Human Geography - Globalisation Flashcards
(81 cards)
1
Q
L1 How have global connections been widened and deepened?
A
- Products being sourced from further away, e.g. Fiji Water -> UK 10,000mi
- Everyone is connected via products we consume
- Faster travel and connection speeds
2
Q
L1 How is the widening and deepening of global connections uneven between and within countries?
A
Between: High-income countries are affluent consumers of global products
Within: Disparity, e.g. Brazil - Rio de Janeiro vs. Amazon rainforest tribes
3
Q
L1 Which ways has globalisation increased levels of interdependence?
A
- Social/cultural - Western forms of consumption have spread
- Political - More reliant on international organisations, e.g. EU & NATO
- Urban - Global cities are command centres of the global economy
- Linguistic - English emerged as language of ‘working village’
- Economic - increased trade
- Demographic - multiculturality
- Environmental - pollution from economic activity is global
4
Q
L1 Define globalisation
A
Growing economic, cultural, political, social, and environmental interdependence of countries through increasing amounts of ‘flows’ of goods, services, information, and people. It links people through the food they eat, products they consume, and the ideas they hold. These processes benefit some places more than others
5
Q
HW1 What is globalisation accelerated by?
A
Enabled by:
- Transportation, e.g. Containerisation
- Technology, e.g. Real-time inventory control
- IGOs, e.g. WTO, World Bank, IMF
- Govts., e.g. China’s 1978 Open Door Policy
Driven by:
- TNCs
6
Q
HW1 What are some downsides of globalisation?
A
- Economic gains are accompanied by extreme inequalities
- TNCs are responsible for cultural homogeneity (uniformity) on a global scale based on Western ideas & consumption
- Greater freedom to migrate across borders (not to everyone’s taste)
7
Q
HW1 What do some people argue globalisation has inadvertently led to?
A
Increased localism because of concerns about unsustainable ethical & environmental effects
It may have helped to take people out of poverty but increased consumption threatens cultural identities & environmental stability
8
Q
HW1 What are the five flows of globalisation?
A
- Capital - money flows through stock markets (roughly US$5tn a day)
- Commodities - Raw mats. like fossil fuels, food, & minerals. 1/3rd of estimated US$80tn global GDP in agriculture & manufactured commodities
- Information - internet caused real time comms between distant places, 1.5bn Facebook
- Tourists - Budget airlines, more from EDCs are holidaying, e.g. China 2014 had 120m outbound trips
- Migrants - in 2013 no. of economic migrants + refugees reached 250m, same year US£500bn of remittances were sent home by migrants
9
Q
HW1 What is the result of the five flows of globalisation?
A
Places become more interconnected and interdependent.
10
Q
L2 What is time-space compression?
A
Advances in technology such as railways, mobile phones, etc. have led to developments in trade and transport, effectively ‘shrinking’ the world
1914 - 40 days to get to Australia, Now - Just over a day
11
Q
L2 How did container ships reduce travel times (using an example)?
A
Travel time from Australia to Europe decreased from 70 to 34 days
12
Q
L2 How has containerisation accelerated globalisation?
A
- Reduced the cost of shipping
- Uniformity of containers injects predictability into world trade
- Therefore, growth in global trade as it facilitates outsourcing, growth of TNCs, & the supply chain
13
Q
L2 How has commercial air travel accelerated globalisation?
A
- Reduced cost of flights as aircraft are larger & more efficient
- Led to promotion of tourism/business/migration for individuals
- Led to more cultural & knowledge transfer
14
Q
L2 How has the internet accelerated globalisation?
A
- Sped up knowledge transfer & flows of capital
- Used to create global supply chains containerisation links with
15
Q
HW2 What developments in transport have accelerated globalisation?
