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Question

HO CHI MINH 1940s 1950s Death?

Answer 1

20th-century Vietnamese revolutionary helped found the communist Democratic Republic of Vietnam in 1945. His forces helped drive out Japanese forces in the 40s and defeat the French in 1954. Although he died during the Vietnam War, he served as an inspiration for the People's Army of Vietnam and the Viet Cong fighting for a united, communist Vietnam. Saigon was renamed in his honor.

Answer 2

In 1899, British attempts to control the region's rich gold and diamond mines contributed to the outbreak of the conflict. War broke out between British South Africa and the Boer Republics (made up of Afrikaner descendants of the original Dutch-speaking settlers of the region) Boer resistance collapsed when the British began putting Boer civilians into concentration camps where thousands died. The British emerged victorious in 1902, and the republics were eventually consolidated into the Union of South Africa.

Answer 3

The Frankish king Charlemagne, the second king of the Carolingian Empire, was the most powerful. He allied the Empire with the Church and was crowned the Holy Roman Emperor in 800. Charlemagne successfully defended his empire from attacks by the Vikings, Muslims, and various barbarians.

Answer 4

``` 21 Scandium 22 Titanium 23 Vandium 24 Chromium 25 Manganese 26 Iron 27 Cobalt 28 Nickel 29 Copper 30 Zinc ```

Answer 5

``` 39 Yttrium 40 Zirconium 41 Niobium 42 Molybdenum 43 Technetium 44 Ruthenium 45 Rhodium 46 Palladium 47 Silver 48 Cadmium ```

Answer 6

``` 57 Lanthanum? 72 Hafnium 73 Tantalum 74 Tungsten 75 Rhenium 76 Osmium 77 Iridium 78 Platinum 79 Gold 80 Mercury ```

Answer 7

``` 89 Actinium? 104 Rutherfordium 105 Dubnium 106 Seaborgium 107 Bohrium 108 Hassium 109 Meitnerium 110 Darmstadtium 111 Roentgenium 112 Copernicium ```

Answer 8

``` 21 Scandium 22 Titanium 23 Vandium 24 Chromium 25 Manganese 26 Iron 27 Cobalt 28 Nickel 29 Copper 30 Zinc ```

Answer 9

``` 39 Yttrium 40 Zirconium 41 Niobium 42 Molybdenum 43 Technetium 44 Ruthenium 45 Rhodium 46 Palladium 47 Silver 48 Cadmium ```

Answer 10

``` 89 Actinium? 104 Rutherfordium 105 Dubnium 106 Seaborgium 107 Bohrium 108 Hassium 109 Meitnerium 110 Darmstadtium 111 Roentgenium 112 Copernicium ```

Answer 11

``` 57 Lanthanum? 72 Hafnium 73 Tantalum 74 Tungsten 75 Rhenium 76 Osmium 77 Iridium 78 Platinum 79 Gold 80 Mercury ```

Answer 12

1973: With the assistance of the United States, Pinochet seized power in Chile, deposing the country's democratically elected Marxist government. Pinochet was strongly right-wing and kept power through control of Chile's military, which he maintained until the late 20th century.

Answer 13

The Great Wall of China The wall is actually a collection of smaller walls that were built to protect the Chinese border and have been joined over time, the oldest of which was built around the 7th century B.C. Today, the wall spans a distance of 5,500 miles. Needs a map!

Answer 14

This experiment demonstrated the effects of taking on the role of prisoner or prison guard. It was conducted in 1971 by Philip Zimbardo. Students took on mock roles and their behavior was observed. Even though the two groups of peers were equals in the real world, the mock prison guards began behaving very harshly toward the "prisoners", and the prisoners became submissive to the guards. The controversial experiment only lasted six days but was pivotal in illustrating how quickly one's personality can change depending on power or social status.

Answer 15

Normans- map MINGOLS- MONGOLS MONGOLS CARDS - specify questions Magellan CIRCUMNAVIGATION 1 degree equals what? (In TIME?) 1 degree (OF LONGITUDE) equals? H2 - what’s the question?!?

Answer 16

Copy pasta

Answer 17

Judaism was practiced by the Hebrews, a nomadic tribe that migrated to Egypt sometime around 1700 B.C.

Answer 18

The Exodus refers to the flight of the Hebrews out of Egypt around 1400 B.C. According to Jewish religious teaching, the Hebrews were led by Moses, under the guidance of a single god, YHWH (Hebrew for "God"). YHWH gave Moses laws to govern the Hebrews, including the Ten Commandments.

