Human Growth and Development

Question 1

In Freud’s psychodynamic theory, instincts are emphasized. Erik Erikson is an ego psychologist. Ego psychologists

Answer 1

believe in man’s powers of reasoning to control behavior

Question 2

What is conservation?

Answer 2

the notion that a substance’s weight, mass, and volume remain the same even if it changes shape

Question 3

Who disagreed with Piaget’s notion that developmental stages take place naturally and why?

Answer 3

Lev Vygotsky; he insisted that the stages unfold due to educational intervention

Question 4

Freud’s stages are psychosexual while Erik Erikson’s stages are

Answer 4

psychosocial

Question 5

The only psychoanalyst who created a developmental theory which encompasses the entire life span was

Answer 5

Erik Erikson

Question 6

Robert Perry is known for

Answer 6

his ideas related to adult cognitive development, especially regarding college students

Question 7

What is relativistic thinking?

Answer 7

Happens in adulthood where an individual now has the ability to understand not everything is right or wrong, but an answer can exist for a specific situation; there’s more than one way to view the world

Question 8

Robert Kegan is known for?

Answer 8

adult cognitive development & the constructive model of development (people build their reality throughout their life span)

Question 9

Jean Piaget’s idiographic approach created his theory with 4 stages. What is the correct order from stage 1 to stage 4?

Answer 9

sensorimotor, preoperations, concrete operations, formal operations

Question 10

Some behavioral scientists have been critical of Swiss child psychologist Jean Piaget’s developmental research inasmuch as

Answer 10

his findings were often from observing his own children

Question 11

What are the 3 C’s relating to Piaget?

Answer 11

Conservation and Counting both occur in the Concrete operational thought stage

Question 12

What is a schema?

Answer 12

a system which permits the child to test out things in the physical world

Question 13

Who expanded on Piaget’s conceptualization of moral development?

Answer 13

Lawrence Kohlberg

Question 14

What does epigenetic mean?

Answer 14

biological term that states each stage emerges from the one before it; the process follows a given order and is systematic; recently the definition has focused on the fact that environmental factors can influence genetic expression

Question 15

What does egocentrism mean?

Answer 15

a child cannot view he world from the vantage point of someone else

Question 16

Lawrence Kohlberg suggested

Answer 16

3 levels of morality

Question 17

What are Kohlberg’s 3 levels of morality?

Answer 17

preconventional, conventional, postconventional

Question 18

The term identity crisis comes from the work of

Answer 18

Erikson

Question 19

In Kohlberg’s preconventional stage

Answer 19

the child responds to consequences; reward and punishment influence behavior

Question 20

In Kohlberg’s postconventional stage

Answer 20

a person is concerned with universal, ethical principles of justice, dignity, and equality of human rights

Question 21

Erikson’s trust vs. mistrust stage corresponds to which stage of Freud’s?

Answer 21

initial oral-sensory stage; birth to approximately 1 year

Question 22

In Freudian theory, attachment is a major factor…

Answer 22

which evolves primarily during the oral age

Question 23

According to empiricism…

Answer 23

scientists can learn only from objective facts

Question 24

The sequence of object loss, which goes from protest to despair to detachment, best describes the work of?

Answer 24

Bowlby

Question 25

Kohlberg proposed 3 levels of morality. Freud on the other hand felt morality developed from the?

Answer 25

superego

Question 26

Which theorist would be most likely to say that aggression is an inborn tendency?

Answer 26

Konrad Lorenz

Question 27

The Heinz dilemma is to Kohlberg's theory as

Answer 27

a typing test is to the level of typing skill mastered.

Question 28

Freud's Oedipus complex/stage...

Answer 28

occurs during the phallic stage and is the stage in which fantasies of sexual relations with the opposite-sex parent occur

Question 29

Eleanor Gibson researched the matter of depth perception in children by utilizing...

Answer 29

an apparatus known as a visual cliff

Question 30

In Harlow's famous experiment, frightened monkeys raised via cloth and wire mothers...

Answer 30

ran over and clung to the cloth and wire surrogate mothers

Question 31

What is dualistic thinking?

Answer 31

common in teens things are conceptualized as good or bad, right or wrong; very black or white thinking

Question 32

Who created the first intelligence test?

Answer 32

Alfred Binet

Question 33

A tall skinny pitcher of water is emptied into a smaller pitcher. A child indicates that they feel the small pitcher has less water. The child has not yet mastered what?