A
- Steam Power: Britain became world leader in 1800s, steam ships & trains moved goods & armies along trade routes into Asia & Africa
- Railways: In 1800s railways expanded globally, by 1904 9000km Trans-Siberian railway connected Moscow w/ China & Japan, now HS2 will reduce times in UK
- Jet Aircraft: Intercontinental Boeing 747 in 1960s made international travel common, cheap flights brought it to the masses in ACs
- Container Shipping: 200m individual container movements per year, anything transported in intermodal containers, e.g. Chinese vessel ‘Cosco’ can carry 13k containers
16
Q
HW2 What developments in ICT have accelerated globalisation?
A
- Telephone & telegraph: 1st telegraph cables laid across Atlantic in 1860s replaced 3 week travel time, revolutionised conducting of business, some parts of Africa have had no telephone wires are ‘leap-frogging’ to mobile phones
- Broadband & fibre optics: More than 1m kms of flexible undersea cables carry all the world’s data
- GIS & GPS: 1st GPS satellite launched in 1970s, now 24 of them at over 10k kms above Earth, deliveries tracked & positions continually broadcasted
- Internet: Early forms in 1960s/70s to link important research computers, now over 5bn likes on Facebook per day
17
Q
HW2 How is technology used by a range of players and how does this contribute to globalisation?
A
- Economic Globalisation: ICT allows distant offices to keep in touch, TNCs expand into new territories to sell products, e.g. M&S automatically updates orders, e.g. from Kenya, when a barcode is scanned
- Social Globalisation: Maintaining long-distance connections, e.g. Skype allows migrants to keep a link w/ family members they are not with
- Cultural Globalisation: Language, music, etc adopted globally, e.g. Gangnam Style by PSY over 2bn views
- Political Globalisation: Social networks raise awareness of issues, e.g. Greenpeace & ISIS use social media to spread their messages
18
Q
HW2 How have mobile phones in Kenya changed everyday life?
A
- 2005 just 6% of Africans owned a mobile phone, in 2015 it was 70%
- In 2007, Safaricom launched M-Pesa which allowed credit to be transferred between users:
1. 1/3rd of Kenya’s GDP is sent through M-Pesa annually
2. In urban areas, people use M-Pesa to pay for utilities & school fees
3. Rurally, fishermen & farmers can check market prices before selling
4. Rural women can take out microloans, helping lift families out of poverty
19
Q
HW2 What is a digital economy?
A
Includes e-commerce, online advertising, social media, and use of data in various industries
Supporting infrastructure has developed, strengthening it
20
Q
HW2 Give three ways in which the digital economy has changed traditional ways of business
A
- Online retailers, like Amazon, that sell books & films make traditional shops, like Woolworths and Blockbuster, unable to compete
- More general goods go online so manufacturers make online shopping sites, e.g. Nike Official Site
- Traditional supermarket model is being challenged by ‘click & collect’ shopping
21
Q
L4 Give three examples of international organisations and what they do
A
World Trade Organisation (WTO) - promotes trade liberalisation and encourages the removal of tariffs
International Monetary Fund (IMF) - aims to stabilise currencies & maintain global financial stability by channelling loans to from richer countries to those that apply for help. In return recipients must privatise govt. to generate wealth
World Bank - Set up to lend money for development purposes
22
Q
L4 Define protectionism
A
Controlling trade between countries by putting tariffs on imported goods, restrictive quotas, & regulations that disadvantage foreign companies & protect domestic ones. e.g. Trump 2025
23
Q
L4 Define economic liberalisation, give an example
A
Reduce/remove govt. restrictions to encourage greater participation by private companies & encourage economic development, aka ‘neo-liberalism’
Deregulation of City of London 1986 led to London becoming the world’s leading financial hub with ‘non-dom’ billionaires
24
Q
L4 Give an example of IGOs harming a community
A
Pakistan joined the WTO in 1995, opening up its fishing waters to foreign competition. It removed a 200mi exclusion zone around its coasts which led to deep sea trawlers from TNCs (in India) taking most of the catch. Local fishing communities were left in poverty.
