Human Growth & Development/ Communication Flashcards
(118 cards)
1
Q
Growth and development occurs in a
A
cephalocaudal sequence
2
Q
Motor skills progress in a
A
Proximal distal sequence
3
Q
Erickson’s Trust v. Mistrust (Birth to 1 year)
A
Child develops a sense of self from the development of a trusting relationship with a consistent primary caregiver
4
Q
Freud’s Oral Stage (Birth to 18 months)
A
sucking, swallowing, chewing and biting are not only pleasurable but crucial for survival
5
Q
Birth weight ______ in 4-6 months
A
Doubles
6
Q
Sphincter control begins around age
A
2yrs
7
Q
Birth weight _____ in 1 year
A
Triples
8
Q
Posterior fontanel closes by
A
2-3 months
9
Q
Height increases by ___% in the first year
A
50%
10
Q
Toys at 3 months
A
Music box
Mobile
Mirror
11
Q
A toddler continues solitary play but engages in
A
Parallel play (Several toddlers play in the same proximity but don’t interact with each other)
12
Q
Erickson’s Initiative v Guilt (3-6yrs)
A
A child develops a sense of self esteem thru task accomplishment. Guilt occurs if caregiver’s responses are too harsh
13
Q
Psychosocial at 3 months
A
Social smile
Responds to stimuli with whole body
Knows primary caregiver
14
Q
Motor at 3 months
A
Lifts head and chest in prone position
Follows objects with eyes
Moves arms and legs simultaneously
15
Q
Psychosocial at 6 months
A
Apprehensive of strangers
Babbles and coos
Observes environment
16
Q
Motor at 6 months
A
Rolls from side to side
Sits with assistance
Transfers objects from hand to hand
17
Q
Toys at 6 months
A
Rattle
Soft toys
Bright colors
18
Q
Psychosocial at 9 months
A
Waves bye-bye
Mama, Dada indiscriminately
Stranger anxiety
Exhibits object permanence
19
Q
Motor at 9 months
A
Sits well w/o assistance
Uses pincer grasp
Crawls
Stands w/ assistance
20
Q
Toys at 9 months
A
Rattle
Soft toys
Bright colors
21
Q
Psychosocial at 12 months
A
Imitates behaviors
Cooperates with dressing
Shows jealousy
22
Q
Motor at 12 months
A
Walks with assistance
Turns pages in a book
Stands w/o assistance
Attempts to stack blocks
23
Q
Toys at 12 months
A
Push and pull
Cloth books
Surprise toys
Ball
24
Q
Infant play is characterized by
A
Onlooker and solitary play (the infant actively watches others)
25
Erikson's Autonomy v Shame and Doubt (1-3yrs)
The toddler develops a sense of independence thru exploration and encouragement. Learns to tolerate frustration thru socialization and toilet training
26
Frued's Anal Stage (18months-3yrs)
Toilet training. Activity is centered around the anus and buttocks
27
Piaget's Sensorimotor Stage (Birth-2yrs)
The infant is learning thru all the senses and motor activities. The infant is egocentric. Everything is perceived in relation to self
28
Kohlberg Egocentric Orientation Stage
The stage that which is good is what one likes and wants
29
Piaget Preoperational Stage (2-7yrs)
Child begins ability to use symbols in language and play and continues egocentrism.
