HUMAN HISTORY - 1600 CE - 1999 CE Flashcards

Question

PRUSSIA Which countries was it? Capitals?

Answer 1

Modern-day Germany and Austria Königsberg (1525–1701) Berlin (1701–1947) Prussia was a prominent historical German state originating out of the Duchy of Prussia and the Margraviate of Brandenburg, and centred on the region of Prussia. For centuries, the House of Hohenzollern ruled Prussia, successfully expanding its size by way of an unusually well-organised and effective army. Prussia, with its capital in Königsberg and from 1701 in Berlin, shaped the history of Germany. In 1871, German states united to create the German Empire under Prussian leadership. In November 1918, the monarchies were abolished and the nobility lost its political power during the German Revolution of 1918–19. The Kingdom of Prussia was thus abolished in favour of a republic—the Free State of Prussia, a state of Germany from 1918 until 1933. From 1933, Prussia lost its independence as a result of the Prussian coup, when the Nazi regime was successfully establishing its Gleichschaltung laws in pursuit of a unitary state. With the end of the Nazi regime, the division of Germany into allied-occupation zones and the separation of its territories east of the Oder–Neisse line, which were incorporated into Poland and the Soviet Union, the State of Prussia ceased to exist de facto in 1945.[2][3] Prussia existed de jure until its formal liquidation by the Allied Control CouncilEnactment No. 46 of 25 February 1947.[4] The name Prussia derives from the Old Prussians; in the 13th century, the Teutonic Knights—an organized Catholic medieval military order of German crusaders—conquered the lands inhabited by them. In 1308, the Teutonic Knights conquered the region of Pomerelia with Gdańsk (Danzig). Their monastic state was mostly Germanised through immigration from central and western Germany, and, in the south, it was Polonised by settlers from Masovia. The Second Peace of Thorn (1466) split Prussia into the western Royal Prussia, a province of Poland, and the eastern part, from 1525 called the Duchy of Prussia, a fief of the Crown of Poland up to 1657. The union of Brandenburg and the Duchy of Prussia in 1618 led to the proclamation of the Kingdom of Prussia in 1701. Prussia entered the ranks of the great powers shortly after becoming a kingdom,[5][6][7][8] and exercised most influence in the 18th and 19th centuries. During the 18th century it had a major say in many international affairs under the reign of Frederick the Great. During the 19th century, Chancellor Otto von Bismarck united the German principalities into a "Lesser Germany", which excluded the Austrian Empire. At the Congress of Vienna (1814–15), which redrew the map of Europe following Napoleon's defeat, Prussia acquired a large section of north western Germany, including the coal-rich Ruhr. The country then grew rapidly in influence economically and politically, and became the core of the North German Confederation in 1867, and then of the German Empire in 1871. The Kingdom of Prussia was now so large and so dominant in the new Germany that Junkers and other Prussian élites identified more and more as Germans and less as Prussians. The Kingdom ended in 1918 along with other German monarchies that collapsed as a result of the post-World War I German Revolution. In the Weimar Republic, the Free State of Prussia lost nearly all of its legal and political importance following the 1932 coup led by Franz von Papen. Subsequently, it was effectively dismantled into Nazi German Gaue in 1935. Nevertheless, some Prussian ministries were kept and Hermann Göringremained in his role as Minister President of Prussia until the end of World War II. Former eastern territories of Germany that made up a significant part of Prussia lost the majority of their German population after 1945 as the People's Republic of Poland and the Soviet Union both absorbed these territories and had most of its German inhabitants expelled by 1950. Prussia, deemed a bearer of militarism and reaction by the Allies was officially abolished by an Allied declaration in 1947. The international status of the former eastern territories of Germany was disputed until the Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany in 1990, while its return to Germany remains a topic among far right politicians, the Federation of Expellees and various political revisionists. The term Prussian has often been used, especially outside Germany, to emphasise professionalism, aggressiveness, militarism and conservatism of the Junker class of landed aristocrats in the East who dominated first Prussia and then the German Empire.

Answer 2

Sir Isaac Newton (1642-1726) 1701-1726 [Significance?]

Answer 3

(1756-1763) Prussia (modern-day Germany and Austria) With the financial aid of Great Britain, Frederick the Great of Prussia was able to defeat the combined armies of France, Russia, and Sweden.