Answer 19

1000 BCE Israel, in Palestine David and Solomon were Israel's most powerful kings and extended the kingdom's boundaries to their greatest extent.

Answer 20

After the kingdom split into two halves, the Northern Kingdom was conquered by the Assyrians in 722 B.C., and the Southern Kingdom by the Neo-Babylonians in 587 B.C. The inhabitants of the Southern Kingdom, known as Judea, were exiled to Babylonia. The name "Jews" comes from the name of Judea.

Answer 21

Vedas are four religious texts brought into India by the Aryans around 1500 B.C. The oldest and most widely known Veda is the Rig Veda, which described a polytheistic pantheon of gods and the concepts of reincarnation and karma. Vedism would later give rise to Hinduism.

Answer 22

Hinduism emerged in India from Vedism beginning around 600 B.C

Answer 23

530 CE Justinian, with the aid of his able general Belisarius, attempted to re-conquer the lands lost to the barbarians. Justinian's forces re-conquered North Africa by defeating the Vandals, and Spain, by defeating the Ostrogoths. Byzantine forces even took back parts of Italy, but were forced to retreat when a plague wiped out most of Justinian's troops. Procopius, an historian in Justinian's court, claimed that Justinian had a habit of removing his own head and carrying it around under his arm. Modern-day historians question Procopius's account.

Answer 24

Byzantine forces had suffered significant military reverses for centuries, as Muslim forces conquered much of the Middle East, and Seljuk Turks pressed the Empire from the Central Asian steppes. In desperation to save his Empire, Alexius called for assistance from the Christian states of Europe in 1095, resulting in the Crusades.

Answer 25

The Royal Road was a 1,600-mile road that connected the Persian administrative capital Susa with Sardis, a Greek port. Although it would take an average traveler three months to travel the road, Persian riders could often make the trip in a week. The Royal Road helped to cement the Persian Empire together in the 500s B.C., as well as to provide for the spread of a common language, Aramaic.

Answer 26

Siddhartha Gautama, (Chi-DAR-teh GWA-teh-mah) who lived from around 560 B.C. to 480 B.C., is better known by the name of Buddha. A nobleman from India's north, Buddha abandoned his privileged background in a quest to discover why suffering existed. After being enlightened (Buddha means "enlightened one") while sitting under a tree, Buddha established the basic tenets of Buddhism. Importantly, Buddha never claimed to have achieved divine status.

Answer 27

Ashoka 330 BCE India

Answer 28

Francis Bacon popularized the Scientific Method in the early 1600s. The Scientific Method is based on inductive (rather than deductive) reasoning. A hypothesis is generated based on direct observation of a phenomena, and then the hypothesis is tested with further experiments. Bacon advocated empiricism, a theory that asserted that knowledge came from sensory experience.

Answer 29

Abu Bakr, Muhammad's father-in-law, served as the first Caliph (leader of the Umma). After Muhammad's death in 632, Abu Bakr and his successors led the Muslims in wars of religious conquest; by 661, Muslim forces had conquered Egypt, the Middle East, and Persia, destroying the Sassanid Empire.

Answer 30

632–661 Medina Rapid Military Expansion The Rashidun Caliphate was the first of the four major caliphates established after the death of the Islamic Prophet Muhammad. By the 650s, the caliphate in addition to the Arabian Peninsula had subjugated the Levant, to the Transcaucasus in the north; North Africa from Egypt to present-day Tunisia in the west; and the Iranian plateau to parts of Central Asia and South Asia in the east. Shia Muslims do not consider the rule of the first three caliphs as legitimate.

Answer 31

In 656, two factions were competing for the title of Caliph. The Sunnis believed that Abu Bakr was rightfully named Caliph, that the Caliph should be chosen by believers, and that the Umayyad family were his rightful successors. The Shiites believed that Ali, Muhammad's cousin and son-in-law, was his rightful successor and that the Caliph was determined by descent from Muhammad. Most Muslims were (and are) Sunnis, although approximately 20% are Shiites. Although the Sunnis were triumphant and established the Umayyad Caliphate, the rift continues to this day.

Answer 32

661-750 Damascus The Umayyad Caliphate was the second of the four major caliphates established after the death of Muhammad. Official Umayyad rule was established by Muawiya ibn Abi Sufyan, long-time governor of Syria, after the end of the First Muslim Civil War in AD 661. Syria remained the Umayyads' main power base thereafter, and Damascus was their capital.

