Human Geography - Regenerating Places Flashcards
(136 cards)
1
Q
L1 4A.1a What is ‘Levelling Up’?
A
Initiative created by the conservative government in 2019 to increase national wealth, living standards, benefit educational institutions, and reduce crime and unemployment
2
Q
L1 4A.1a Give an overview of the employment sectors, their incomes, and the type of country you would see them
A
Primary - extraction and production of raw materials, low income in LIDCs
Secondary - manufacturing, medium income, mostly in EDCs
Tertiary - service industry jobs, high income, mostly in ACs
Quaternary - high level research jobs, highly skilled and high income, ACs
Quinary - Highest decision making levels, CEOs, business executives, ACs
3
Q
L1 4A.1a Describe a ‘pre-industrial’ country
A
Most people employed in primary sector, least in tertiary sector, e.g. Zambia or Nepal
4
Q
L1 4A.1a How does a country progress from pre-industrial to industrial?
A
Foreign direct investment (FDI) or aid from other countries to fund development in the secondary employment sector
5
Q
L1 4A.1a Describe an ‘industrial’ country
A
Most people employed in secondary sector, increasing proportion in tertiary, e.g. China or India
6
Q
L1 4A.1a How does a country progress from industrial to post-industrial?
A
Grow economically to fund better education, leading to outsourcing of primary and secondary industries and the growth of the tertiary industry
7
Q
HW2 4A.2a Define rural-urban continuum
A
The unbroken transition from sparsely populated places to densely populated urban places
8
Q
HW2 4A.2a Define regeneration
A
Redeveloping former industrial areas or outdated housing to bring about economic and social change - new buildings and spaces with new purposes
9
Q
HW2 4A.2a Define rebranding
A
Ways in which a place is deliberately reinvented for economic reasons, and then marketed using its new identity to attract new investors
10
Q
L2 4A.1a Give stats for Nailsea in the categories: average salary, unemployment rate, IMD, and ethnicity
A
Avg. salary: $40,000
Unemployment: 3%
IMD: ranges from 16,000 to 32,000
Ethnicity: 93% White British
11
Q
L2 4A.1a Give stats for Lawrence Hill in the categories: average salary, unemployment rate, IMD, and ethnicity
A
Avg. salary: £23,000
Unemployment: 15%
IMD: 743rd at the worst
Ethnicity: 30% White British
12
Q
L3 4A.2a+b What were the economies of Sheffield, Leeds, and Glasgow originally based on?
A
Sheffield: Steel
Leeds: Textiles
Glasgow: Ship Building
13
Q
L4 4A.1b+c Why have the primary and secondary sectors declined in the UK?
A
- Goods overseas cheaper than those produced in the UK
- Overseas wages lower
- Cheap, imported goods
e.g. British Coal located deeper underground and was more expensive to mine than many overseas countries
14
Q
L4 4A.1b+c Why have tertiary and quaternary grown in the UK?
A
- Growth of tourism and retail
- Higher incomes
- Cheaper air travel
- Increased car ownership
- Increasing availability for education
15
Q
L4 4A.1b+c How did the negative multiplier effect make deindustrialisation worse in the UK?
A
An estimated 4 other jobs were lost for every factory worker
16
Q
HW5 4A.2b What are the five main factors that have shaped how places have changed in the UK?
A
- Physical factors - dynamic environments create challenges, e.g. the coast
- Accessibility & connectedness - development of motorways, railway stations
- Historical development - Totnes has introduced ‘Transition Town Totnes’ to protect its local culture & history
- Local & national planning - 2010 National Infrastructure plan designated some places ‘garden cities’, e.g. Bicester w/ 13,000 new homes & a railway station
- Other factors - deindustrialisation, migration
17
Q
HW6 4A.1b+c Give evidence for the existence of the North/South divide
A
Avg. weekly income: £700 in London, £450 in NE
Managers/professionals: 60% of London, 40% of Yorkshire
Lower skilled jobs/care roles: 20% of London, 30% of Yorkshire
18
Q
HW6 4A.1b+c What is the effect of the North/South divide on social factors? (health, life expectancy, education)
A
Health: Those in North less likely to afford nutritious food, more obesity & diabetes, deprivation leads to worse mental health
Life Expectancy: 75 yrs in NE compared to 77.2 yrs national avg.
Education: 41% of London has a uni degree but only 24% in NE, 25% of London gets A/A* in GCSEs but only 18% in NE
19
Q
L6 4A.2c What are the 4 ways to measure changes within a place?