Answer 33

conservation

Question 34

When does a child master conservation and the concept of reversibility?

Answer 34

during the concrete operations stage, ages 7-11

Question 35

In Piagetian literature, conservation would most likely refer to

Answer 35

volume or mass

Question 36

In what order is the mastery of conservation according to Piaget and Elkind?

Answer 36

mass, weight, volume (MWV)

Question 37

Whose theories are epigenetic in nature?

Answer 37

Kohlberg, Erikson, Maslow

Question 38

Who is the father of American behaviorism?

Answer 38

John B. Watson

Question 39

According to Piaget, a child masters the concept of reversibility in the concrete operations stage. This notion suggests

Answer 39

one can undo an action, hence an object can return to its initial shape

Question 40

During a thunderstorm, a 6 y/o child in Piaget's stage of preoperational thought (stage 2) says "The rain is following me", which is an example of

Answer 40

egocentrism

Question 41

In Kohlberg's conventional stage

Answer 41

the individual wants to meet the standards of the family, society, and nation

Question 42

Trust versus mistrust is

Answer 42

Erikson's first stage of psychosocial development

Question 43

A person who has successfully mastered Erikson's first 7 stages would be reader to enter Erikson's final/8th stage?

Answer 43

integrity vs despair

Question 44

Did Erikson imply that the person either totally succeeds or fails a stage?

Answer 44

No, he says that the individual leans toward a given alternative

Question 45

When does Erikson's final stage begin?

Answer 45

about age 60

Question 46

In Kohlberg's first/preconventional level, the individual's moral behavior is guided by?

Answer 46

consequences

Question 47

Kohlberg's 2nd level of morality is known as conventional morality and is characterized by?

Answer 47

a desire to live up to society's expectations and a desire to conform

Question 48

Kohlberg's highest level of morality is postconventional, where the individual...?

Answer 48

has self-imposed morals and ethics

Question 49

According to Kohlberg, level 3, which is postconventional or self-accepted moral principles...

Answer 49

is the highest level of morality although some people never reach this level

Question 50

The zone of proximal development..?

Answer 50

was pioneered by Vygotsky

Question 51

What is the zone of proximal development?

Answer 51

it describes the difference between a child's performance without support versus that which they are capable of with support

Question 52

Freud and Erikson...?

Answer 52

could be classified as maturationists

Question 53

The maturation hypothesis/maturation theory suggests?

Answer 53

behavior is guided exclusively via hereditary factors, but that certain behaviors will not manifest themselves until the necessary stimuli are present in the environment; the individual's neural development must be at a certain level of maturity for the behavior to unfold

Question 54

John Bowlby is most closely associated with?

Answer 54

bonding and attachment

Question 55

What was Arnold Gesell known for?

Answer 55

using a one-way mirror for observing children; felt that development is primarily determined via genetics/heredity

Question 56

In which Eriksonian stage does the midlife crisis occur?

Answer 56

generativity vs stagnation

Question 57

Generativity means?

Answer 57

the ability to be productive and happy by looking outside one's self and being concerned with other people

Question 58

The researcher who is well known for his work with maternal deprivation and isolation in rhesus monkeys is?

Answer 58

Harry Harlow

Question 59

The statement "Males are better than females when performing mathematical calculations" is?

Answer 59

true according to research by Eleanor Maccoby and Carol Jacklin

Question 60

The Eriksonian stage that focuses heavily on sharing your life with another person is?

Answer 60

intimacy vs isolation (ages 23-34)

Question 61

We often refer to individuals as conformists. Which of these individuals would most likely conform to their peers?

Answer 61

a 13 year old male middle school student

Question 62

In Harlow's experiments with baby monkeys...

Answer 62

the baby monkey was more likely to cling to a terry-cloth surrogate mother than a wire surrogate mother

Question 63

Freud postulated the psychosexual stages:

Answer 63

oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital

Question 64

In adolescence:

Answer 64

males commit suicide more often than females, but females attempt suicide more often

Question 65

In the general U.S. population:

Answer 65

suicide rates tend to increase with age

Question 66

The fear of death:

Answer 66

is greatest during middle age

Question 67

When comparing girls to boys, it could be noted that, in general...