Answer 33

750-1258 CE: Baghdad 1261-1517 CE: Cairo (Mamluk Sultanate) Known for learning The Abbasid Caliphate was the third of the Islamic caliphates to succeed the Islamic prophet Muhammad. The Abbasid dynasty descended from Muhammad's uncle from whom the dynasty takes its name. They ruled as caliphs for most of their period from their capital in Baghdad in modern-day Iraq, after assuming authority over the Muslim empire from the Umayyads in 750 CE.

Answer 34

1517-1924 Constantinople The fourth major caliphate, the Ottoman Caliphate, was established after their conquest of Mamluk Egypt in 1517. The conquest gave the Ottomans control over the holy cities of Mecca and Medina, previously controlled by the Mamluks. The Ottomans gradually came to be viewed as the de facto leaders and representatives of the Islamic world. Following their defeat in World War I, their empire was partitioned by Britain and France, and on 3 March 1924, the first President of the Turkish Republic, Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, as part of his reforms, constitutionally abolished the institution of the caliphate.

Answer 35

St. Basil's Cathedral Constructed in Moscow, Russia between 1555–61 A.D., this cathedral is known for its unique architecture. Add picture

Answer 36

Sagrada Familia 1880(?)-2028(?) Add picture

Answer 37

Lao-Tse, a wandering scholar who lived in China in the 600s B.C., gave birth to Daoism. While Lao-Tse acknowledged the existence of the Dao, he suggested that the Rules of Propriety were not a guide to achieve virtue. Instead, virtue could be achieved by accepting and living in harmony with nature.

Answer 38

Confucianism arose from the thoughts of Confucius (551 B.C. to 479 B.C.), a Chinese government official who'd retired and began contemplating the relationship between society and individuals. Confucius' conversations, known as the Analects, were compiled long after his death and are conversations between himself and his students. Confucianism would become the dominant religion in China. In Confucianism, the Dao is the path upon which one travels to learn virtue. The concept of Dao was of especial importance to Chinese government and the development of a meritocracy; those fit by acquisition of learning and virtue merited higher positions in the government and entitled one to authority and respect.

Answer 39

The Great Schism occurred in 1054 A.D., when Christianity split into Eastern and Western halves, ostensibly over religious doctrine such as the use of icons and the Pope's temporal powers. The Eastern half became known as the Orthodox Church and was based in Constantinople, while the Western Roman-based half became the Catholic Church.

Answer 40

The Avesta is the primary scripture of Zoroastrianism, a religion that arose in Iran around 1000 B.C., and was formalized around 600 B.C. Zoroastrianism was adopted by the Persians during the reign of Darius the Great. Zoroastrianism's description of the earth as a battleground between good and evil appealed to the Persians, who, of course, saw themselves on the side of the good.

Answer 41

900s CE In the east, Islam was spread by traders arriving from the Middle East by ship or by caravan route through the Sahara. In the west, Berber traders in Morocco were early converts to Islam. As their trading empire extended southward, Islam went with it. One of the early states to convert was Ghana, which was along Africa's western coast.

Answer 42

1300s MALI Timbuktu was the chief commercial center of Mali, where merchants from the Arab states of the north gathered to trade gold, slaves, ivory, and most importantly salt, gathered from throughout Sub-Saharan Africa. Mansa Musa, Mali's most successful ruler, earned a reputation as one of the world's wealthiest monarchs, in part because of the vast amounts of wealth gathered at Timbuktu.

Answer 43

1250 CE Great Zimbabwe, a city of 20,000 people based along the Zambezi River, owed much of its success to the gold trade. Zimbabwe's gold was shipped east, where it entered the Indian ocean trade system.

Answer 44

In 1769, James Watt patented an improved steam engine, which replaced the rivers and streams which had served as the main power source for British textile factories. British textile production, no longer hampered by the speed of water, skyrocketed to 2 billion yards of cotton fiber per year in the 1850s. In addition to textile manufacturing, the steam engine had all sorts of other applications ranging from mining to shipping.

Answer 45

The Eastern Question was a geopolitical challenge facing the European nations. Beginning in the 1700s and continuing through 1922, the Ottoman Empire suffered through a series of internal and external crises and threatened to fall apart at any moment. While weak, the Ottoman Empire was also predictable and ruled over potentially volatile areas such as the Middle East and North Africa, and the Empire's continued existence kept these areas in check. Further, if any nation were to seize large swaths of Ottoman territory, it could upset the delicate European balance of power. The Eastern Question was thus primarily concerned with how to manage the Ottoman Empire's decline.