A
Land use changes, employment trends, demographic changes, levels of deprivation
20
Q
L6 4A.2c Describe explain the differences in deprivation between Nailsea and Lawrence Hill
A
Lawrence Hill - 1 LSOA ranked 743rd on IMD, due to deindustrialisation leading to falling house prices and therefore ethnic diversity (15% white british)
Nailsea - 1 LSOA ranked 300th best in the UK, construction of Trendlewood led to many families moving into 3 and 4 bedroom houses, when the children moved out the parents stayed, leading to ageing population and low diversity (93% white british)
21
Q
L7 4A.3a What are the 4 scales for the influences of a place?
A
Regional - e.g. South West
National - Whole government policy
International - other countries
Global - global TNCs, global issues
22
Q
L7 4A.3a What past connections have shaped Nailsea?
A
Glassblowing, coal mining
23
Q
L7 4A.3a What present connections shape Nailsea today?
A
TNCs (Costa, Tesco, etc), M5 motorway, N&B Railway Station, Bristol airport
24
Q
L7 4A.3a Describe some of the regional influences on Nailsea
A
Glassblowing, coal mining, Trendlewood built in 70s and 80s (1971- pop. of 8,000 vs 14,000 in 1981), Bristol (Nailsea is a commuter town), ageing population (little night life), shortage of affordable housing, 10 mins from sea, Nailsea school ‘good’ OFSTED
25
L7 4A.3a Describe some of the national influences on Nailsea
N&B Railway Station (Nailsea is a commuter town), govt. housing targets say 25,000 across North Somerset by 2036 (conflict due to homes on green belts, e.g. Greenfield), M5 Motorway for North/South access, traditionally tory but a Labour victory in NS in 2024 (Sadik Al-Hassan replaced Liam Fox after 32 years)
26
L7 4A.3a Describe some of the international influences on Nailsea
Bristol airport - convenient for people who need to travel for work (NOT FOR FAMILY HOLIDAYS)
27
L7 4A.3a Describe some of the global influences on Nailsea
Global TNCs (Costa, Tesco, etc)
Baker Hughes - oil field equipment company that employs thousands
High broadband speed - up to 300MB/s, 97% of homes have access to superfast broadband
28
HW8 4A.3a What percentage of housing is not deprived in any dimension in Nailsea Yeo?
47.9%
29
HW8 4A.3a What percentage of people in Nailsea Yeo are in employment? What percentage of employees are in full time employment?
53.5% in employment
67.1% of employees work full time
30
HW8 4A.3a What percentage of households in Nailsea Yeo have at least 1 car? Compare it to England
81.2% in Nailsea Yeo vs 76.5% in England
31
L8 4A.3a What past connections have shaped Lawrence Hill?
Great Western Cotton Factory (est. 1838) employed 2000 people - schools and terrace houses built to house workers, closed in 1930s due to deindustrialisation,
Other heavy industries began to develop - shut down in 1980s
1960s - large blocks of social housing flats built, old terrace housing cleared to make way - caused social problems
1990s - some flats cleared and replaced with terraces but the damage was already done
32
L8 4A.3a Describe the regional connections for Lawrence Hill
2300 - 743 IMD range
59% GCSE pass rate - City Academy Bristol
Cabot circus nearby increases the chance of gentrification
Bristol's craft brewery scene - nights out - lead to gentrification
33
L8 4A.3a Describe the national connections for Lawrence Hill
Temple Meads 2 stops away - connection to London means potential gentrification
New deal for communities - Blair's Labour govt. gave £50m 20yrs ago
34
L8 4A.3a Describe the international connections for Lawrence Hill
43% of people are 'White British' - large Somali population - economic migrants, refugees
EU structural funds - to aid deprived areas
38% of people born outside the UK
57% BME
37% Muslim - alters characteristics - Easton Mosque
35
L8 4A.3a Describe the global connections for Lawrence Hill
Lidl (TNC)
Cabot Circus
36
L9 4A.3b+c How is Nailsea represented?
Online - nice place to live, little crime
Commuter settlement near Bristol with good transport connections
Rich history
Not diverse
Traditionally Conservative
37
L9 4A.3b+c How does Nailsea's representation contrast to its image presented formally and statistically?
93% born in the UK - not diverse, fairly wealthy
55% 5 GCSEs or more - not as successful as expected
'Idyllic' nature of Nailsea represented more by The Perrings (Nailsea Youngwood - 32,500) rather than Greenfield Crescent (18,000)
GENERALLY THE STATS MATCH THE REPRESENTATION
38
L9 4A.3b+c How are the lives of students affected by changes in Nailsea?
McDonald's planned to be built but was cancelled - this is healthier but more expensive for students
Livro Lounge opened - improved night life
Many pubs
39
L9 4A.3b+c What are the general attitudes about change in Nailsea?