25
L4 Give an example of FDI in the UK
Nissan invested £100m in their Sunderland factory for the Juke production. It created 6700 jobs and a further 27,000 positions in the supply chain
26
L4 What are the four types of FDI?
1. Offshoring - TNCs build their production facilities in low-wage countries
2. Foreign Mergers - 2 firms in different countries join to create a single entity, e.g. Shell HQs in UK & Netherlands
3. Foreign Acquisitions - A TNC launches a takeover of a company in another country. e.g. 2010 Cadbury subject to hostile takeover by Kraft in US
4. Transfer Pricing - TNCs channel profits through a subsidiary company in a low-tax country, e.g. Starbucks, Amazon in Ireland, Organisation for Economic Cooperation & Development (OECD) is trying to limit this
27
L4 Define FDI
Controlling ownership in a business in one country by a company in another country
28
L4 Why has FDI increased since WW2?
International agreements to promote free trade
29
L4 What is the difference between 'organic' and 'inorganic' FDI?
Organic - investment expands operations of an existing foreign business, e.g. Nissan in Sunderland
Inorganic - firm buys a company in another country, e.g. Cadbury/Kraft
30
L5 Summarise privatisation
- UK govts. have allowed foreign investors to have a stake in privatised national services & infrastructure
- Public services are costly so in 1980s many were sold to raise money
- Since 2008 financial crisis, UK govt. has approached Chinese & Middle-Eastern sovereign wealth funds (SWFs) to fund new infrastructure projects
31
L5 How does the UK government encourage business start-ups and why does they boost the economy?
- Encouraging foreign start-ups to come to the UK leads to a diffusion of global talent, ideas, & business. Free trade is promoted & globalisation deepens.
- To achieve this, the UK's regulatory & policy environment must include flexible labour markets, a favourable tax regime, & a host of start-up support schemes
- e.g. Tech City, London or Cambridge Science Park which have sympathetic business environments
32
L5 What are some advantages of trade bloc membership?
- Bigger markets (but no extra taxes) - UK companies like Tesco benefitted from expanding into EU countries (65m vs 500m pop.)
- National firms can merge to form TNCs - they can compete globally w/ lower costs & higher profits
- Protection from foreign competitors & political stability - e.g. in 2007, EU blocked £50m of Chinese clothes from entering UK to protect domestic manufacturers
33
L5 What are some disadvantages of trade bloc membership?
- Loss of sovereignty - EU deals not only w/ trade but human rights, environmental targets, & consumer protection
- Interdependence - A disruption of trade for one country may have economic consequences for another, e.g. challenges facing eurozone countries
- Compromise & concession - countries in a trade bloc must allow foreign firms to gain domestic market share at the expense of local ones. They do this in the hope that consumers have better products, prices, & can expand abroad.
34
L6 Define global shift
The movement of the global economic centre of gravity from Europe and North America to Asia through outsourcing of manufacturing and service provision
35
L6 Summarise China's private enterprise over time
- Most manufacturing in China is now privately owned & operated
- This sector has grown significantly since economic reforms in 1970s
- FDI into private enterprises hit $11.4bn in 1991
36
L6 Summarise the Open Door Policy & Free Market Economics in China
- Deng Xiaoping adopted 'Open Door Policy' in 1978 to move towards a market-oriented economy
- China opened to foreign businesses that wanted to take advantage of cheap labour costs
- Remained communist but used SEZs to encourage FDI
- 1998 - 2%, 2010 - 10% of world market share (stat from WTO)
37
L6 Summarise SEZs and FDI in China
- 4 SEZs set up over 14 cities strategically near Hong Kong, Macau, & Taiwan
- Favourable tax regimes & low wages to attract capital & businesses
- TNCs are offered incentives like reduced tax rates to set up manufacturing operations
38
L6 Summarise the Shenzhen SEZ
- 1st SEZ established in China
- Average growth of 40% per annum 1981-93 vs. 9.8% GDP growth in China
- Fishing village (30,000 pop.) to city (10m pop.)