Answer 46

Under the directorship of Sir Robert Clive, the Company engaged in a war against the Mughal Empire, defeating it from 1757-1773 and wresting extensive concessions. in 1757, after the Battle of Plassey, Bengal surrendered. in 1773, when the Company established a capital in Calcutta, appointed its first Governor-General, Warren Hastings, and became directly involved in governance. Until 1857, the British ruled India indirectly through the semi-private British East India Company.

Answer 47

On both land and sea, Japan resoundingly defeated Russia in the Russo-Japanese War of 1904-1905, enabling Japan to claim Russia's province of Manchuria. In addition to tactical victory, Japanese success was a moral victory as well, establishing Japan's position as one of the world's great powers and marking the first time in the modern era that a European power was defeated by an Asian one.

Answer 48

In his 1859 work, On the Origin of Species, Charles Darwin posited the theory of evolution. Darwin's basic idea was that plant and animal life had evolved from earlier, simpler organisms, a process driven by what Darwin termed "natural selection." Darwin's theory of natural selection contended that some species were able to prosper because they were more fitted to endure in their environment, a process known as "survival of the fittest."

Answer 49

1896 Rudolph Diesel Germany

Answer 50

n 1781 Scottish engineer James Watt patented a steam engine that produced continuous rotary motion. Watt's ten-horsepower engines enabled a wide range of manufacturing machinery to be powered. The engines could be sited anywhere that water and coal or wood fuel could be obtained. By 1883, engines that could provide 10,000 hp had become feasible. The stationary steam engine was a key component of the Industrial Revolution, allowing factories to locate where water power was unavailable. Reciprocating piston type steam engines remained the dominant source of power until the early 20th century

Answer 51

Soviet casualties, both civil and military, were the largest of any nation. Some 25 million Russian soldiers were killed, wounded, or listed as missing in the War, comparable only to Stalin's wholesale slaughter of 43 million Russians in the 1930s, '40s, and '50s.

Answer 52

In a battle that raged from June 1942 to February 1943, Soviet forces surrounded the German Sixth Army at Stalingrad, forcing its surrender. Steadily, and with millions of casualties, the Soviets began pushing the Germans back toward Germany.

Answer 53

On June 6, 1944, the long-awaited invasion of Europe from the West began with the D-Day landings in Normandy, France. By the end of the year, France had been liberated. By May 1945, Allied armies were approaching Berlin from the east and west. Hitler committed suicide and Germany sued for peace. D-Day: The Invasion of Normandy On June 6, 1944 the Allied Forces of Britain, America, Canada, and France attacked German forces on the coast of Normandy, France. With a huge force of over 150,000 soldiers, the Allies attacked and gained a victory that became the turning point for World War II in Europe. This famous battle is sometimes called D-Day or the Invasion of Normandy. Invasion of Normandy landing US troops landing during the Invasion of Normandy by Robert F. Sargent Leading up to the Battle Germany had invaded France and was trying to take over all of Europe including Britain. However, Britain and the United States had managed to slow down the expanding German forces. They were now able to turn on the offensive. To prepare for the invasion, the Allies amassed troops and equipment in Britain. They also increased the number of air strikes and bombings in German territory. Right before the invasion, over 1000 bombers a day were hitting German targets. They bombed railroads, bridges, airfields, and other strategic places in order to slow down and hinder the German army. Deception The Germans knew that an invasion was coming. They could tell by all the forces that were gathering in Britain as well as by the additional air strikes. What they didn't know was where the Allies would strike. In order to confuse the Germans, the Allies tried to make it look like they were going to attack north of Normandy at Pas de Calais. The Weather Although the D-Day invasion had been planned for months, it was almost cancelled due to bad weather. General Eisenhower finally agreed to attack despite the overcast skies. Although the weather did have some affect and on the Allies ability to attack, it also caused the Germans to think that no attack was coming. They were less prepared as a result. Advertisement The Invasion The first wave of the attack began with the paratroopers. These were men who jumped out of planes using parachutes. They jumped at night in the pitch dark and landed behind enemy lines. Their job was to destroy key targets and capture bridges in order for the main invasion force to land on the beach. Thousands of dummies were also dropped in order to draw fire and confuse the enemy. In the next stage of the battle thousands of planes dropped bombs on German defenses. Soon after, warships began to bomb the beaches from the water. While the bombing was going on, underground members of the French Resistance sabotaged the Germans by cutting telephone lines and destroying railroads. Soon the main invasion force of over 6,000 ships carrying troops, weapons, tanks, and equipment approached the beaches of Normandy. Omaha and Utah Beaches American troops landed at Omaha and Utah beaches. The Utah landing was successful, but the fighting at Omaha beach was fierce. Many US soldiers lost their lives at Omaha, but they were finally able to take the beach. Forces coming to shore at Normandy Troops and supplies coming to shore at Normandy Source: US Coast Guard After the Battle By the end of D-Day over 150,000 troops had landed in Normandy. They pushed their way inland allowing more troops to land over the next several days. By June 17th over half a million Allied troops had arrived and they began to push the Germans out of France. The Generals The Supreme Commander of the Allied Forces was Dwight D. Eisenhower of the United States. Other Allied generals included Omar Bradley from the United States as well as Bernard Montgomery and Trafford Leigh-Mallory from Britain. The Germans were led by Erwin Rommel and Gerd von Rundstedt. Advertisement Interesting Facts about D-Day The troops needed the light of a full moon to see to attack. For this reason there were only a few days during a month when the Allies could attack. This led Eisenhower to go ahead with the invasion despite the bad weather. The Allies wanted to attack during high tide as this helped the ships to avoid obstacles put in the water by the Germans. Although June 6 is often called D-Day, D-Day is also a generic military term that stands for the day, D, of any major attack. The overall military operation was called "Operation Overlord". The actual landings at Normandy were called "Operation Neptune