Many locals dislike the proposed new housing developments on green belts
Many opposed the new McDonald's (some supported it due to economic growth)
40
L9 4A.3b+c How is Lawrence Hill represented?
Some areas considered rough with a bit of crime
Not particularly wealthy and quite deprived
Car crime and burglaries are big issues - people feel unsafe at night
Drug use common
Strong community spirit
41
L9 4A.3b+c How does Lawrence Hill's representation contrast to its image presented formally and statistically?
3.1% of households have 4 bedrooms - council housing, many people per house, benefits
Over 25% of crimes are violent/sexual
Less than 5% of crimes are drug related
43% White British, 33% Black - creates divisions
REPRESENTATIONS OF LAWRENCE HILL DON'T MATCH STATISTICS
42
L9 4A.3b+c How are the lives of students affected by changes in Lawrence Hill?
City Academy Bristol rated 'good' by OFSTED - located in a very deprived area - 50% of kids speak a second language
In 2000 - Labour govt. gave £50m to regenerate the area - however 25 years later it's still deprived
43
L9 4A.3b+c What are the general attitudes about change in Lawrence Hill?
Changing diversity in Lawrence Hill is seen as enrichment of culture due to new cuisines and social environments
Independent community spirit - look after one another - voted Labour in last election
44
L10/11 4A.4b+c Describe the traditional function of Plymouth
Exploration & colonialism - key port for ships e.g. Mayflower - discovered the new world
Fishing - thousands of fishermen (vanished today)
Devonport Naval Dockyard - 20,000 employees in 1960s, now 2500
Industrial port - for industries like brewing, shipbuilding, and glassmaking
45
L10/11 4A.4b+c What has Plymouth used to rebrand?
Plymouth has drawn on its maritime heritage to help with its rebrand
46
L10/11 4A.4b+c Describe Plymouth's boom years in Plymouth Hoe
Hoe - pier open from 1884-1938, very popular tourist destination from then until the 1970s, tinside lido popular for swimming - closed in 1992, tourism declined after the 70s due to higher car ownership and package holidays/cheap flights abroad
47
L10/11 4A.4b+c Describe Plymouth's boom years in Plymouth Barbican
Barbican - originally a thriving fishing port + industrial area employing thousands, now has a seasonal tourist economy - rest of the year is housing and offices
48
L10/11 4A.4b+c Describe Plymouth's damage and regeneration due to WW2
Post-WW2 had to rebuild due to bombing, architect Patrick Abercrombie designed a new city centre called Plymouth Armada, 50 years later though the concrete buildings were dated and in need of regeneration, led to the building of Drake Circus in 2010
49
L10/11 4A.4b+c Describe Plymouth's industrial decline
Devonport dockyard decreased from 25,000 employees in 1960s to 2500 today, many local pasty shops had to close down due to the decline in business - negative multiplier effect
50
L10/11 4A.4b+c Why is it especially difficult for Plymouth to attract investment?
Geographically isolated - M5 stops at Exeter, 5.5hrs away from London
51
L10/11 4A.4b+c Describe how Plymouth bounced back from its economic decline
Invested in £20m marine building - to attract university students to move an work there - help to restructure to a knowledge economy
Hoe - tinside lido reopened in 2003 - helped with rebranding as somewhere to live and work, new cafes, bistros, restaurants, etc.
Barbican - Old warehouses repurposed into luxury apartments, yachts and pleasure cruisers replaced fishing boats, now sold as 'Waterfront living' which fits the rebrand, National Marine Museum
52
HW10 4A.4b Why might rebranding be contested?
The changes might result in the importation of more well off residents, business infrastructures, and cultural/leisure facilities more suited to the new residents than the pre-existing poorer inhabitants.
53
HW10 4A.4b What are the 4 ways an area can be rebranded?
Environmentally, socially, economic, and politically
54
L12 4A.8c, 4A.9a+b Give 5 reasons why rebranding/regeneration was needed in Plymouth
- Plymouth was ranked 56th out of 62 cities for weekly wages in 2014.
- Ranked as the 82nd most deprived community in the UK in 2015.
- 13.4% of people had less than 5 GCSEs in 2015.
- 11,500 children living in poverty in 2014
- Plymouth's poorest residents had a life expectancy of 72.2 yrs compared with 86.9 yrs in the richest areas in 2011
55
L12 4A.8c, 4A.9a+b Who was involved in the rebranding of Plymouth and when did it begin? What was the slogan they came up with?
Started in 2010 by the Plymouth City Development Company (PCDC). They then interviewed 2 local and 2 London-based branding agencies. They came up with the Slogan 'Britain's Ocean City'
56
L12 4A.8c, 4A.9a+b What is the 'big idea' for why Plymouth needs successful rebranding?