Answer 67

girls grow up to smile more, are using more feeling words by age 2, and are better able to read people without verbal cues at any age

Question 68

The Freudian developmental stage which "least" emphasizes sexuality is

Answer 68

latency

Question 69

When does the latency stage occur?

Answer 69

between 6-12

Question 70

In which Freudian psychosexual stage is sexual drive hidden and what is it replaced by?

Answer 70

latency; social interests

Question 71

In terms of parenting young children...

Answer 71

boys are punished more than girls

Question 72

When developmental theorists speak of nature or nurture, they really mean:

Answer 72

how much heredity or environment interact to influence development

Question 73

Stage theorists assume:

Answer 73

qualitative changes between stages occur

Question 74

Development...

Answer 74

is a continuous process which begins at conception

Question 75

Development is cephalocaudal, which means...

Answer 75

head to foot

Question 76

Heredity is the transmission of traits from parents to their offspring and...

Answer 76

assumes the normal person has 23 pairs of chromosomes, that heredity characteristics are transmitted by chromosomes, and that genes composed of DNA hold a genetic code

Question 77

What is heritability?

Answer 77

the portion of a trait that can be explained via genetic factors

Question 78

Piaget's final stage is known as the formal operational stage, in which...

Answer 78

abstract thinking emerges, problems can be solved using deduction, and ability to think in terms of multiple hypotheses

Question 79

Kohlberg lists ___ stages of moral development which fall into ___ levels

Answer 79

6, 3

Question 80

What are the stages of Kohlberg's preconventional level?

Answer 80

punishment/obedience orientation; naive hedonism/instrumental or egotistic orientation

Question 81

What are the stages of Kohlberg's conventional level?

Answer 81

good boy/girl orientation; authority, law, and order orientation

Question 82

What are the stages of Kohlberg's postconventional level?

Answer 82

democratically accepted law or social contract; principles of self-conscience and universal ethics

Question 83

A person who lives by their individual conscience and universal ethical principles...

Answer 83

has, according to Kohlberg, reached the highest stage of moral development and is in the postconventional level of self-accepted moral principles

Question 84

In girls, the Oedipus complex may be referred to as?

Answer 84

the electra complex

Question 85

The correct order of the Freudian psychosexual or libidinal stages is:

Answer 85

oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital

Question 86

What is the visual cliff?

Answer 86

a device that uses a glass sheet which simulates a drop-off

Question 87

According to the Gibson and the visual cliff...

Answer 87

by the 6th month of life, most infants will not attempt to cross the drop-off, thus indicating that depth perception in humans is inherent ; by 8 months of age, the child begins to show stranger anxiety, meaning that they can discriminate a familiar person from a person who is unknown

Question 88

Theorists who believe that development merely consists of quantitative changes are referred to as?

Answer 88

empiricists

Question 89

An empiricist view of development would be...

Answer 89

behavioristic

Question 90

What did Harlow discover in his famous experiment?

Answer 90

contact was even more important than milk and that monkeys preferred terry-cloth mothers over wire-frame mothers even when both dispensed milk

Question 91

A theorist who views developmental changes as quantitative is said to be an empiricist. The antithesis of this position holds that developmental strides are qualitative. What's the name given to this position?

Answer 91

organicism

Question 92

In Piaget's developmental theory, reflexes play the greatest role in the

Answer 92

sensorimotor stage

Question 93

A mother hides a toy behind her back and a young child does not believe the toy exists anymore. The child has not mastered

Answer 93

object permanence and representational thought

Question 94

The schema of permanency and constancy of objects occurs in the

Answer 94

sensorimotor stage (birth-2 years)

Question 95

John Bowlby has asserted that

Answer 95

conduct disorders and other forms of psychopathology can result from inadequate attachment and bonding in early childhood

Question 96

The Harlow experiments utilizing monkeys demonstrated that animals placed in isolation during the first few months of life...

Answer 96

appeared to be autistic

Question 97

According to the Freudians, if a child is severely traumatized, they may ____ a given psychosexual stage

Answer 97

become fixated at

Question 98

An expert who has reviewed the literature on videos and violence would conclude that

Answer 98

watching violence tends to make children more aggressive

Question 99

Josie likes to play peek-a-boo with her little brother Jack. According to Piaget, Jack finds this game fun because he has not yet acquired _____, which is one of the primary tasks of the sensorimotor stage of cognitive development.

Answer 99

object permanence