm oil?
Creation of jobs, economic growth, increase in food security, wealth can help the economy
56
Which NGO is controlling the deforestation for palm oil?
Global forest Watch
57
How much of Indonesia's GDP is down to palm oil?
3.5%
58
What are the two largest producers of palm oil , and by how much?
Indonesia and Malaysia, producing 80-85%
59
Who are the largest consumers of palm oil and by how much?
India ~9.0 million tonnes
China ~6.7 million tonnes
European Union ~5.0 million tonnes
USA ~ 1.3 million tonnes
60
How does Palm oil contribute to unequal flows of goods?
Cheap production in LICs, => no benefit proportionally from the final value of palm oil products.
raw materials LICs => processing HICs (high profit) (CORE vs Periphery)
61
How does Palm oil contribute to unequal flows of people?
hard working conditions, lack of job opportunities, affects rural areas.
62
How does the US drive global systems?
Finically through aid and institutions (IMF, World Bank) dollar as the world currency, tech (silicon valley), tariffs (Trump), culture and media , military and global security, health: WHO
63
How does China drive global systems?
trade, tech (Huaweii, TikTok, 5G, global manufacturing, military presence (South China sea). Belt and road imitative
64
What project caused Sri Lanka to lease a port to China?
Sri Lanka: Hambantota Port leased to China for 99 years after Sri Lanka faced debt difficulties.
65
How much global trade passes through the South China sea?
$3trillion annually
66
What are key issues surrounding the South China sea?
Territorial Disputes: China claims nearly 90% of the sea, based on the Nine-Dash Line, while other countries claim parts of the region.
Resource Competition: The sea is rich in natural resources like oil and gas.
Military Presence: China has militarized islands in the sea (Spratly islands)
67
Positive of 2012 Olympics in London?
Rebranding of East London (Stratford), global recognition , infrastructure development- community sport and development, creation of green space; Queen Elizabeth Olympic park
68
Negatives of the Olympics for London?
Gentrification (Athlete's village sold for development ) , some parts neglected
69
How did IAMsterdam work?
Slogan to promote the city , also as a digital hub for tourists , businesses and residents
70
Name non-modifiable risk factors for CHD.
Age, gender, family history, and certain ethnic backgrounds.
71
Why is CHD termed a "disease of affluence"?
A: It's more common in wealthier societies due to lifestyle factors
72
What is the projected global burden of CHD in DALYs by 2020?
82 million DALYs
73
What are the characteristics of soil type in the polar tundra?
Azonal soil, lacks profile development due to permafrost preventing groundwater circulation
Composed of coarse litter , weathered rock fragments , void of humus and infertile
74
What are the characteristics of vegetation in the polar tundra?
no trees, low lying plants (lichens , mosses , artic flowers)- to take advantage of available warmth
shallow root system due to permafrost
75
How does climate affect food production in the polar tundra region?
hardy vegetables/ animals (cabbage , root vegetables)
76
What are the characteristics of soil type in tropical monsoon climates?
Latosols (yellow)
77
What are the characteristics of vegetation in tropical monsoon climates?
Lighter tropical rainforest (bamboo, palm, mostly deciduous trees)- plants have to adapt to survive dry season (dropping leaves to conserve water)
78
What are the characteristics of agriculture of tropical monsoon climates?
Intensive subsistence - very productive farms (2-3 crops per year)
-crops included: rice patties, , plant vegetables , plant grain
79
How people in Hester's way live in rented accommodation?
55%
80
How many people in Hester's way have no formal qualifications?
20%
81
What percent of people in Hester's way are disabled?
19%
82
What is the Golden Valley Project?
A major development in West Cheltenham to build a cyber hub with office space and over 1,000 homes, aimed at boosting the tech industry and housing availability.
83
How has Hesters Way in Cheltenham experienced economic change since the 1950s?
Originally built as council housing, the area declined economically but has seen regeneration efforts like the Coronation Square revitalisation and local business hubs.
84
How has Cheltenham's economic profile changed since the 18th century?
Transitioned from a spa town into a modern centre for culture, education, and high-tech industries.
85
How did the Brewery quarter change?
Cheltenham Original Brewery in 1888.
redeveloped into a leisure and retail complex, reopened in 2017.
86
How does the Brewery Quarter represent Cheltenham's economic transformation?
It shows a shift from industrial production to a service-based, entertainment-driven economy.
87
What is the significance of the "Chameleon" mural at the Brewery Quarter?
Created by Gnasher in 2017, it symbolises Cheltenham’s transformation from industrial roots to a vibrant, modern town.
88
What is coronation square?
former declining shopping centre, regeneration project in 2013
89
How have unequal flows of money impacted different areas of Cheltenham?
