Human Growth & Development Flashcards
(24 cards)
Freud’s stages are psychosexual while Erik Erikson’s stages are
Psychosocial
Erikson’s eight stages (trust vs mistrust; mistrust vs integrity vs despair) focus on social social relationships and thus are describes as psychosocial.
In Freud’s psychodynamic theory instincts are emphasized. Erik Erikson is an ego psychologist. Ego psychologist
Believe in man’s powers of reasoning to control behavior
Psychodynamic theories focus on unconscious processes rather than cognitive factors when counseling clients.
The only psychoanalyst who created a development theory which encompasses the entire lifespan was
Erik Erikson
Erik Erikson, also a psychoanalyst and disciple of Freud’s, created a theory with eight stages in which each stage represents a psychosocial crisis or turning point. Since the final stage does not even begin until age 60, most personality theorist believe that his theory cover the entire life of an individual.
In Freudian theory, the final stage (the genital stage) begins at age 12 and is said to continue thought pie’s life span. Many scholars do NOT feel that Freud’s theory truly covers the entire life span.
The statement “the ego is dependent on the id” would most likely reflect the work of
Signing Freud, who created the psychodynamic theory.
In Freudian theory, the id is also called the pleasure principal and houses the animalistic instincts. The ego, which is known as the reality principle, is pressured by the id to succumb to pleasure or gratification regardless of consequences.
Jean Piaget’s idiographic approach created his theory with four stages. The correct order from stage 1 to stage 4 is
sensorimotor, preoperations, concrete operations, formal operations
Idiographic approaches to theories such as Freud and Piaget examine individuals (not group) in depth. Piaget was adamant that the order to the stages remains the same for any culture, although the age of the individual could vary.
Piaget’s fist stage emphasizes the senses and the child’s motor skills, hence the name sensorimotor stage. I can remember the last stage by reminding myself that people seem to. be more formal as they get older. The final stage is of course formal operations. As for the other two stage, the stage with “pre” (preoperations) must come before the remaining stage which is concrete operations.
Some behavioral scientist have been critical of Swiss child psychologist Jean Piaget’s developmental research in as much as
His findings were often derived from observing his own children
A tall skinny pitcher of water is emptied into a small squatty pitcher. A child indicates that she feels the small pitcher has less water. The child has not yet mastered
Conservation
In Piaget’s theory the term conservation refers to the notion that a substance’s weight, mass, and volume remain the same even if it changes shape. According to Piagetthe child and masters conservation and the concept of reversibility during the concrete operations stages (ages 7-11 years).
Conservation, counting, and concrete operations all start with a “c.”
In Piagetian literature, conservation would most likely refer to
Volume or mass
A child masters conservation in the Piagetian stage known as
Concrete operations (ages 7 - 11 years)
Remember: conservation, counting, and concrete operations all start with “c”
_____ expanded on Piaget’s conceptualizations of moral development.
Lawrence Kohlberg
Vygotsky disagreed with Piaget’s notion that developmental stages take place naturally. Vygotsky insisted that the stages unfold due to educational intervention. Kohlberg (the correct answer) is perhaps the leading theorist in moral development Kohlberg used stories to determine the level of moral development in children.
According to Jean Piaget, a child masters the concept of reversibility in the third stage, known as concrete operations or concrete operational thought. The notion suggests
One can undo an action, hence an object (say a glass of water) can return to it’s initial shape.
Choice “d” is the definition of reversibility.
During a thunderstorm, a 6 year old child in Piaget’s stage of preoperational thought (stage 2) says, “The rain is following me.” This is an example of
Egocentrism
This is the typical prototype question you will come across in order to ascertain whether you are familiar with the Piagetian concept of egocentrism. By egocentrism, Piaget was not really implying the child is self-centered. Instead, egocentrism conveys the fact that the child cannot view the world from the vantage point of someone else.
Lawrence Kohlberg suggested
Three levels of morality
Kohlberg’s theory has three levels of moral development: the preconventional, conventional, and postconvential (the latter is referred to in some texts as the personal integrity or morality of self-accepted principles). Each level can be broken down further into two stages
The Heinz dilemma is to Kohlberg’s theory as
The typing test is to the level of typing skills mastered
The Heinz dilemma is one method used by Lawrence Kohlberg to assess the level of the individual. The individual’s reason for the decision (rather than the decision itself) allowed Kohlberg to evaluate the person’s stage of moral development. In short, reasoning utilized to solve a moral dilemma such as the Heinz dilemma is most like a typing test.
The term identity crisis comes from the work of
Erikson
Erik Erikson felt that, in an attempt to find out who they really are, adolescents will experiment with various roles.
Kohlberg’s three levels of morality are
Preconventional, conventional, post conventional
In the preconventional level the child responds to consequences. In this stage reward and punishment (i.e.selfish motives) greatly influence the behavior. In the conventional level the individual wants to meet the standards of the family, society, and even the nation. Kohlberg felt that many people never reach the final level of post conventional or self-accepted morality. A person who reaches this level is concerned with universal, ethical principals of justice, dignity, and equality of human rights. Kohlberg’s research indicated that under 40% of his middle class urban males had reached the postconventional level. Ghandi, Socrates, and Martin Luther King Jr. have been cited as examples of individuals who have reached this level in which the common good of society is a key.
Trust versus mistrust is
Erikson’s first stage of psychosocial development
This stage corresponds to Freud’s initial oral-sensory (birth to about 1 year). Each of Erikson’s stages is described using bipolar or opposing tendencies.
A person who has successfully mastered Erikson’s first seven stages would be ready to enter Erikson’s final or eighth stage
Integrity versus despair
Each stage is seen as a psychosocial crisis or a turning point. Erik Erikson did not imply that the person either totally succeeds or fails. Instead, he says that the individual leans toward a given alternative (e.g. integrity or despair). The final stage begins at about age 60. An individual who has successfully mastered all the stages feels a sense of integrity in the sense that his or her life has been worthwhile.
In Kohlberg’s first or preconventional level, the individual’s moral behavior is guided by
Consequences
In the consequences stage (called premolar), an M&M, treat, or removal of a favorite toy is more than societal expectations and the law.
Kohlberg’s second level of morality is known as conventional morality. This level is characterized by
A desire to live up to society’s expectations AND a desire to conform
At the conventional level the individual wishes to conform to the roles in society so that authority and social order can prevail. Kohlberg felt that attempts to upgrade the morals of our youth education programs as Mickey Mouse stuff.
Kohlberg’s highest level of morality is termed post conventional morality. Here the individual
Has self-imposed morals and ethics
Postconventional morality is the highest level where the individual creates his or her own moral principles rather than those set by society or family. It has been called a prior to society perspective.
According to Lawrence Kohlberg, level 3, which is post conventional or self-accepted moral principles
Is the highest level of morality. However, some people never reach this level.
The zone of proximal development
Was pioneered by Lev Vygotsky
The zone of proximal development describes the difference between a child’s performance without a teacher versus that which he or she is capable of with an instructor, and was pioneered by Vygotsky.
Freud and Erikson
Could be classified as maturationists
In behavioral sciences, the concept of the maturation hypothesis (also known as the maturation theory) suggests that the behavior is guided exclusively via hereditary factors, but that certain behavior is guided exclusively via hereditary factors but that certain behaviors will not manifest themselves until the necessary stimuli are present in the environment. In addition, the theory suggests that the individual’s neural development must be at a certain level of maturity for the behavior to unfold. A counselor who believes in the concept strives to unleash inborn abilities, instincts, and drives.