Answer 54

The surprise Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, which took place on December 7, 1941 (as did attacks on other U.S. bases). Japan's intent was to destroy America's three Pacific aircraft carriers, crippling the U.S. Navy, so it could continue its war in China. Oil, rubber, and other war materials were essential to Japan's continued conquest. To gain these materials, the Japanese decided to strike at the Dutch East Indies (where such materials were in abundance). The U.S. would likely declare war on Japan in the event of an attack on Dutch territory, so Japan resolved upon a quick strike against U.S. forces in an effort to achieve a rapid victory. Fortunately, all the American carriers were at sea and not present at the attack. Twelve hundred Americans lost their lives. On January 8, 1941, President Roosevelt asked for a declaration of war against Japan. One week later, Italy and Germany declared war against the United States.

Answer 55

During the last week of December 1944, the Germans launched their last major offensive of the War in the Ardennes Forest, known as the Battle of the Bulge. The battle earned the nickname "Bulge" from the large salient the Germans created in the Allied line. By early January, the offensive was contained and that month the Western Allies crossed the Rhine River into Germany. World War II Battle of the Bulge The Battle of the Bulge was a major battle in Europe during World War II. It was Germany's final attempt to drive the Allies off of mainland Europe. Most of the troops involved on the Allied side were American troops. It is considered one of the greatest battles ever fought by the United States military. Battle of the Bulge soldiers 101st Airborne troops move out of Bastogne Source: US Army When was it fought? After the Allies had freed France and defeated Germany at Normandy, many thought that World War II in Europe was coming to an end. However, Adolf Hitler of Germany had different ideas. Early in the morning on December 16, 1944 Germany launched a major attack. The battle lasted for around one month as American forces fought back and kept Germany's army from overrunning Europe. What's with the funny name? The Battle of the Bulge actually took place in the Ardennes Forest of Belgium. When the Germans attacked, they pushed back the center of the Allied forces' line. If you were to look at a map of the Allied army front, there would have been a bulge where the Germans attacked. What happened? When Germany attacked they used over 200,000 troops and nearly 1,000 tanks to break through the US lines. It was winter and the weather was snowy and cold. The Americans were not ready for the attack. The Germans broke through the line and killed thousands of American troops. They tried to advance quickly. WW2 Soldiers in the snow Soldiers had to deal with snow and bad weather Photo by Braun The Germans had a good plan. They also had English speaking German spies drop in behind the Allied lines. These Germans were dressed in American uniforms and told lies to try and confuse the Americans so they wouldn't know what was going on. Advertisement American Heroes Despite the quick advance and the overwhelming forces of the Germans, many American soldiers held their ground. They did not want Hitler to take over again. The Battle of the Bulge is famous for all the small pockets of American soldiers who attacked and harassed the Germans as they tried to advance. One of the famous small fights that occurred was at Bastogne, Belgium. This city was at a key crossroads. The US troops of the 101st Airborne Division and the 10th Armored division were surrounded by Germans. They were ordered to surrender or die. US General Anthony McAuliffe didn't want to give up, so he replied to the Germans "Nuts!" Then his soldiers managed to hold out until more US troops could arrive. Battle of the bulge soldiers in white Soldiers in white for camouflage Source: US Army It was small groups of American troops throughout the front who dug in and held out until reinforcements could come that won the battle for the Allies. Their courage and fierce fighting won the battle and sealed the fate of Hitler and the Nazi's in World War II. Interesting Facts about the Battle of the Bulge The Prime Minister of Britain, Winston Churchill, said "This is undoubtedly the greatest American battle of the war…." One of the main reasons the Germans lost the battle was they did not have enough fuel for their tanks. American troops and bombers destroyed all the fuel depots they could and eventually the German tanks ran out of fuel. Over 600,000 American troops fought in the Battle of the Bulge. There were 89,000 US casualties including 19,000 who died. General George Patton's 3rd Army was able to reinforce the lines within a few days of the initial attack