39
L6 Summarise Foxconn
- Taiwanese electronics manufacturing TNC
- Customers include Xbox, Nintendo, Sony (Playstation)
- Today, employs 200,000 at Langhua Science & Tech Park, known as 'Foxconn City'
40
L6 How has China moved from FDI to ODI
- FDI exposes Chinese workers & firms to international tech. standards & knowledge
- Recently increase ODI to Asia & Africa
- 2014 - ODI surpassed FDI in China
- 2015 - 2nd leading source of FDI behind US
41
L7 What are the three ways TNCs have contributed to the spread of globalisation?
- Global production networks (GPN)
- Glocalisation & Cultural hybrids, e.g Maharaja Mac
- Developments of new markets (emerging middle class), 60% of spending by 2030 by them, e.g. India, China
42
L7 How have TNCs grown and what have they taken advantage of to do this?
- Outsourcing
- Offshoring
Taken advantage of economic liberalisation
43
L7 What is the difference between outsourcing and offshoring?
- Outsourcing - move one element of your firm overseas, e.g. Vodaphone call centres to India
- Offshoring - move a whole factory overseas, e.g. Honda in Swindon
44
L7 Define Global Production Networks (GPN)
A chain of connected suppliers of parts and materials that contribute to the manufacturing or assembly of goods. Serves the need of a TNC, e.g. outsourcing of administrative support to India, outsourcing of manufacturing to China
45
L7 Give an example of a TNC using a Global Production Network (GPN) for their products
Renault:
Renault Zoe car assembled in France, battery from South Korea, engine from Germany
46
L7 How can outsourcing and Global Production Networks (GPNs) cause a problem for TNCs?
- Natural hazards can disrupt supply chains, e.g. 2011 Japanese tsunami
- Unwanted products in the supply chain, e.g. 2013 horsemeat scandal
As a result, some TNCs 're-shoring' closer to home
47
L7 Do all companies need to 'glocalise' products?
No, LEGO makes products that have a genuine global appeal - no changes are needed
48
L7 Give an example of a company glocalising a product
- McDonald's in India - large Hindu & Sikh pop. who don't eat beef
- Created Maharaja Mac (chicken big mac) and McSpicy Paneer (Indian cheesy patty)
49
L8 What are the two ways of measuring globalisation?
KOF Index, A.T. Kearney Index
50
L8 How does the KOF Index measure globalisation?
- Measures by combining many data sets divided into three categories: economic, social, political
- Scale of 1-100 w/ 24 different variables - compare countries
2023: Switzerland 1st, USA 25th, China 72nd, 196th Somalia
51
L8 Explain why some countries are not where you would expect them to be ranked in the KOF Index
- Larger countries (e.g. China, USA) are fairly low down due to large domestic markets
- Many of top 15 are smaller, European countries who have lots of interactions w/ neighbours
52
L8 Evaluate the use of the KOF Index
- Data not collected very regularly (last in 2023)
- Weightings are 36% economic, 39% social, and 25% political so uneven
53
L8 How does the A.T. Kearney Index measure globalisation?
- Measures the globalisation levels of cities and countries
- Uses 4 main indicators to calculate rankings:
1. Political engagement - participation in international treaties & peacekeeping
2. Technological connectivity - no. of internet users etc.
3. Personal contact - telephone calls, travel
4. Economic integration - Amount of trade, FDI
2015: Singapore 1st, USA 3rd, Australia 8th (all not in KOF top 10)
54
L8 What has happened to the A.T. Kearney Index?
Since 2015, replaced by the Global Cities Report. Most globalised cities in 2022 are:
1. New York
2. London
3. Paris
55
L9 Define 'switched on place'
Connected to the world economy through consumption & production of goods
56
L9 Define 'detached places'
Poorly connected to the global network
57
L9 What are some political reasons why places remain detached?