Answer 4

1756-1763: Prussia (modern-day Germany and Austria) With the financial aid of Great Britain, Frederick the Great of Prussia was able to defeat the combined armies of France, Russia, and Sweden.

Answer 5

The Bastille, which was a large fortress in the heart of Paris. The Bastille was a highly visible symbol of royal authority. On the morning of July 14, 1789, some 1000 Parisians gathered at the Bastille's gates and demanded that the guns inside be turned over to them. When the officer in charge of the Bastille refused, fighting broke out and more than 90 attackers died before the officer surrendered. The "Storming of the Bastille" is widely regarded as the start of the French Revolution.

Answer 6

In the French National Assembly called by Louis XVI in 1789, those who supported the King sat on the right, moderates sat in the center, and those who distrusted the King sat on the left. To this day, conservatives are generally indicated as "the right" and liberals as "the left."

Answer 7

1794-1799 Although on the domestic front the Directory was unpopular, during its reign the French Army under Napoleon won a number of military victories enabling the Directory to maintain power. The French Army conquered the Austrian Netherlands, much of Northern Italy, and crossed the Rhine into Germany. After defeating the Austrians in Italy in 1797, Napoleon attempted to conquer Egypt, where he met with less success.

Answer 8

Abbé Sieyès and Napoleon Bonaparte led the coup which deposed the Directory on the 18th Brumaire, 1799. They quickly wrote a new constitution which gave executive authority into the hands of three "Consuls." Sieyès gave the resulting government the credibility of the Revolution, and Napoleon provided the popular support of a successful general. Napoleon was named the First Consul in the new government, giving him near absolute authority over the state.

Answer 9

Bonaparte established free, universal public education under the guidance of the state. Each school taught an identical curriculum, such that a student in Rouen and a student in Marseilles learned the same thing on the same day. Napoleon also established schools devoted to math and science and the University of France.

Answer 10

In 1804, Napoleon did away with all pretense and named himself the Emperor of France.

Answer 11

Between 1805-1808, Napoleon had defeated Prussia and Austria, made a treaty with Russia, and had subjected the Netherlands, much of Italy, and many of the German states to French rule. Only Britain remained a threat. The Continental Blockade was a French embargo on British trade, designed to wreck the British economy. Napoleon's efforts failed; Britain shifted its trade to the Americas and the European economy plunged into a recession.

Answer 12

1810-1821, Mexico fought a successful war of independence from Spain. Mexico's war for independence was the first of a number of conflicts that saw much of Latin America freed from Spanish control in the ensuing decades.

Answer 13

1812: 1. Russian Army continually retreated, leaving Scorched Earth. 2. Took Moscow but there were no supplies. 3. Russians disinformation campaign delayed him in Moscow. 4. Had to retreat during the winter. 5. Russian guerrilla warfare continued. 6. Lost 80% of the French Army. As the Russian army fell back, Cossacks were given the task of burning villages, towns and crops. This was intended to deny the invaders the option of living off the land. These scorched-earth tactics surprised the French and forced them to rely on a supply system that was incapable of feeding the large army in the field. Starvation and privation compelled French soldiers to leave their camps at night in search of food. These men were frequently confronted by parties of Cossacks, who captured or killed them. The Russian army retreated slowly into Russia for almost three months. Russian army dug itself in on hillsides before a small town called Borodino, seventy miles west of Moscow. The battle that followed was the bloodiest single-day action of the Napoleonic Wars until that point. The French gained a tactical victory, but the Russian army was still able to extricate itself and withdrew the following day. Napoleon entered Moscow a week later. The Russians had evacuated the city, and the city's governor ordered several strategic points in Moscow set ablaze. Both sides were aware that Napoleon's position grew worse with each passing day, but Napoleon stayed on in Moscow looking to negotiate a peace, his hopes fed in part by a disinformation campaign informing the Emperor of supposed discontent and fading morale in the Russian camp. His troops exhausted, with few rations, no winter clothing, and his remaining horses in poor condition, Napoleon was forced to retreat. He hoped to reach supplies at Smolensk and later at Vilnius. In the weeks that followed the Grande Armée starved and suffered from the onset of the Russian Winter. Lack of food and fodder for the horses, hypothermia from the bitter cold and persistent attacks upon isolated troops from Russian peasants and Cossacks led to great losses in men, and a general loss of discipline and cohesion in the army. The Grande Armée had lost some 380,000 men dead and 100,000 captured, leaving only 27,000 effective soldiers remaining, 5%.