Plymouth must attract investment, new jobs, and new talent. To do this they have to make it some to live and work because Plymouth is geographically isolated due to its location and poor transport links.
57
L12 4A.8c, 4A.9a+b What were the goals for the rebranding of Plymouth?
42,500 new jobs by 2026, attract inward investors, attract govt. departments & hi-tech companies to relocate to Plymouth, campaigns to attract tourists/new residents to provide a talent pool for employers
58
L12 4A.8c, 4A.9a+b Do all 3 strands of regeneration fit the 'brand' being sold? (Town centre, waterfront, social housing)
Town Centre - Yes
Waterfront - Yes
Social Housing - No
New social housing is not part of the rebrand but is vital to the success otherwise not all players are catered for
59
HW11 4A.5c, 4A.11b+c What is Drake Circus?
Drake Circus is a shopping centre in the West End of Plymouth that opened in 2006, it was built next to the old and only shopping area
60
HW11 4A.5c, 4A.11b+c What has been the negative knock-on impacts of Drake Circus in Plymouth's West End?
The opening of chain stores has decreased footfall in the West End forcing many independent shops to close, DC receives 3x more footfall than West End (60,000 on Saturdays vs 18,000), Plymouth shopping area has been split in two
61
HW11 4A.5c, 4A.11b+c What are some of the positive effects of Drake Circus in Plymouth?
In its first 10 years it generated £1.3bn for Plymouth's economy, employs 1700 people (2016), major brands have opened shops there (e.g. Apple, Krispy Kreme), neighbouring £40m cinema and leisure complex expansion, brings people in who then visit the High Street
62
L14 4A.5b+c, 4A.11b+c Give an example of a positive representation of the regeneration in Plymouth
Advert from Plymouth Community Homes - Paul Carthy used to live in a damp and deprived council home, got a job with Plymouth Community Homes and his life changed, earned enough to support his family
63
L14 4A.5b+c, 4A.11b+c Summarise the Oceansgate Marine Enterprise Zone
- Strategy to RTETTKS
- Uses maritime heritage to encourage engineering and hi-tech businesses to move in
- Access to deep water of Plymouth Sound is ideal
- Companies include M Subs, Babcock, and Princess Yachts
- Includes a £20m wave machine
- Tax breaks - £275k per business for first 5 years
- Fast tracked planning - infrastructure built quicker
64
L15 4A.4a How do places become successful?
Places can become successful because of cumulative causation which is triggered by a new industry (often FDI from a TNC)
65
L15 4A.4a Why do successful places have desirable characteristics before their economies boom?
In the 21st C., successful places tend to be based on quaternary and quinary industries - these companies are known as 'footloose' because they are not tied down by raw materials so can relocate anywhere they like
66
L15 4A.4a Why may the perceptions and lived experiences of successful places differ from one person to another?
Younger people with more highly skilled jobs may view a place with more positive views than those on lower incomes. Retirees may view coastal and peaceful locations as more successful because of their preferences
67
L15 4A.4a Give an overview of Silicon Valley & Palo Alto
- Southern part of the SF Bay Area
- San Jose Met. area has 3rd highest GDP per capita in the world
- Stanford University
- Palo Alto has highest cost of living in US & residents are among the most educated
- Companies with HQs in Palo Alto include Apple, Google, and Facebook
68
L15 4A.4a Why has the growth of Silicon Valley had a positive impact on San Francisco?
Many people working in SV's hi-tech industries live in SF - luxury buses (Wi-Fi, AC) transport 35,000 workers daily
69
L15 4A.4a What are some social issues created by the success of San Francisco?
- 2009-14 - SF house prices increase 52% vs US average of 18%, most expensive housing in US
- 2014: $900k average house price in SF vs $170k US average
- Top 10 least affordable cities in the world - worst income inequality in US
- Median household income & median monthly rent is highest in US (rent increasing at 3x the rate of US average)
- Major congestion as people live further from their jobs
70
HW13 4A.4a Give some evidence of San Francisco's success?
- 2009-14 - SF house prices increase 52% vs US average of 18%
- Tech jobs 8% of economy in 2013 vs 1% in 1990
- 20% of workforce in STEM
71
HW13 4A.4a Why has the San Francisco Bay Area become successful?
- 1990s - lots of entrepreneurs & computer developers moved there
- mid-2000s - social media boom - tech offices, biotech, new media sectors
- 2011 - Mayor Lee gave tax breaks to Twitter to move an office to downtown SF
- Many liv in SF but work in SV
72
HW13 4A.4a How did gentrification kill Alex Nieto?