- Communism, authoritarian, corruption, e.g. N Korea
- War & conflict
- Outside of trade blocs
- Colonisation, e.g. African nations
58
L9 What are some economic reasons why places remain detached?
- Lack of natural resources, e.g. low mineral wealth, infertile soil
- Protectionism, e.g. tariffs
- Poor education
59
L9 What are some environmental reasons why places remain detached?
- Geographical barriers, e.g. mountains, no warm water ports, landlocked
- Environments, e.g. rainforest, tundra, desert
- Cultural preservation, e.g. uncontacted tribes, Native American reservations
- Vulnerable to natural hazards/climate change
60
L9 Summarise the case study of a detached country
North Korea:
- Korea split following Korean War (1950-53)
- NK came under Soviet-sponsored communist control & adopted diplomatic & economic 'self-reliance' under President Kim Il-Sung
- Decades of economic mismanagement & resource misallocation
- Now relies on Chinese aid to feed its pop.
61
L10/11 How has the world's economic 'centre of gravity' shifted over time?
- AD1 - 1500 - centred over China & the Middle East
- Began shifting towards Europe 1500-2000 due to the industrial revolution and rapid development in Europe and North America
- Now is shifting back towards China due to rapid urbanisation & the growth of megacities
62
L10/11 What are some benefits of the global shift of manufacturing?
China:
- Infrastructure - China used 'Belt & Road Initiative' to tackle congestion (traffic 5x in last 20yrs), now has 7/10 of world's longest bridges
- Waged work - People have left primary sector jobs & migrated to cities
- Poverty reduction - 1978, 97% of rural people in poverty, by 2015 was 6%
- Education - No. of people in secondary school risen from 36% in 2000 to 84% in 2013
63
L10/11 What are some negative impacts of the global shift of maunfacturing?
China:
- Waged work - Poor conditions, child labour, strains mental health, e.g. Suicides in Foxconn IPhone Factory
- Towns like Shintang on Pearl River Delta in Shenzhen SEZ become heavily polluted, 1/3rd of world's jeans made there, cancer rates risen due to Chromium factories, known as 'cancer villages'
India:
- Rapid rural-urban migration - development of Dharavi (1m in 1 sq mile, clean water for 2 hrs at 5:30am)
64
L10/11 How has the global shift of manufacturing affected India?
India used its well-educated English speaking pop. to specialise in services. Initially call centres, e.g. Vodafone, in Bangalore and then Business Process Outsourcing (BPO) firms, e.g. Infosys
65
L10/11 How has the global shift of manufacturing affected China?
China's Open Door Policy of 1978 encouraged FDI from TNCs into SEZs like Shenzhen. Brought economic growth, improved QoL, & 500m lifted out of poverty
66
L10/11 Explain the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC). Where is China on this model?
- A country has to degrade its environment to develop economically.
- At some point, a country has developed to develop or restore its environment by outsourcing manufacturing or investing in cleaner energy forms
- China is at the curve's turning point as they are about to improve their national environment due to their economic success
67
L12 What are the positives of the global shift for the Western world? Refer to social, economic, and environmental reasons
Social:
- Less dangerous & more creative jobs
- Cheaper goods -> happier people
- Improves areas for people, e.g. Plymouth
Economic:
- Forcing people into tertiary, higher skilled jobs
- Cheaper products for people
- Economic regeneration caused
Environmental:
- Less pollution & waste going into rivers
- Land goes back to environments, e.g. forests
- Improves air quality
68
L12 What are the negatives of the global shift for the Western world? Refer to social, economic, and environmental reasons
Social:
- Pop. decline
- Loss of jobs
- Increased unemployment
- Spiral of decline - unhealthy lifestyles, w/ drugs, alcohol
- e.g. Rust Belt life expec. is 13 years less, Detroit has lost 1m residents since 1950, white flight
Economic:
- House prices decrease, e.g. $1 Detroit
- Loss of 30,000 jobs in Leicester
- High unemployment
- Lack of investment
Environmental:
- Dereliction
- Vandalism
- Chemical waste
- Areas left unattractive - unsafe, threatening
69
L12 Summarise how the Viyella textiles factories closing affected Derbyshire. Refer to social, economic, and environmental points
Social:
- Communities broken down
- 1000s of jobs lost
Economic:
- 2000 jobs lost from one mill
- Viyella employed 25,000 in UK
- Changing from 'making' textiles to design & marketing
Environmental:
- Abandoned mills
- Converted to office & apartments
- Contamination & materials left behind
70
L13 Define Urbanisation
The growth of the proportion of people living in urban areas
07-08: Increased to above 50% for first time ever
71
L13 Where are cities growing in population the fastest?