Answer 56

During the Battle of the Coral Sea, the U.S. Navy sunk one Japanese aircraft carrier and heavily damaged another, forcing a Japanese invasion fleet headed for Australia to turn back.

Answer 57

In June 1942, in a resounding U.S. victory during the Battle of Midway, American forces sunk four Japanese carriers. After its losses at Midway, the Japanese were unable to keep pace with American shipbuilding and pilot training. Midway is an island located in the middle of the Pacific Ocean about half way between Asia and North America (hence the name "Midway"). It lies around 2,500 miles from Japan. Because of its location, Midway was considered an important strategic island for Japan in the war. The Doolittle Raid On April 18, 1942, the United States launched its first attack on the Japanese home islands. This raid caused the Japanese to want to push back the American presence in the Pacific Ocean. They decided to attack the American base at Midway Island. How did the battle begin? The Japanese formulated a plan to sneak up on the U.S. forces. They hoped to trap a number of the U.S. aircraft carriers in a bad situation where they could destroy them. However, American code breakers had intercepted a number of Japanese transmissions. The Americans knew the Japanese plans and prepared their own trap for the Japanese. Who were the commanders in the battle? The Japanese were led by Admiral Yamamoto. He was the same leader who planned the attack on Pearl Harbor. The United States was led by Admirals Chester Nimitz, Frank Jack Fletcher, and Raymond A. Spruance. The Japanese Attack On June 4, 1942, the Japanese launched a number of fighter planes and bombers from four aircraft carriers to attack the island of Midway. Meanwhile, three United States aircraft carriers (Enterprise, Hornet, and Yorktown) were closing in on the Japanese force. A Surprise Response While the Japanese were focused on attacking Midway, the U.S. carriers launched an attack. The first wave of planes were torpedo bombers. These planes would fly in low and try to drop torpedoes that would strike the side of the ships to sink them. The Japanese were able to fend off the torpedo attacks. Most of the U.S. torpedo attack planes were shot down and none of the torpedoes hit their target. However, while the Japanese guns were aimed low at the torpedo bombers, American dive bombers dove in and attacked from high up in the sky. These bombs hit their target and three of the four Japanese aircraft carriers were sunk. The Yorktown Sinks The Yorktown then engaged in battle with the final Japanese carrier, the Hiryu. Both carriers were able to launch a number of bombers against the other. In the end, both the Yorktown and the Hiryu were sunk. Results of the Battle The loss of four aircraft carriers was devastating to the Japanese. They also lost a number of other ships, 248 aircraft, and over 3,000 sailors. This battle was the turning point in the war and the first major victory for the Allies in the Pacific.

Answer 58

The Battle of the Coral Sea The Battle of Midway

Answer 59

This was short for "Unterseeboot", which meant "undersea boat." The Germans quickly ramped up manufacture of their U-boats and had hundreds of submarines patrolling the Atlantic Ocean by 1943.