Nieto was sitting in a park in SF in 2014, police called on him as he was carrying a taser (used for his job as a bouncer), police fired 40 bullets into Nieto, killing him instantly, jury ruled in favour of police as they claimed they had not used unnecessary force, caused large protests against racism and gentrification due to the large influx of rich, white folk
73
HW15 & L16 4A.4b What are the causes of urban decline?
- Loss of industry
- Outmigration of skilled people (white flight)
- Population decline & brain drain due to negative multiplier effect
74
HW15 & L16 4A.4b What are the characteristics of urban decline?
- Deterioration of inner city due to lack of investment & maintenance
- Urban deprivation - low standard of living
- Poor quality housing, empty factories, pollution
75
HW15 & L16 4A.4b What are the implications of decline? (inequality)
Inequality:
- Reduces trust in those in positions of power
- A cycle of decay over generations - poverty, lack of education, etc
- Segregation of groups, health issues, infant mortality
76
HW15 & L16 4A.4b Summarise the Rust Belt
- Once powerful manufacturing region, famous for steel & car production
- Fell into economic decline post 1950s due to automation, increasing trade, outsourcing (especially to Southern USA regarding steel industry)
77
HW15 & L16 4A.4b What was Detroit's urban decline been caused by?
- After WW2, more affluent families moved to the suburbs - 'white flight' - Detroit's pop. plummeted & factories closed
- Highly segregated community - 300,000 blacks in Black Bottom in 1950
78
HW15 & L16 4A.4b What were the effects of Detroit's urban decline?
- Pop. declined from 2m in 1950s to 700k in 2015 (-61%)
- 70k abandoned buildings, 31k empty houses, 90k vacant lots
- Creation of urban prairies - 1/3rd of Detroit's area - nature has reclaimed these areas of vast abandonment of houses and lots
79
HW15 & L16 4A.4b What was 'white flight' in Detroit?
- 1910-70: Many black people migrated to Detroit (120k in 1930s)
- Led to racial hostility - increased when integration happened in 1950
- Violent racial riots - white people moved to the suburbs
- 2010 - whites made up 11% of pop. in Detroit
80
L17 4A.8a+b How do enterprise zones work? Who introduced them? Who funds them? Who implements them?
Enterprise zones are areas that local govts. are keen to encourage investment in to make business want to move there, often in partnership with unis, they have good transport, broadband, and services, introduced by Cameron & Osborne, national govt. funds them, local govt. receives money and implements them
81
L17 4A.8a+b What are features of enterprise zones that encourage businesses to move there?
- 5 year business tax relief
- Smart planning rules for fast-track development
- Transport & superfast broadband
- High levels of public & private infrastructure
82
L17 4A.8a+b How do enterprise zones link to regeneration?
Driving force of local economies - unlock key sites, improve infrastructure, attract businesses, and create jobs
83
L17 4A.8a+b Summarise the Bristol enterprise zone
- Focused on less successful areas of Bristol with creative/aerospace industries
- Good transport links - electrified railway
- Superfast broadband
- Aim for 17,000 jobs over next generation
- Rebalance the economy away from SE/London
84
L17 4A.8a+b What are the benefits of enterprise zones to businesses and local economies?
Businesses: 100% business rate discount worth up to £275k over first 5 years, govt. support to roll out superfast broadband, 100% enhanced capital allowance (tax relief)
Local economies: Attracts FDI, businesses cluster around centres of excellence in sectors like finance, bio-science, and digital/creative industries
85
L17 4A.8a+b What are science parks?
Areas to promote innovation and advances in technology, usually located within EZs, encourage knowledge-based businesses, link unis with businesses
Help to RTETTKS
86
L17 4A.8a+b Summarise Cambridge Science Park
- Located next to Cambridge University, investors locate there because of technical expertise at the uni and tax breaks
- Companies include: AstraZeneca, Microsoft, Toshiba
- Cambridge North Train Station built there in May 2017, £50m, 3000 passengers a day, direct link to London
87
L17 4A.8a+b Summarise Plymouth Science Park
- 70 businesses & employs 800 people
- Links w/ 2 unis
- Attracted companies related to marine engineering, medicine, & renewable energies
- £7m IT Hub
- Fields such as IT, creative industries, medical & healthcare, and advanced engineering
88
L18 4A.7a Give an example of the North/South divide to do with public spending on infrastructure
Spending on public infrastructure per person in London is at £2595 vs. just £5 in the NE
89
L18 4A.7a What was the 'Northern Powerhouse'
- Concept developed by George Osborne in 2014 with the aim to create a unified economic force in the North to rival London and the SE
- However, local 'identities' hindered the plans, e.g. choice of Greater Manchester as the main hub over Liverpool, tried to fix w/ HS2 but raised questions over which cities it would run through
90
L18 4A.7a What are decisions about infrastructure investments from the government subject to?