Answer 14

Date: 1812 Why: Napoleon hoped to compel Tsar Alexander I of Russia to cease trading with British merchants through proxies in an effort to pressure the United Kingdom to sue for peace.

Answer 15

Date: 1813 Location: Leipzig Countries Involved: The coalition armies of Russia, Prussia, Austria, and Sweden, led by Tsar Alexander I of Russia VS the French army of Napoleon. Significance: The battle was the culmination of the 1813 German campaign and involved nearly 600,000 soldiers, making it the largest battle in Europe prior to World War I. Outcome: Napoleon was exiled to the island of Elba off Tuscany on the northwest Italian coast.

Answer 16

Date: 1815, Location: Waterloo in present-day Belgium, then part of the United Kingdom of the Netherlands. Combatants: A French army under the command of Napoleon Bonaparte was defeated by two of the armies of the Seventh Coalition: a Prussian army and a British-led Allied army under the command of the Duke of Wellington. Outcome: Napoleon was exiled to the island of St Helena off southern Africa

Answer 17

1773 - Sons of Liberty destroy a shipment of tea in Boston Harbor. Ends 1782 - British Parliament stops American offensives

Answer 18

On July 8, 1853, the U.S. Navy steamed four warships into the bay at Edo and threatened to attack if Japan did not begin trade with the West. Their arrival marked the reopening of the country to political dialogue after more than two hundred years of self-imposed isolation. Trade with Western nations would not come until the Treaty of Amity and Commerce more than five years later.

Answer 19

1861 - 1865 The American Civil War was a civil war that was fought in the United States. As a result of the long-standing controversy over slavery, war broke out in April 1861, when Confederate forces attacked Fort Sumter in South Carolina, shortly after U.S. President Abraham Lincoln was inaugurated.

Answer 20

1861 January 9 - Mississippi seceded from the Union. January 10 - Florida seceded from the Union. J anuary 11 Alabama seceded from the Union January 19 Georgia seceded from the Union. January 26 Louisiana seceded from the Union. January 29 Kansas admitted to the Union. February 1 Texas seceded from the Union The South Creates a Government - the Confederate Constitution. Jefferson Davis was named provisional president. March 4 Inauguration of Abraham Lincoln as 16th President March 11 Confederate Constitution April 17 Virginia seceded from the Union April 20 Robert E. Lee declines command of the Union Army May __ Arkansas, Tennessee, and North Carolina seceded from the Union

Answer 21

1864 March 9 - President Lincoln appoints General Grant to command all of the armies of the United States.

Answer 22

1865 January 31: Congress approves the Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution to abolish slavery. The amendment is then submitted to the states for ratification.

Answer 23

April 9: General Robert E. Lee surrenders his Confederate Army to General Ulysses S. Grant at the village of Appomattox Court House in Virginia April 14: Abraham Lincoln and his wife Mary go to Ford's Theater to see the play "Our American Cousin" . During the third act of the play John Wilkes Booth shoots the president in the head at approx 10:13 p.m.

Answer 24

1863 July 3: Battle of Gettysburg - major Union victory but massive casualties November 19: President Abraham Lincoln dedicates a portion of the Gettysburg battlefield as a national cemetery, and delivered the "Gettysburg Address."

Answer 25

1854 - 1890 The Sioux Wars in South Dakota, Minnesota and Wyoming were led by Crazy Horse and Sitting Bull in a fight to keep their homelands

Answer 26

Traditionally dominated by China, Vietnam came under French influence between 1862 and 1954. After the Second World War the Vietminh defeated the French, who then withdrew. Vietnam was partitioned along the 17th parallel between Communist North Vietnam (capital, Hanoi) and non-Communist South Vietnam (capital, Saigon). The Vietnam War between the North and the US-backed South ended in the victory of the North in 1975 and the reunification of the country under a Communist regime in the following year

Answer 27

1890 The Wounded Knee Massacre in South Dakota followed the killing of Chief Sitting Bull. Chief Big Foot led the last band of Lakota Sioux and were massacred by the US Army at Wounded Knee Creek.

