Human Growth and Development Flashcards
(87 cards)
1
Q
Who is considered the father of psychoanalytic theory?
A
Sigmund Freud
2
Q
What are Freud’s psychosexual stages?
A
Oral, Anal, Phallic, Latency, Genital
3
Q
What is the central conflict of Freud’s anal stage?
A
Toilet training and control
4
Q
Who developed the psychosocial stages of development?
A
Erik Erikson
5
Q
What is Erikson’s stage for adolescence?
A
Identity vs. Role Confusion
6
Q
Who proposed the cognitive developmental theory?
A
Jean Piaget
7
Q
What are Piaget’s four stages of cognitive development?
A
Sensorimotor, Preoperational, Concrete Operational, Formal Operational
8
Q
What is object permanence and when does it emerge?
A
Understanding objects exist even when unseen; Sensorimotor stage
9
Q
What is egocentrism in Piaget’s theory?
A
Inability to see from another’s perspective; common in Preoperational stage
10
Q
Who proposed moral development stages based on justice?
A
Lawrence Kohlberg
11
Q
What are the levels in Kohlberg’s theory?
A
Preconventional, Conventional, Postconventional
12
Q
Who critiqued Kohlberg for a gender bias in moral reasoning?
A
Carol Gilligan
13
Q
What did Gilligan emphasize in moral development?
A
Care and relationships
14
Q
Who developed the theory of attachment?
A
John Bowlby
15
Q
What did Mary Ainsworth contribute to attachment theory?
A
Strange Situation and attachment styles
16
Q
What are the types of attachment styles?
A
Secure, Avoidant, Ambivalent, Disorganized
17
Q
What is the zone of proximal development?
A
Vygotsky’s concept of the gap between what a child can do alone vs. with help
18
Q
Who emphasized social interaction in cognitive development?
A
Lev Vygotsky
19
Q
What is scaffolding?
A
Support provided by adults or peers to help a child learn a task
20
Q
What does continuity vs. discontinuity refer to?
A
Whether development is gradual or stage-like
21
Q
Define nature vs. nurture.
A
Debate over whether genetics or environment shapes development
22
Q
What is a critical period?
A
Time when certain experiences must occur for development
23
Q
What is maturation?
A
Biological growth processes enabling development
24
Q
Define schema in Piagetian theory.
A
Cognitive framework for organizing knowledge
25
What is assimilation?
Incorporating new experiences into existing schemas
26
What is accommodation?
Altering existing schemas to fit new information
27
What is centration?
Focusing on one aspect of a situation; Preoperational stage
28
What is conservation?
Understanding that properties remain constant despite changes in form
29
What is reversibility?
Understanding that actions can be reversed; Concrete operational stage
30
Define self-concept.
An individual’s perception of themselves
31
Define self-esteem.
Evaluation of one’s self-worth
32
What is imprinting?
Early attachment formed during a critical period; seen in animals
33
Define resilience.
Ability to adapt well in the face of adversity
34
What are the stages in human lifespan development?
Prenatal, Infancy, Early Childhood, Middle Childhood, Adolescence, Early Adulthood, Middle Adulthood, Late Adulthood
35
What stage does Piaget say abstract thinking develops?
Formal Operational stage
36
What physical change marks adolescence?
Puberty
37
What are common issues in late adulthood?
Cognitive decline, retirement, bereavement, health problems
38
What is generativity?
Concern for guiding the next generation; Erikson’s middle adulthood stage
39
What is stagnation?
Self-absorption and lack of growth; opposite of generativity
40
What is integrity vs. despair?
Erikson’s final stage; reflection on life
41
What is the APGAR score?
Assessment of newborn health (Appearance, Pulse, Grimace, Activity, Respiration)
42
Who studied identity development in depth?
James Marcia
43
What are Marcia’s identity statuses?
Identity Diffusion, Foreclosure, Moratorium, Achievement
44
What is social referencing?
Looking to others to gauge how to respond in unfamiliar situations
45
Define stranger anxiety.
Fear of unfamiliar people; peaks around 8-12 months
46
What is the difference between growth and development?
Growth is physical; development is psychological and functional
47
What is the role of play in development?
Enhances social, cognitive, and physical development
48
What is reciprocal determinism?
Bandura’s concept that behavior, environment, and personal factors influence each other
49
During which of Erikson’s stages does a person typically struggle with forming intimate relationships?
A) Identity vs. Role Confusion
B) Intimacy vs. Isolation
C) Initiative vs. Guilt
D) Trust vs. Mistrust
B) Intimacy vs. Isolation
50
A child sees a zebra for the first time and calls it a horse. This is an example of:
A) Accommodation
B) Conservation
C) Assimilation
D) Reversibility
B. Assimilation occurs when a child interprets new experiences based on existing mental schemas—like thinking a zebra is a horse because it's similar in shape and size.
51
Which of the following best describes a securely attached infant?
A) Indifferent when caregiver leaves
B) Clings to strangers
C) Explores freely when caregiver is present
D) Avoids all eye contact
C
52
A 10-year-old who understands that pouring water from a short wide cup to a tall narrow cup does not change the amount of liquid has mastered:
A) Egocentrism
B) Conservation
C) Centration
D) Object permanence
B
53
Which theorist emphasized the importance of observational learning and modeling?
A) Piaget
B) Skinner
C) Bandura
D) Freud
C
54
Which of the following best describes the concept of observational learning?