Cost-benefit analysis
91
HW17 4A.8b How can local interest groups come into conflict with one another over local regeneration plans?
- Conflict often arises between local businesses and preservation groups
- Businesses want projects to go ahead for economic benefit
- Preservationists want to keep things how they are, sometimes to protect a green space or a historical site
92
HW17 4A.8b Summarise the British Chambers of Commerce (BCC)
- Group of 52 Chambers of Commerce which aid businesses with any legal matters
- Represents thousands of businesses
- Helps businesses with over 5,000,000 employees
93
HW17 4A.8b Give an example of conflict between local interest groups over local regeneration plans
- Bath Preservation Trust rejected the plans for a new park and ride in the East of Bath to ease congestion in 2015
- They said the benefits didn't outweigh the 'significant harm to the Green Belt'
94
HW19 4A.7a What is HS2?
- Rail network from London to Birmingham, Manchester, and Leeds
- Key to the 'Northern Powerhouse' regeneration scheme
- Built in 2 phases: P1 a high speed link (400km/hr) between London & Birmingham, P2 goes NW to Manchester & NE to Leeds
- Benefits: London->Birmingham time cut from 80 to 49mins, roughly 60,000 jobs
- Problems: Passes through Chilterns AONB, communities have homes/green spaces disrupted
In Oct. 2023, govt. announced the cancellation of P2, overall cost is roughly £66bn
95
HW19 4A.7a What is the plan for the Heathrow Expansion?
- 2015, plan accepted to add a 3rd runway, estimated at a cost of £18.6bn
- Privately funded but some publicly funded
- Could generate £100bn, protect 114,000 jobs and create 70,000 jobs
- Players for: business leaders, BCC, Richard Branson
- Players against: Sadiq Khan, MPs, environmental groups e.g. Greenpeace
The plan for a 3rd runway is still in place with an estimated completion date of 2040
96
L19 4A.7b+c What government decisions affect the regeneration of areas?
House building/affordability, financial market deregulation, and international migration
97
L19 4A.7b+c How does house building/housing affordability affect regeneration?
- Housing crisis is caused by: rapidly increasing pop., increasing no. of households (divorce rates), overseas investors buying properties & not living in them, shortage of affordable housing due to 'Right to Buy' scheme by Thatcher
- Trying to solve it buy: UK target of 1.5m homes by 2030, N Somerset target of 1500 new homes per year, has led to building on green belts
- Building homes will create jobs and bring economic growth - helping areas with regeneration
98
L19 4A.7b+c Give the arguments for and against financial market deregulation for the purposes of regeneration
FOR:
- FDI w/o seeking govt. approval, after deregulation introduced 30% of UK's GDP was in banking/finance
- 'Big Bang' by Cons. in 1986 encouraged European & US banks to open in London - Canary Wharf
AGAINST:
- Can lead to market failure as firms are no longer regulated by certain standards - they take more risks
99
L19 4A.7b+c How does international migration aid regeneration?
- Increases availability of labour markets - economic growth, increased GDP, fixes skills shortages caused by ageing pop.
- 1997-2010 - Labour introduced pro-immigration policies, 2010 onwards - Cameron: 'good immigration not mass immigration'
- Post-Brexit - immigration from EU 'prevented' - stopping economic benefits it brought, e.g. 2004 EU expansion, brought Polish
- Migration used to regenerate places - settle in cheap areas, bringing growth by enhancing labour markets & paying taxes
100
L20 4A.4b+c Define post-production countryside
Rural areas that no longer make most of their income from food production or other primary sector employment
101
L20 4A.4b+c What is rural flight? What are some of the causes?
Rural flight - young people move away from rural areas for better opportunities elsewhere
Causes:
- Poor availability & choice of recreational facilities
- Lack of high speed broadband
- Jobs are difficult to come by, they are usually low paying, jobs rather than careers, likely seasonal as well
- Lack of services, e.g. public transport - social & economic isolation
102
L20 4A.4b+c What are the consequences of rural flight?
- Ageing pop. that struggles to care for itself due to skills shortages
- 200,000 young people leaving rural areas each year
- Post offices, businesses, & schools close - negative multiplier effect
- Less money, employment, & people - services decline, e.g. bus routes
103
L20 4A.4b+c Give a named example of an unsuccessful rural area
Cornwall:
- 540,000 pop., ageing pop., geographically isolated
- Lowest mean income in UK
- 40% of households live on <£10,000 a year
- 'Old economy' due to primary industry - fishing, farming, tin mining
- Seasonal tourism - hard to earn money all year round
104
L20 4A.4b+c Why have rural areas gone into decline?
