Human Growth and Development Flashcards
(100 cards)
Freud’s stages are psychosexual while Erik Erikson’s stages are
a. psychometric.
b. psychodiagnostic.
c. psychopharmacological.
d. psychosocial.
d. psychosocial.
In Freud’s psychodynamic theory instincts are emphasized. Erik Erikson is an ego psychologist. Ego psychologists
a. emphasize id processes.
b. refute the concept of the superego.
c. believe in man’s powers of reasoning to control behavior.
d. are sometimes known as radical behaviorists.
c. believe in man’s powers of reasoning to control behavior.
The only psychoanalyst who created a developmental theory which encompasses the entire life span was
a. Erik Erikson.
b. Milton H. Erickson.
c. A. A. Brill.
d. Jean Piaget, who created the four stage theory.
a. Erik Erikson.
The statement “the ego is dependent on the id” would most likely reflect the work of
a. Erik Erikson.
b. Sigmund Freud, who created psychodynamic theory.
c. Jay Haley.
d. Arnold Lazarus, William Perry, and Robert Kegan
b. Sigmund Freud, who created psychodynamic theory.
Jean Piaget’s idiographic approach created his theory with four stages. The correct order from stage 1 to stage 4 is
a. formal operations, concrete operations, preoperations, sensorimotor.
b. formal operations, preoperations, concrete operations, sensorimotor.
c. sensorimotor, preoperations, concrete operations, formal operations.
d. concrete operations, sensorimotor, preoperations, formal operations.
c. sensorimotor, preoperations, concrete operations, formal operations.
Some behavioral scientists have been critical of Swiss child psychologist Jean Piaget’s developmental research inasmuch as
a. he utilized the t test too frequently.
b. he failed to check for Type I or alpha errors.
c. he worked primarily with minority children.
d. his findings were often derived from observing his own children.
d. his findings were often derived from observing his own children.
A tall skinny pitcher of water is emptied into a small squatty pitcher. A child indicates that she feels the small pitcher has less water. The child has not yet mastered
a. symbolic schema.
b. conservation.
c. androgynous psychosocial issues.
d. trust versus mistrust.
b. conservation.
In Piagetian literature, conservation would most likely refer to
a. volume or mass.
b. defenses of the ego.
c. the sensorimotor intelligence stage.
d. a specific psychosexual stage of life.
a. volume or mass.
A child masters conservation in the Piagetian stage known as
a. formal operations—12 years and older.
b. concrete operations—ages 7–11 years.
c. preoperations—ages 2–7 years.
d. sensorimotor intelligence—birth to 2 years.
b. concrete operations—ages 7–11 years.
________ expanded on Piaget’s conceptualization of moral development.
a. Erik Erikson
b. Lev Vygotsky
c. Lawrence Kohlberg
d. John B. Watson
c. Lawrence Kohlberg
According to Jean Piaget, a child masters the concept of reversibility in the third stage, known as concrete operations or concrete operational thought. This notion suggests
a. that heavier objects are more difficult for a child to lift.
b. the child is ambidextrous.
c. the child is more cognizant of mass than weight.
d. one can undo an action, hence an object (say a glass of water) can return to its initial shape.
d. one can undo an action, hence an object (say a glass of water) can return to its initial shape.
During a thunderstorm, a 6-year-old child in Piaget’s stage of preoperational thought (stage 2) says, “The rain is following me.” This is an example of
a. egocentrism.
b. conservation.
c. centration.
d. abstract thought.
a. egocentrism.
Lawrence Kohlberg suggested
a. a single level of morality.
b. two levels of morality.
c. three levels of morality.
d. preoperational thought as the basis for all morality.
c. three levels of morality.
The Heinz dilemma is to Kohlberg’s theory as
a. a brick is to a house.
b. Freud is to Jung.
c. the Menninger Clinic is to biofeedback.
d. a typing test is to the level of typing skill mastered.
d. a typing test is to the level of typing skill mastered.
The Heinz dilemma is one method used by Lawrence Kohlberg to assess the level and stage of moral development in an individual.
The term identity crisis comes from the work of
a. counselors who stress RS involvement issues with clients.
b. Erikson.
c. Adler.
d. Jung.
b. Erikson.
Kohlberg’s three levels of morality are
a. preconventional, conventional, postconventional.
b. formal, preformal, self-accepted.
c. self-accepted, other directed, authority directed.
d. preconventional, formal, authority directed.
a. preconventional, conventional, postconventional.
In the preconventional level the child responds to consequences. In this stage reward and punishment (i.e., selfish motives) greatly influence the behavior. In the conventional level the individual wants to meet the standards of the family, society, and even the nation. Kohlberg felt that many people never reach the final level of postconventional or self-accepted morality.
Trust versus mistrust is
a. an Adlerian notion of morality.
b. Erikson’s first stage of psychosocial development.
c. essentially equivalent to Piaget’s concept of egocentrism.
d. the basis of morality according to Kohlberg.
b. Erikson’s first stage of psychosocial development.
A person who has successfully mastered Erikson’s first seven stages would be ready to enter Erikson’s final or eighth stage,
a. generativity versus stagnation.
b. initiative versus guilt.
c. identity crisis of the later years.
d. integrity versus despair.
d. integrity versus despair.
In Kohlberg’s first or preconventional level, the individual’s moral behavior is guided by
a. psychosexual urges.
b. consequences.
c. periodic fugue states.
d. counterconditioning.
b. consequences.
Kohlberg’s second level of morality is known as conventional morality. This level is characterized by
a. psychosexual urges.
b. a desire to live up to society’s expectations.
c. a desire to conform.
d. bandc.
d. b and c.
Kohlberg’s highest level of morality is termed postconventional morality. Here the individual
a. must truly contend with psychosexual urges.
b. has the so-called “good boy/good girl” orientation.
c. has self-imposed morals and ethics.
d. a and b.
c. has self-imposed morals and ethics.
According to Lawrence Kohlberg, level 3, which is postconventional or self-accepted moral principles,
a. refers to the naive hedonism stage.
b. operates on the premise that rewards guide morals.
c. a and b.
d. is the highest level of morality. However, some people never reach this level.
d. is the highest level of morality. However, some people never reach this level.
The zone of proximal development
a. was pioneered by Lev Vygotsky.
b. was pioneered by Jean Piaget and Lawrence Kohlberg.
c. emphasized organ inferiority.
d. a, b, and c.
a. was pioneered by Lev Vygotsky.
The zone of proximal development describes the difference between a child’s performance without a teacher versus that which he or she is capable of with an instructor, and was pioneered by Vygotsky
Freud and Erikson
a. could be classified as behaviorists.
b. could be classified as maturationists.
c. agreed that developmental stages are psychosexual.
d. were prime movers in the dialectical behavior therapy or DBT movement.
b. could be classified as maturationists.
In the behavioral sciences, the concept of the maturation hypothesis (also known as the maturation theory) suggests that behavior is guided exclusively via hereditary factors, but that certain behaviors will not manifest themselves until the necessary stimuli are present in the environment.
In addition, the theory suggests that the individual’s neural development must be at a certain level of maturity for the behavior to unfold.
A counselor who believes in this concept strives to unleash inborn abilities, instincts, and drives.
The client’s childhood and the past are seen as important therapeutic topics.