A. Learning that occurs through repeated trial and error
B. Learning that occurs by watching others and imitating behavior
C. Learning that is reinforced intermittently
D. Learning through associations between stimuli
Correct Answer: B. Learning that occurs by watching others and imitating behavior
Why:
This is the definition of observational learning, a concept central to Albert Bandura’s social learning theory—particularly demonstrated in his Bobo doll experiment.
55
What is the main developmental task of adolescence according to Erikson?
A) Autonomy vs. Shame
B) Initiative vs. Guilt
C) Identity vs. Role Confusion
D) Intimacy vs. Isolation
C
56
According to Kohlberg, a person at the conventional level of moral reasoning makes decisions based on:
A) Punishment and obedience
B) Universal ethical principles
C) Social approval and law/order
D) Personal gain
C
57
According to Kohlberg’s theory, which of the following best represents the conventional level of moral development?
A. Obedience to avoid punishment
B. Following personal ethical principles
C. Conforming to gain social approval
D. Upholding laws and social order
Correct Answer: D. Upholding laws and social order
Why:
The conventional level of Kohlberg’s moral development includes two stages:
Stage 3: Good interpersonal relationships (conforming to social norms)
Stage 4: Maintaining social order (following laws/rules to preserve society)
Option D best reflects Stage 4, which is more prototypical of the conventional level than Stage 3.
58
The Strange Situation experiment led to identification of:
A) Parenting styles
B) Attachment styles
C) Moral stages
D) Gender schemas
B
59
Which of the following would most likely be emphasized by Vygotsky?
A) Passive learning
B) Reinforcement and punishment
C) Social interaction
D) Stages of development
C
60
According to Vygotsky, what plays a crucial role in cognitive development?
A. Reinforcement and punishment
B. Maturation of biological stages
C. Social interaction and language
D. Resolution of internal conflicts
C. Social interaction and language
Why:
Vygotsky emphasized that cognitive development is socially mediated. He believed learning happens first on a social level (interpsychological) and then on an individual level (intrapsychological), with language being the primary tool for that development. The Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD) and scaffolding are central ideas supporting this.
61
In Piaget’s theory, egocentrism is most characteristic of which stage?
A) Concrete operational
B) Sensorimotor
C) Preoperational
D) Formal operational
C. Preoperational
Why:
Egocentrism—difficulty seeing things from others’ perspectives—is a hallmark of the Preoperational stage (ages ~2–7).
62
List Freud's psychosexual stages in order.
Oral (0–1.5 years)
Anal (1.5–3 years)
Phallic (3–6 years)
Latency (6–12 years)
Genital (12+ years)
63
Which Freudian personality structure operates on the pleasure principle?
The id
64
65
What is the focus of the oral stage (0–1.5 years) in Freud's psychosexual theory?
Mouth activities such as sucking and feeding.
66
What fixation is associated with the oral stage?
Smoking, overeating, dependency.
67
What is the focus of the anal stage (1.5–3 years) in Freud's theory?
Toilet training and control of bowel/bladder.
68
What fixations can result from the anal stage?
Orderliness (anal retentive) or messiness (anal expulsive).
69
What is the focus of the phallic stage (3–6 years)?
Genitals; includes Oedipus/Electra complex.
70
What are common fixations from the phallic stage?
Vanity, recklessness, and potential sexual dysfunction.
71
What happens during the latency stage (6–12 years)?
Sexual feelings are dormant; focus on social skills.
72
Is fixation common in the latency stage?
No, but poor development may affect social skills.
73
What is the focus of the genital stage (12+ years)?
Mature sexual interests and relationships.
74
What does successful resolution of the genital stage result in?
A balanced, healthy adult identity and relationships.
75
76
A child who is clingy, becomes highly distressed when their caregiver leaves, and is not easily comforted when the caregiver returns most likely demonstrates:
A. Secure attachment
B. Avoidant attachment
C. Ambivalent/resistant attachment
D. Disorganized attachment
C
77
Which attachment theorist contributed the strange situation experiments?
Ainsworth
78
Who is considered the father of attachment theory?
John Bowlby
79
Which of the following best distinguishes Ainsworth’s contribution to attachment theory from Bowlby’s?
A. Bowlby focused on the internal working model, while Ainsworth developed moral reasoning stages.
B. Bowlby emphasized the role of conditioning in attachment, while Ainsworth rejected behaviorist explanations.
C. Bowlby proposed the biological basis for attachment, while Ainsworth identified observable attachment styles through research.
D. Bowlby introduced the concept of the strange situation, while Ainsworth explored secure base behavior.
C
80
The immediate environment a person interacts with daily, such as family, school, peers, and workplace, is the __________ in Bronfenbrenner's __________.
microsystem; ecological systems theory
81
What is Bronfenbrenner’s Ecological Systems Theory?
A theory explaining human development through multiple environmental systems that influence a person simultaneously, emphasizing bidirectional effects.
82
What does the mesosystem represent in Ecological Systems Theory?
The connections and interactions between different microsystems, like the relationship between a child’s family and their school.
83
Define the exosystem in Bronfenbrenner’s model.
Social settings that indirectly affect the individual, such as a parent’s workplace or community services.
84
What is the macrosystem according to Bronfenbrenner?
The broader cultural and societal influences including laws, customs, values, and socioeconomic conditions.
85
What does the chronosystem add to Ecological Systems Theory?
The dimension of time, considering how life transitions and historical events impact development over a person’s lifespan.
86
How does Bronfenbrenner’s theory view the influence between individual and environment?
As bidirectional — the individual affects and is affected by their multiple environmental systems.
87
Why is Bronfenbrenner’s theory useful in counseling?
It helps counselors understand how multiple contexts and environmental systems influence a client’s behavior and development.