- Mechanisation of agriculture - less people employed in farming
- Importing food - farms can't compete with supermarkets' lower prices
- Geographical isolation - hard to RTETTKS
- Loss of industries, e.g. South Crofty tin mine closed in '98 - 200 jobs lost
- Decline of local services - problems for the elderly with little transport
- Seasonal tourism
- Increased car ownership - decline of local shops
- Poor broadband - puts off investors, no. 1 issue for young people
105
L22 4A.4a What is counter urbanisation?
The movement of people from urban areas to rural areas, generally it is into smaller countryside villages in search of the perceived rural idyllic lifestyle
106
L22 4A.4a What causes counter urbanisation?
- Young families/old people in search of a more peaceful life to raise children in/retire to
- This is enhanced by larger houses, bigger gardens, less congestion, & less pollution
107
L22 4A.4a What enable counter urbanisation?
- Increased car ownership, better road networks
- High speed broadband - many businesses are now 'footloose'
- Good transport connections, e.g. train stations, bus routes
108
L22 4A.4a What impacts does counter urbanisation have?
Good:
- Inward migration - high employment rates, increase in services to cater for new middle class residents, low levels of IMD
- Rural-urban fringe areas expand & become more successful
Bad:
- Impact on village shops & services - people shop at larger supermarkets
- Decline in tight-knit communities - social isolation
- More cars (with houses built before mass car ownership) - more on street parking
- High property prices - locals outpriced
109
L24 4A.8c, 4A.9c How do rural rebranding strategies help declining rural areas?
Encourage restructuring of the post production local economy, represent areas as more attractive for investors, visitors, AND locals
110
L24 4A.8c, 4A.9c Give two examples of heritage rebranding
- Literary heritage, e.g. Bronte Country, Haworth
- Film & TV heritage, e.g. Highclere Castle
111
L24 4A.8c, 4A.9c Give two examples of individual farm diversification and rebranding
- Non-agricultural - paintballing, axe throwing, quad biking
- Agriculture based diversification - ice cream, rare breeding
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L24 4A.8c, 4A.9c Give two examples of rural rebranding not related to heritage or farm diversification
- 'Foodie restaurants' - Rick Stein's fish and chips, Padstow
- Breweries/distilleries - Isle of Islay, Scotland - 10 distilleries, tours and hotels benefit
113
L24 4A.8c, 4A.9c Summarise Bronte Country
- Centred in Haworth, Yorkshire where the Bronte sisters lived
- Needed due to loss of industry like textiles & farming (deindustrialisation in the north)
- Aims to increase attractiveness for investors & visitors, improve services for locals
- Parsonage museum (Brontes' family home), Bronte Bus (free wifi, comfortable seats, hourly & daily), websites e.g. bronte.org
- Income from tourism in Haworth grew 20% in 2017
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L25 4A.12a,b,+c What is the 'bigger picture' for the regeneration of Cornwall?
Cornwall's economy used to be built on fishing, farming, and mining. However in the post-production countryside, Cornwall needs to restructure its economy. It tried to do it with tourism but this was too seasonal so they are now restructuring towards the knowledge economy. It can be more than a beach holiday destination - somewhere for the knowledge sector to thrive in beautiful surroundings
115
L25 4A.12a,b,+c What strategies are successful in Cornwall's attempt to restructure its economy towards the knowledge sector? Which strategies are less successful?
Successful:
Combined Universities Cornwall (CUC), Newquay Aerohub, & Wave Hub because they help restructure to the knowledge sector
Less successful:
Watergate Bay & the Eden Project are because they are still part of the tourism industry which is seasonal
116
L25 4A.12a,b,+c Describe the features of Watergate Bay, Newquay and evaluate its success
- Extreme Sports Academy - young adult age group
- Surfing, kite surfing, trains instructors for tourist industry
- Next door is Jamie Oliver's restaurant 'Fifteen' - trains people in catering
Less successful because they make use of the tourism industry - sustainability questioned
117
L25 4A.12a,b,+c Describe the features of Combined Universities Cornwall (CUC) and evaluate its success
- University College Falmouth & Exeter Uni together with Truro College made CUC
Successful as graduates can secure knowledge sector jobs - cutting brain drain - diversification
118
L25 4A.12a,b,+c Describe the features of Wave Hub and evaluate its success
- Wave power research project 16km off Cornwall's north coast
- Cost £42m to build but will earn £76m a year over 25 years & create 170 jobs
- Funded by UK govt. & EU
Successful as positive multiplier effect, cheaper energy, jobs in knowledge economy
119
L25 4A.12a,b,+c Describe the features of the Eden Project and evaluate its success
- 2001, two large biomes built in a former china-clay quarry
- Cost £140m but generated £1.1bn in first 10yrs, created over 3000 jobs
- Year round tourism
- 79% visitors between Easter & October though
Less successful because still relies on tourism & visitors have declined in recent years
120
L25/26 4A.12a,b,+c What is the 'big picture' behind Cornwall's rebrand?