Answer 28

1949 The North Atlantic Treaty Organization. In 1949, in partial response to the Berlin Airlift, the United States, Canada, Great Britain, France, and several other (European) nations created a mutual defense organization, NATO. The Soviets responded by creating their own alliance with the Eastern European Communist states, which was known as the Warsaw Pact. The formation of NATO and the Warsaw Pact formalized the Cold War, which would last until 1991. Several former Warsaw Pact countries are now members of NATO.

Answer 29

1957 The Soviet Union launched Sputnik I in 1957. The launch of Sputnik triggered the Space Race between the United States and the Soviet Union, as each nation worked to send increasingly sophisticated systems into outer space. In response to the Soviet launch, Congress established the National Air and Space Agency (NASA), Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA), and the National Defense and Education Act, which included massive funding for scientific research at the university level.

Answer 30

1961 April 17: "The Bay of Pigs" - A group of Cuban exiles, backed by the US, invades Cuba at the Bay of Pigs in a failed attempt to trigger an anti-Castro rebellion

Answer 31

1959 Jan 1

Answer 32

1960 Dec 19

Answer 33

1962 August 31: Senator Kenneth Keating tells the Senate that there is evidence of Soviet missile installations in Cuba September 11: Soviet Foreign Minister, Andrei Gromyko, warns that an American attack on Cuba could mean war with the Soviet Union October 14 : A U-2 flying over western Cuba obtains photographs of missile sites

Answer 34

October 22: U.S. military forces go to DEFCON 3 October 24: Soviet ships, en route to Cuba, reverse their course except for one. US Military forces go to DEFCON 2

Answer 35

October 25: JFK sends a letter to Khrushchev placing the responsibility for the crisis on the Soviet Union October 26: Khrushchev sends a letter to President Kennedy proposing to remove his missiles if Kennedy publicly announces never to invade Cuba October 27: An American U-2 is shot down over Cuba killing the pilot, Major Rudolf Anderson October 27: A U-2 strays into Soviet airspace, near Alaska, and is nearly intercepted by Soviet fighters October 27: Kennedy sends Khrushchev a letter stating that he will make a statement that the U.S. will not invade Cuba if Khrushchev removes the missiles from Cuba October 28: Khrushchev announces over Radio Moscow that he has agreed to remove the missiles from Cuba In return the US agrees to the withdrawal of US nuclear missiles from Turkey ending the Cuban Missile Crisis

Answer 36

1959 Jan 1 - Fidel Castro in power 1960 Dec 19 - Castro aligns with USSR 1961 Apr 17 - Bay of Pigs failed Revoluti 1962 Oct 14 - U-2 photos Missile Sites 1962 Oct 24 - Blockade, DEFCON 2 1962 Oct 25-28 Diplomatic Resolution

Answer 37

1955 partition of Vietnam 1964 US, + S.Kor, Aus, NZ, Thai 1968 Tet Offensive - US loses confidence, begins withdrawal 1973 US leaves Vietnam 1975 Fall of Saigon Since the partition of Vietnam in 1954 the Communist North had attempted to unite the country as a Communist state, fuelling US concern over the possible spread of Communism in SE Asia. After two US destroyers were reportedly fired on in the Gulf of Tonkin in 1964, a US army was sent to Vietnam, supported by contingents from South Korea, Australia, New Zealand, and Thailand, while American aircraft bombed North Vietnamese forces and areas of Cambodia. The Tet Offensive of 1968 damaged US confidence and US forces began to be withdrawn, finally leaving in 1973. The North Vietnamese captured the southern capital Saigon to end the war in 1975

Answer 38

1979 USSR Intervenes in the Afghanistan War. With the rise of militant factions and violence, the Afghan government had asked for Soviet troops, and the United Nations protested the USSR's intervention. The Mujahideen, an alliance of insurgent groups, were supported by the USA, the UK, Saudi Arabia, China, Pakistan, and Iran The Soviet-Afghan War resulted in the deaths of up to 1.5 million civilians, and millions fled the country The Soviets withdrew in the late 80s, but civil war continued Ironically, many U.S.-trained Afghan soldiers later became leaders of al-Qaeda and remain enemies of the United States.

Answer 39

1982 Six months Argentina supporting Falkland Isle vs UK

HUMAN HISTORY - 1600 CE - 1999 CE Flashcards

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