"Animism"
30
Birth weight _____ by 2 year
Quadrupels
31
Anterior fontanel closes by
18 months
32
Psychosocial at 15 months
uses 4-6 words
| knows one body part
33
Motor at 15 months
Walks w/o assistance
| Builds tower of 2 blocks
34
Toys at 15 months
Push and pull
| Blocks
35
Psychosocial at 24 months
Understand possession
Temper tantrum
Parallel play
Separation anxiety
36
Motor at 24 months
```
Walks up and down stairs
Climbs
Removes clothes
Turns door knob
Sphincter control
```
37
Toys at 24 months
Push and pull
Riding toys
Jack in the box
Finger paints
38
Psychosocial at 36 months
```
Agreeable behavior
Shares well
Nightmares
Fear of monsters
Knows first and last name
Knows sex differences
```
39
Motor at 36 months
Runs well
Dresses and undresses
Jumps from a step
Walks on tip toe
40
Toys at 36 months
```
Tricycle
Crayons
Puzzles
Books
Videos
```
41
Growth slows at age _____ months
12-18 months. Toddlers are picky eaters
42
Freud's Phallic stage (3-5yrs)
focuses on gender differences
| Oedipal/Electra complez
43
Kholberg's Punishment-Obedience Stage
Child is good b/c a parents says so. Avoids punishment and obeys w/o question those who have authority
44
Height for a 3-6 year old increases
2-3 inches/year
45
All deciduous teeth are present by age
3-6 years old
46
Toys at 3-6 years old
```
Coloring books
Play house
Story time
Ball
Puppets
Clay
```
47
The preschooler interacts with others in _____ play
Associative
48
Erikson's Industry v Inferiority (6-11yrs)
Self concept development, peer group activities encourage cooperation and competitiveness
49
Freud's Latent stage (6-12yrs)
There is a resolution of sexual conflict and investment in other interest
50
Piaget's Concrete Operational (7-11yrs)
Begin logic ability to order and relate experiences to an organized whole. They understand the relationship between numbers, letters, words, and time. Problem solving capabilities
51
Reaches one half of adult height by age
6
52
Deciduous teeth are replaced by
Permanent teeth
53
Play for children ages 6-12 is primarily
Group, same sex oriented
54
Erikson Identity v Role Confusion (Puberty)
Focuses on independence from the family, peer acceptance is extremely important. Fantasizes and daydreams. Experiences feelings of invulnerability
55
Freud's Genital Stage (12-19yrs)
Masturbation, sexual intercourse and feelings for others
56
Kholbergs Social Contract Orientation
Follows societal law but recognizes the possibility of changing the law to improve society. What society should value rather than what society would value
57
Kholberg's Higher law conscience
Judgments are made on the basis of benefiting society and leading to cooperation
58
Kholbergs Universal Ethical Principle
Judgments are made on the bases of consequence in accord with ethical principles such as justice, integrity, equality, and respect for dignity of human rights
59
Hereditary factors that influence growth and development
Physical impairments
Mental illness
Trauma is not a factor
60
Environmental factors that influence G & D
Nutrition
| Pollution
61
Freuds components of human personality
Id: most primitive, basic instincts
Ego: helps judge reality, regulates impulses
Superego: regulate, restrain, and prohibits actions (conscience)
62
Normal reflexes for a newborn
```
Blinking in response to bright light
Startling in response to loud noise
Palmar/plantar grasp
Swalllowing
Babinski +
```
63
The communication process
Sender
Message
Receiver
Response/Feedback
64
Nonverbal communication
Body language
Personal appearance
Posture/gait
Gestures
65
Do not use email for
Urgent information
High confidentiality info
Abnormal lab data
66
Factors influencing communication process
```
Development and gender
Sociocultural characteristics
Values and perceptions
Personal space
Environment
Congruence
Attitudes
```
67
What is congruence
When verbal and nonverbal aspects match
68
Barriers to communication
```
Stereotyping
Being defensive
Challenging
Probing/Testing
Rejecting/Judging
Changing topics
Unwarranted reassurance
Giving common advice
```
69
Therapeutic Communication
Interactive process b/w nurse and client. Helps client overcome temporary stress. Established with purpose of helping client.