Cornwall's economy used to be built on farming, fishing, and tin mining. However in post-production countryside, Cornwall needed to restructure its economy. It attempted to with tourism but this is too seasonal so now trying to RTETTKS. It can be more than a holiday destination - knowledge sector businesses can thrive in beautiful surroundings
121
L25/26 4A.12a,b,+c Give an example of a strategy to improve access to Cornwall. Why is rebranding not enough for Cornwall to be successful?
- An 8 mile stretch of the A30 was converted into dual carriageway to ease traffic and reduce the effect of geographic isolation
- Quicker for businesses, investors, & tourists
- Rebranding is not enough for Cornwall to be successful - improving access also needed
122
L25/26 4A.12a,b,+c Give an example of a strategy to improve infrastructure in Cornwall. Why is rebranding not enough for Cornwall to be successful?
- High speed broadband rolled out across Cornwall using EU development funding
- By 2016, 95% of companies had fibre broadband
- 2000 jobs created, economic impact of £200m
- Rebranding is not enough for Cornwall to be successful - improving infrastructure is also needed
123
L25/26 4A.12a,b,+c Have rebranding strategies been successful? Why/why not?
- Successful as lots of strategies are located in most deprived areas, e.g. Newquay (IMD 2800th) has Newquay Aerohub & Watergate Bay
- Not successful as CUC & Wave Hub are not in places of great deprivation & areas like Bodmin & Penzance have no rebranding strategies
- Therefore mixed success
124
L27 4A.5a What factors affect engagement?
- Age (18-24s 43%, 65+ 78% voting)
- Social Class (AB 75%, DE 57% voting)
- Length of residence
- Levels of deprivation
- Gender
- Ethnicity
125
L27 4A.5a How did engagement within different age groups affect the turnout of the EU referendum?
- 36% of 18-24s voted, 83% of 65+
- Older people, who were more likely to vote leave, were more likely to vote
126
L27 4A.5a What types of people are more likely to be engaged?
Middle aged, wealthy, well educated
e.g. Backwell 'Save Our Village' fits this along with Marlens project to restore Clevedon Marine Lake
127
L27 4A.5a Define clicktivism
Online political participation, like posting, organising protests, or participating in online campaigns/petitions
128
L27 4A.5a How can regeneration lead to conflict?
- If the regeneration causes inequality
- If people feel the regeneration is being 'done to them'
129
L27 4A.5a Why can engagement within BME groups be higher than expected?
- Prejudice or exploitation at work that they face
- Community organisation retained from where they have come from
130
L27 4A.5a How does deprivation affect engagement?
- Can increase due to anti-establishment views
- Decrease because renters or those in social housing do not feel 'at home'
131
L28 4A.5b How does age, length of residence, ethnicity, deprivation, and gender affect attachment to a place?
Age - young people live somewhere that doesn't fit their needs (e.g. rural places)
Length of residence - older people who have been there a long time will be more involved in local communities
Ethnicity - homogeneous areas can make those in minority groups more attached
Deprivation - weaker social networks & higher crime - worse lived experiences so less attached
Gender - women engage more in community work, more likely to do the school run, however men more likely to be involved in sports clubs
132
L29 4A.5c Why do different groups of people have contrasting views on the priorities for regeneration?
- A lack of political engagement and representation
- Ethnic tensions
- Inequality
- A lack of economic opportunity
133
L29 4A.5c When does regeneration lead to conflict?
- When local people are not involved in decision making
- When plans do not meet the needs of the local community
- When jobs in the regenerated area are inaccessible to locals due to lack of skills/education so it does not benefit them
134
L29 4A.5c What has happened in Bath that has lead to conflict?
- Regeneration of Southgate in Bath
- Shopping centre with traditional Georgian buildings
- 'Destroying' history - danger of it being removed as a World Heritage Site
135
L29 4A.5c What is the proposed regeneration scheme in Lawrence Hill?
- 1000 new homes, 500 new students beds
- Aimed not to gentrify but appeal to existing locals
- Worries about communities destroyed due to gentrification
- Qs about affordability of housing for multi-cultural local community
136
L29 4A.5c How did conflict start in Stokes Croft, Bristol?
- 2008-11 - peaceful protests about gentrification
- Building of Cabot Circus & new apartments for regeneration
- Riot broke out in 2011 over TESCO opening for new residents
- Poorer, multi-cultural community were angry that they were neglected in the regeneration plans
