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Fundamentals of Nursing > Women's Health/Cancer > Flashcards

Women's Health/Cancer Flashcards

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1
Q

Progesterone

A

Thickens and prepares uterus for receiving a fertilized ovum

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2
Q

Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)

A

responsible for stimulating the ovaries to secrete estrogen

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3
Q

Luteinizing hormone (LH)

A

responsible for stimulating progesterone release

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4
Q

Gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH)

A

From hypothalamus, affects the rate of FSH and LH release

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5
Q

Proleferative phase

Day 1-13

A

Beginning of cycle (just after menstruation)
FSH output increases and estrogen secretion is stimulated
This causes the endometrium to become more vascular and thicken

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6
Q

Secretory phase

Day 14-28

A

LH output increases, ovulation occurs

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7
Q

In a womens health hx, data should be collected about:

A 
Menstrual hx (menarche, duration, cramps?)
Pregnancies (#?)
Exposure to meds
Dysmenorrhea
Sx of vaginitis
Bowel problems
Sexual hx (STI's, abuse?)
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8
Q

Pap smear

A

Cervix is examined, obtained by rotating a small spatula at the os, followed by a cervical brush rotated in the os

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9
Q

Recommended age for a pap smear

A

18, or when they become sexually active, regardless of age

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10
Q

Benefits of hormonal contraceptives

A 
Prevents pregnancy
Decreased cramps and bleeding
Regular bleeding cycle
Decreased incidence of anemia
Decreased acne 
Protection from uterine and ovarian cancer
Decreased incidence of ectopic pregnancy
Decreased incidence of pelvic infection
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11
Q

Risks of hormonal contraceptives

A 
Bothersome side effects 
Nausea
Weight gain
Mood changes
Small increased risk of developing blood clots, stroke or heart attack
No protection from STI's
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12
Q

Do’s and Don’t of a pap smear

A

Best time to schedule is at least 5 days after your period stops. Don’t use tampons, birth control foams/jellies or vaginal creams 2-3 days before the test. Do not douche. Do not have sex for 2 days before the test

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13
Q

Transdermal contraceptives

A

Release estrogen and progestin continuously. Changed every week for 3 weeks, no patch is used during the 4th week. Risks are similar to those of oral contraceptives. May be applied to the torse, chest, arms, or thighs. Should not be applied to breasts.

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14
Q

Oral contraceptives

A

Stops the release of FSH, prevents ovulation.

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15
Q

Vaginal contraceptives

A

Releases estrogen and progestin, inserted in vagina for 3 weeks and then removed, results in lower hormone blood levels than oral contraceptives, does not require fitting.

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16
Q

Concerns for vaginal contraceptives

A

Fear of migrating
Uncomfortable
Noticed by partner

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17
Q

Injectable contraceptives (Depo)

A

IM inj every 3 months, inhibits ovulation

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18
Q

Advantages of Depo

A

Reduction of menorrhagia, dysmenorrhea, and anemia. May reduce the risk of pelvic infection, and endometrial cancer

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19
Q

Disadvantages of Depo

A 
Irregular bleeding
Bloathing
Headaches
Hair loss
Decreased libido
Changes in weight
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20
Q

Intrauterine device

A

Small plastic device, T-shaped, inserted into uterine cavity, causes a local inflammatory reaction that prevents fertilization

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21
Q

Advantages of IUD

A

Effectiveness over a long period of time

reduction of pt error

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22
Q

Disadvantages

A 
Excessive bleeding
Cramps
Backaches
Infection
Risk of tubal pregnancy
Displacement of device
Rarely, proliferation of cervix or uterus
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23
Q

Examples of mechanical barriers

A

Diaphragm
Cervical cap
Female condom
Spermicides

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24
Q

Diaphragm

Study These Flashcards
A

Round, flexible ring with a latex rubber cup. Spermicidal jelly coats it. inserted deep into the vagina, covering the cervix. Must be sized and properly fitted