70
Blocks to attentive listening
```
Rehearsing
Assuming
Judging
Identifying
Getting off track
Filtering
```
71
Common mistakes of therapeutic communication
```
Giving advice
Discounting feelings
Deflecting
Interrogating
Sparring
```
72
Therapeutic relationship phases
Preinteraction
Introductory
Wroking (Stage 1 & 2)
Termination
73
Pre-interaction phase
The nurse reviews available data
Talk to other caregivers who have info on pt
Plan enough time for the initial interaction
74
Introductory Phase
```
Set the tone for the relationship
Nurse and client observe each other
Assess pt health status
Prioritize problems
Clarify problem
```
75
Working Phase Stage 1
```
Exploring and understanding thoughts and feelings
Respect
Reflecting, Paraphrasing
Clarifying
Confronting
```
76
Working phase Stage 2
```
Facilitate and take action
Collaborate
Make decisions
Provide support
Offer options
```
77
Termination phase
Summarizing
Allow time for adjustment to independence
Evaluate goal achievement
Achieve smooth transition
78
Purposes of patient records
```
Communication
Planning care
Research
Education
Legal documentation
Health care analysis
```
79
Different documentation systems
```
Source oriented
Problem oriented
Problem, intervention, evaluation (PIE)
Focus charting
Charting by exception
```
80
Components of Source Oriented records
```
Narrative charting
Admission Sheet
Nurse/progress notes
Diagnostic reports
Physician order sheet
Referral summary
Initial nursing assessment
Flow sheet
Medical H&P
Consultation records
Discharge plan
```
81
Problem oriented record
Arranged according to client problems
82
Components of problem oriented records
Database
Problem list
Plan of care
Progress notes (SOAP)
83
Problem, Intervention, Evaluation (PIE) components
Flow sheet
Ongoing care plan
Assessment establishes
84
Focus charting components
```
3 columns (Data,Action, Response)
Focus on condition, NANDA, behavior and S/S
```
85
Charting by exception
Flow sheets
Bedside access
Elimination of lengthy notes
86
One of the most potent forms of communication is
Touch
87
Clarifying
To check whether understanding is accurate, restate an unclear, ambiguous message to clarify the sender's meaning
88
Focusing
Centers on key elements or concepts of a message
89
Paraphrasing
Restating another's message in your own words briefly
90
Summarizing
Concise review of key aspects of an interaction
91
Self-disclosure
Subjectively true personal experiences about the self that are intentionally revealed to another person
92
Consultation
One caregiver gives advice about the care of a pt to another caregiver. One time opinion.
93
Referral
An arrangement for services by another care provider
94
Types of narrative documentation
Focus charting
PIE
SOAP
95
Kardex
method for organizing, recording. Portable "flip over" file kept at nurses station. Eliminates the need for repeated information
96
The major purpose of the hand-off report is to
Maintain continuity of care
97
Hand-off reports include
Name, Gender, Dx of pt
Recent changes in health problems
Info on family members as it relates to pt's problems
Review ongoing d/c plan (pt prep level to go home)
New meds, Significant changes in ways therapies are to be given
Evaluate results of nursing measures
Be clear about priorities
98
APGAR score measures what
```
Heart rate
Muscle tone
Skin color
Respiration
Reflexes
```
99
Pre-embryonic
First 14 days after fertilization
100
Embryonic stage
Day 15-week 8
101
The development of the placenta begins in
The 3rd week of the embryonic stage
102
APGAR is conducted at what times after birth
1 min and 5 min after birth
103
Fetal stage
End of the 8th week until birth
104
Height increases by _____ the first 6 months and then ____ each month until 12 months
1 inch, then 1/2 inch
105
The average toddler grows ____ inches in height and gains about _____ lbs a year
2.5inches
| 5-7lbs
106
Preschool children gain about ___lbs a year and grow about ____ inches
5lbs
| 2.5-3 inches
107
The greatest fear of preschoolers is
bodily harm
108
Warning signs of suicide
```
Withdrawal
Loss of initiative
Loneliness, sadness, crying
Appetite and sleep disturbances
Verbalization of suicidal thought
```
109
Social factors that influence G & D
```
support system
violence
resources
parental influences
cultural expectations
```
110
Intimacy v Isolation (Young adult)
Search for meaningful friendships and an intimate relationship with another person
111
Transference
Patients feelings to nurse
112
Counter transference
Nurse feelings to patient
113
What are the three levels of Kholbergs moral development?
Level 1: preconventional
Level 2: conventional
Level 3: post conventional
114
Level 1 preconventional stage
Primarily egocentric, thinking is based on likes and pleasure. This stage progresses toward having punishment guide behavior
115
Level 2 conventional reasoning
Moves from "what's in it for me?" To "how will this affect my relationship with others". Emphasis now on social rules
116
Level 3 post conventional reasoning
A person finds a balance between basic human rights and obligations and societal rules and regulations. What an ideal society would be like
117
Which stage in intrauterine life is most vulnerable?
Embryonic. All body organs are formed by week 8
118
The placenta functions as the fetal
Lungs
Kidneys
GI tract
Endocrine organ