- East Asia, e.g. Dhaka 15m->23m (+53%) from 2011-25
- Lagos, Nigeria is fastest in the world
72
L13 How do urban areas grow?
- Rural-Urban migration due to push & pull factors
- Rapid industrialisation & globalisation
- Climate change - food & water shortages in rural areas
- Job opportunities, education, healthcare draws young people
- Growth of informal settlements, e.g. Dharavi
- Natural increase (60% of growth), migration (30%), reclassification of rural areas (10%)
73
L13 Give some of the social, economic, and environmental challenges urbanisation brings
Social:
- Informal settlements
- Excessive waste
- Poor health
- Strain on services, e.g. congestion, lack of clean water, education
Economic:
- Not enough formal sector jobs
- Lack of affordable housing
Environmental:
- Air/noise pollution
- Urban sprawl into green belts
74
L13 Summarise Dharavi as an informal settlement and a consequence of rapid urbanisation
- Very crowded informal settlement - largest in the world, 1m people in 1 sq. mile
- Provides jobs for 100,000s, largely migrants
- Poor air quality, no environmental/health checks
- Water polluted w/ chemical & human waste
- Adani Group wants to redevelop it into high-rise homes & offices, long-term residents receive free housing, shorter term residents relocated elsewhere, however chosen areas have health risks as on a dump site
- Issues though as people lose their businesses, social cleansing
75
L14 3.5b Define low wage economic migrants
Migrants that are drawn to global hubs in large numbers & comprise legal & illegal immigrants working for low pay in low skilled jobs
76
L14 3.5b Define high wage economic migrants (elite migrants)
Wealthy, highly skilled people, usually within finance sectors. Including powerful oligarchs who may own a number of properties in hub cities.
77
L14 3.5b Define Global Hub Cities
Cities that have global influence & are disproportionately important in the global economy
78
L14 3.5b Why is there interdependence between countries due to migration?
Migrant workers rely on the country for their job & wages & send remittances back home to their country. Therefore both nations benefit economically.
79
L14 3.5b How have elite migrants had an influence in London?
- 2013 - 82% of Central London property deals were from foreign buyers
- Qatari Investments have bought into The Shard & the One Hyde Park Development
- Russian oligarchs had 1/3 of all foreign purchases in London '04-'14, e.g. Roman Abramovich bought Chelsea
- Has led to properties becoming too expensive for locals, e.g. 2022 - home overlooking Hyde Park sold to Chinese property CEO for £205m (most expensive in UK)
80
L14 3.5b How have low wage migrants had an influence globally?
- UAE & Qatar dependent on flow of cheap labour b/c they have labour shortages due to small populations
- 90% of UAE's workforce are migrants (3m India/Pakistan)
- Work building infrastructure for high-end tourism
81
L14 3.5b What problems did low wage migration face in Qatar?
- 2014, 1.4m migrants in construction projects in Qatar (400,000 from Nepal), many working on football stadiums for 2022 World Cup
- An estimated 6500 workers from Nepal, India, & Bangladesh died whilst building the stadiums