Answer 60

Ancient Mesopotamia The Akkadian Empire History >> Ancient Mesopotamia The first Empire to rule all of Mesopotamia was the Akkadian Empire. It lasted for around 200 years from 2300 BC to 2100 BC. How it Began The Akkadians lived in northern Mesopotamia while the Sumerians lived in the south. They had a similar government and culture as the Sumerians, but spoke a different language. The government was made up of individual city-states. This was where each city had its own ruler that controlled the city and the surrounding area. Initially these city-states were not united and often warred with each other. ``` Over time, the Akkadian rulers began to see the advantage of uniting many of their cities under a single nation. They began to form alliances and work together. Sargon the Great of Akkadia Sargon of Akkad from the Iraqi Directorate General of Antiquities ``` Sargon the Great Around 2300 BC Sargon the Great rose to power. He established his own city named Akkad. When the powerful Sumerian city of Uruk attacked his city, he fought back and eventually conquered Uruk. He then went on to conquer all of the Sumerian city-states and united northern and southern Mesopotamia under a single ruler. The Empire Expands Over the next two hundred years, the Akkadian Empire continued to expand. They attacked and conquered the Elamites to the east. They moved south to Oman. They even went as far west as the Mediterranean Sea and Syria. Advertisement Naram-Sin One of the great kings of Akkad was Naram-Sin. He was the grandson of Sargon the Great. Naram-Sin ruled for over 50 years. He crushed revolts and expanded the empire. His reign is considered the peak of the Akkadian Empire. Fall of the Empire In 2100 BC the Sumerian city of Ur rose back into power conquering the city of Akkad. The Empire was now ruled by a Sumerian king, but was still united. The empire grew weaker, however, and was eventually conquered by the Amorites in around 2000 BC. Interesting Facts About the Akkadians Many people in Mesopotamia at the time spoke two languages, Akkadian and Sumerian. There were many good roads built between the major cities. They even developed an official postal service. The Sumerians believed that the Akkadian Empire collapsed because of a curse placed on them when Naram-Sin conquered the city of Nippur and destroyed the temple. The kings maintained power by installing their sons as governors over the major cities. They also made their daughters high priestesses over the major gods. Sargon installed the first dynasty. He came up with the idea that a man's sons should inherit his kingdom

Answer 61

The Babylonian Empire History >> Ancient Mesopotamia After the fall of the Akkadian Empire, two new empires rose to power. They were the Babylonians in the south and the Assyrians to the north. The Babylonians were the first to form an empire that would encompass all of Mesopotamia. Rebuilt city of Babylon The Rebuilt city of Babylon today from the US Navy Rise of the Babylonians and King Hammurabi The city of Babylon had been a city-state in Mesopotamia for many years. After the fall of the Akkadian Empire, the city was taken over and settled by the Amorites. The city began its rise to power in 1792 BC when King Hammurabi took the throne. He was a powerful and capable leader who wanted to rule more than just the city of Babylon. Not long after becoming King, Hammurabi began to conquer other city-states in the area. Within a few years, Hammurabi had conquered all of Mesopotamia including much of the Assyrian lands to the north. The City of Babylon Under Hammurabi's rule, the city of Babylon became the most powerful city in the world. Located on the banks of the Euphrates River, the city was a major trade hub bringing together new ideas and products. Babylon also became the largest city in the world at the time with as many as 200,000 people living there at its peak. At the center of the city was a large temple called a ziggurat. This temple looked something like a pyramid with a flat top and archeologists think that it was 300 feet tall! There was a wide street leading from the gates to the center of the city. The city was also famous for its gardens, palaces, towers, and artwork. It would have been an amazing sight to see. The city was also the cultural center of the empire. It was here that art, science, music, mathematics, astronomy, and literature were able to flourish. Advertisement Hammurabi's Code King Hammurabi established firm laws called Hammurabi's Code. This was the first time in history that the law was written down. It was recorded on clay tablets and tall pillars of stones called steles. Pillar with Hammurabi's Code Top of a pillar with some of the code inscribed by Unknown Hammurabi's code consisted of 282 laws. Many of them were quite specific, but were meant as guidelines to be used in similar circumstances. There were laws governing commerce such as wages, trade, rental rates, and the sale of slaves. There were laws governing criminal behavior describing the penalties for stealing or damaging property. There were even laws governing adoption, marriage, and divorce. Fall of Babylon After Hammurabi died, his sons took over. However, they were not strong leaders and soon Babylon grew weak. In 1595 the Kassites conquered Babylon. They would rule for 400 years. Later, the Assyrians would take over. It wasn't until 612 BC that Babylonia once again rose to power as the ruler of the empire over Mesopotamia. This second Babylonian Empire is called the neo-Babylonian Empire. Neo-Babylonian Empire Around 616 BC King Nabopolassar took advantage of the fall of the Assyrian Empire to bring the seat of the empire back to Babylon. It was his son Nebuchadnezzar II who led Babylon back to its former glory. Nebuchadnezzar II ruled for 43 years. He was a great military leader and expanded the empire to include much of the Middle East all the way to the Mediterranean Sea. This included the conquering of the Hebrews and taking them into slavery for 70 years as told in the Bible. Under Nebuchadnezzar's rule, the city of Babylon and its temples were restored. It also became the cultural center of the world, just like during Hammurabi's rule. Hanging Gardens of Babylon Nebuchadnezzar II built the Hanging Gardens of Babylon. This was a large series of terraces that rose to around 75 feet high. They were covered with all sorts of trees, flowers, and plants. The gardens is considered one of the great wonders of the ancient world. Painting of the Hanging Gardens of Babylon Hanging Gardens of Babylon by Maarten van Heemskerck Fall of Neo-Babylonia After Nebuchadnezzar II died, the empire began to fall apart once again. In 529 BC, the Persians conquered Babylon and made it part of the Persian Empire. Advertisement Fun Facts About the Babylonians Nebuchadnezzar had a moat built around the city of Babylon for defense. That must have been quite a sight in the desert! All that remains of the city of Babylon is a mound of broken mud buildings about 55 miles south of Baghdad, Iraq. Alexander the Great captured Babylon as part of his conquests. He was staying in the city when he got sick and died. The city has been rebuilt or reconstructed in Iraq. The actual ruins and artifacts are likely buried under the reconstruction.