25
How long should the diaphragm be placed
Remain in place for at least 6 hours after intercourse, no more than 12 after.
26
Disadvantages of diaphgram
Toxic shock syndrome Allergic reactions to latex Increased risk for UTI
27
Cervical cap
Covers only the cervix, used with spermicide, requires fitting
28
Advantage of cervical cap
May be left in place for 2 days after sex, may cause cervical irritation
29
Ectopic Pregnancy
Leading cause of pregnancy related death in 1st trimester. Occurs when fertilized ovum becomes implanted on any tissue other than uterine lining. (Fallopian tube, ovary, abdomen, cervix) Most commonly occurs in fallopian tube.
30
Causes of ectopic pregnancy
``` Salpingitis Pertitubal adhesions Structural abnormalities Previous ectopic pregnancy Previous tubal surgery Multiple previous abortions ```
31
Methotrexate
Stops pregnancy from progressing by interfering with DNA synthesis and the multiplication of cells, it interrupts early, small, unruptured, ectopic pregnancies
32
Side effects of methotrexate
``` Abdominal cramping Renal/hepatic damage Allergic reaction NSAIDS enhance metho toxicity Folic acid lowers efficacy ```
33
Menopause
Permanent cessation of menses, associated with declining ovarian function. Occurs in women between the ages of 48 and 55
34
S/S of menopause
``` Irregular menses Breast tenderness Hot flashes Night sweats Increased bone loss Thinning of pubic hair Shrinkage of labia vaginal secretions decrease Fatigue Dizziness Weight gain Sleep disturbances ```
35
During menopause, some women report dyspareunia, this is due to
Vaginal secretions decrease, causes vaginal pH to rise. This predisposes women to bacterial infections. Water based lubricants are recommended.
36
Assessment for women on HRT
Assess for pain/redness in legs Any S/S of DVT and pulmonary embolism Chest pain SOB, tenderness
37
Candidiasis
Yeast infection
38
S/S of candidiasis
Vaginal discharge that causes itching (thick cottage like) | pH is 4.5 or less
39
Management of candidiasis
Antifungal agents | Vaginal creams
40
Bacterial vaginosis
Overgrowth of anaerobic baceria. Risk factors include douching after menses, smoking, multiple sex partners
41
S/S of bacterial vaginosis
Can occur throughout the menstrual cycle. Most sx are not noticed. Fishlike oder after intercourse Yellow white discharge, pH greater than 4.7.
42
Management of bacterial vaginosis
Flagyl bid for one week, vaginal gel or cream
43
Trichomoniasis
Protozoan that causes a common STI called trich. May be transmitted thru a asymptomatic carrier.
44
S/S of trichomoniases
Thin, frothy, yellow discharge Vulvitis Inspection with speculum shows cervical erythema, and multiple small petechiea (strawberry spots)
45
Management of trichmoniases
Most effective: Metronidazole or tinidazole | Both partners receive one time dose.
46
HPV
most common STI, can be asymptomatic , can be found in lesions of the skin, cervix, vagina, anus, penis, and oral cavity. Most common strains are 6, and 11
47
Management of HPV
Treatment of external warts: topical creams Cryotherapy Laser therapy
48
Herpes Type 2
Lifelong viral infection that causes herpetic lesions on the external genitalia. Recurrences can be associated with sunburns, stress, dental work, or inadequate rest or poor nutrition
49
Manifestations of Herpes type 2
``` Itching Pain, redness Swelling Flu like sx Malaise Enlarged lymph nodes in the groin Minor temperature Muscle aches Lesions last 4-15days before crusting over ```
50
Management of herpes type 2
``` No cure, treatment aimed at relieving sx Antiviral agents (Valtrex, Acyclovir, Famvir) Analgesics for pain Increase fluid intake Sitz baths Barrier methods during sex ```
51
Chlamydia and Gonorrhea (often coexist)
Chlamydia shows no sx but cervical discharge, dyspareunia, dysuria, and bleeding. Gonorrhea shows no sx, may develop into PID w/o treatment
52
Management of chlamydia and gonorrhea
Doxycycline, Azithromycin | Ampicillin, amoxicillin
53
Pregnant women with chlamydia are treated with _______, not with _____
Erythromycin | Tetracycline
54
Abnormal findings in a breast inspection
Dimpling of flattening of nipple Edema, redness Nipple inversion Ulceration, rashes, nipple discharge
55
BSE is best performed after
Menses (day 5 to 7, counting the first day of menses as day 1 for premenopausal women) Once monthly for postmenopausal
56
Annual mammography should begin at age
40
57
Risk factors for breast cancer
``` Age Personal and family hx of breast CA Exposure to radiation Obesity Alcohol intake Genetic mutation (BRCA1 and BRCA2) Hormonal factors (early menarche, late menopause, late age at 1st full term pregnancy, HRT) ```
58
Nonsurgical treatment of breast cancer
Raiation therapy Chemotherapy Hormonal therapy

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