Wealth and investment are concentrated in central areas and new developments like the Brewery Quarter and Golden Valley Project, while areas like Hesters Way experience economic deprivation, lower homeownership rates, and higher reliance on social housing.
90
How do unequal flows of people affect Cheltenham?
Cheltenham attracts affluent professionals, students, and tourists to its town centre, but areas like Hesters Way see limited inward migration and population mobility, often trapping residents in cycles of poverty and reduced opportunity.
(Golden valley project)
91
Why did the steel and coal industry in Ebbw Vale collapse?
De-industrialisation , globalisation
92
How have unequal flows of money impacted Ebbw Vale?
-High unemployment
-Loss of industry
-Flows of money from EU (the works)
93
How have unequal flows of people affect Ebbw Vale?
-inward migration during coal and steel industry
-outward during collapse (steel workers moving to Port Talbot)
94
What is the Heads of the Valleys Road and why is it important to Ebbw Vale?
The A465, known as the Heads of the Valleys Road, is a major regional route connecting Ebbw Vale to other South Wales towns
95
How much funding did Wales receive from the EU between 2014 and 2020?
Over £2 billion in EU structural funds, mainly directed toward economic development, education, and infrastructure in disadvantaged areas like the South Wales Valleys.
96
Outline the relationship between the physical environment and health in Ebbw Vale.
Legacy of heavy industry has left behind pollution and poor-quality housing.
High social housing rate, with conditions often substandard.
Lowest female life expectancy in the UK (Brynmawr area) at 79 years, 4 years below national average.
Health issues include high rates of obesity, smoking, and drug use. (highest compared to Wales/national average)
Poor access to healthcare services due to rural valley location and limited infrastructure.
97
What were the major construction projects Ebbw Vale helped to provide?
Sydney Harbour bridge, Stockholm and Darlington railway.
98
Outline how the physical environment contributes to the health of Hester's Way?
- Housing: 55% rented accommodation, semi-detached housing.
-Poor access to healthcare services, based on location (19.1% disabled)
-Limited access to greenspace, due to high density housing (council area built 1950s/60s) (30,000 population)
99
When did the steel works collapse in Ebbw Vale?
2002
100
How has the physical environment of Cheltenham affected health?
-Historic spa town (association 'health and holiday spa)- mineral springs
-Green spaces (Montpellier gardens, Pitville Park)
101
How has the socio-economic characteristics affected the health of Hester's Way?
-Low income/ deprivation => poor quality , semi--detached housing (55% rented)
-19% disabled
-High unemployment compared to national average : 4.91%
-20% no qualifications
102
How has socio-economic factors contributed to health in Ebbw Vale?
7-8% unemployment, 25% received benefits,
19.4% received have no qualifications
UK’s lowest female life expectancy (79 years)
103
What were the positives of the highline project?
-Provided greenspace
-Encourages biodiversity
-Boosted property values/attracted inward investment
-Increased tourism (5 million vs 8 million 2014-19
104
What was the name of the rail line opened as a result of the highline project?
-Stratford international
105
What % of the population in Ebbw Vale are considered obese?
80%
106
How many restaurants are fast food in Ebbw Vale?
55/75
107
How much did the leisure centre cost in Ebbw Vale?
£15 million
108
How has statistical sources shown change over time in Cheltenham?
- Flow of people , GCHQ, Cybersecurity (Golden valley project)
-GIS: Changes in built environment (Brewery quarter, Golden valley project)
109
How has qualitative sources shown change over time in Cheltenham?
-Media (Old: Spa Town, tourist area)
(New: festivals, literature/ Jazz/ Brewery quarter)
-Archival photos (architecture)/ new photos
110
How has statistical data shown change over time in Ebbw Vale?
Census data: decreased employment in steel industry
GIS: Redevelopment , Industrial decline
111
How has qualitative data shown change over time in Ebbw Vale?
Archival photos , Ebbw Vale (Industrial versus modern tech area)
-Media
112
What are the main goals of the FAO?
1) Eradicate hunger, food insecurity and malnutrition; 2) Eliminate poverty and promote economic/social progress; 3) Manage and use natural resources sustainably.
113
What functions does the FAO provide?
Offer policy advice
Deliver technical support and training
Coordinate emergency responses to food crises
Promote sustainable agriculture and fisheries
114
Give an example of a successful FAO initiative.
In Niger, FAO supported Farmer Field Schools to improve dryland farming and restore degraded land, helping boost food production and resilience.
115
What are some criticisms of the FAO?
Bureaucracy and inefficiency
Lack of coordination with other agencies
Sometimes slow emergency response
Mixed success in reducing global hunger
116
How does the FAO contribute to the SDGs?
The FAO supports several SDGs, especially SDG 2 (Zero Hunger), SDG 12 (Responsible Consumption and Production), and SDG 13 (Climate Action).