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The Assyrian Empire History >> Ancient Mesopotamia The Assyrians were one of the major peoples to live in Mesopotamia during ancient times. They lived in northern Mesopotamia near the start of the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers. The Assyrian Empire rose and fell several times throughout history. Map of the Assyrian Empire Map of the growth of the neo-Assyrian Empire by Ningyou Click to see larger version The First Rise The Assyrians first rose to power when the Akkadian Empire fell. The Babylonians had control of southern Mesopotamia and the Assyrians had the north. One of their strongest leaders during this time was King Shamshi-Adad. Under Shamshi-Adad the empire expanded to control much of the north and the Assyrians grew wealthy. However, after Shamshi-Adad's death in 1781 BC, the Assyrians grew weak and soon fell under control of the Babylonian Empire. Second Rise The Assyrians once again rose to power from 1360 BC to 1074 BC. This time they conquered all of Mesopotamia and expanded the empire to include much of the Middle East including Egypt, Babylonia, Israel, and Cypress. They reached their peak under the rule of King Tiglath-Pileser I. The neo-Assyrian Empire The final, and perhaps strongest, of the Assyrian Empires ruled from 744 BC to 612 BC. During this time Assyria had a string of powerful and capable rulers such as Tiglath-Pileser III, Sargon II, Sennacherib, and Ashurbanipal. These leaders built the empire into one of the most powerful empires in the world. They conquered much of the Middle East and Egypt. Once again, it was the Babylonians who brought down the Assyrian Empire in 612 BC. Advertisement Great Warriors The Assyrians were perhaps most famous for their fearsome army. They were a warrior society where fighting was a part of life. It was how they survived. They were known throughout the land as cruel and ruthless warriors. Two things that made the Assyrians great warriors were their deadly chariots and their iron weapons. They made iron weapons that were stronger than the copper or tin weapons of some of their enemies. They were also skilled with their chariots which could strike fear in the hearts of their enemies. The Library at Nineveh The last great Assyrian king, Ashurbanipal, constructed a great library at the city of Nineveh. He collected clay tablets from all over Mesopotamia. These included the stories of Gilgamesh, the Code of Hammurabi, and more. Much of our knowledge of the Ancient civilizations of Mesopotamia comes from the remains of this library. According to the British Museum in London, just over 30,000 tablets have been recovered. These tablets make up around 10,000 different texts. Interesting Facts About the Assyrians The great cities of the Assyrian Empire included Ashur, Nimrud, and Nineveh. Ashur was the capital of the original empire and also their main god. Tiglath-Pileser III built roads throughout the empire to enable his armies and messengers to travel quickly. The Assyrians were experts at siege warfare. They used battering rams, siege towers, and other tactics such as diverting water supplies in order to take a city. Their cities were strong and impressive. They had huge walls built to withstand a siege, many canals and aqueducts for water, and extravagant palaces for their kings. Activities

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https://www.ducksters.com/history/mesopotamia/persian_empire.png The Persian Empire History >> Ancient Mesopotamia The first Persian Empire took control of the Middle East after the fall of the Babylonian Empire. It is also called the Achaemenid Empire. Map of the First Persian Empire Map of the First Persian Empire by Unknown Click the map to see a larger view Cyrus the Great The empire was founded by Cyrus the Great. Cyrus first conquered the Median Empire in 550 BC and then went on to conquer the Lydians and the Babylonians. Under later kings, the empire would grow to where it ruled Mesopotamia, Egypt, Israel, and Turkey. Its borders would eventually stretch over 3,000 miles from east to west making it the largest empire on Earth at the time. Different Cultures Under Cyrus the Great, the Persians allowed the peoples they conquered to continue their lives and cultures. They could keep their customs and religion as long as they paid their taxes and obeyed the Persian rulers. This was different from how earlier conquerors such as the Assyrians had ruled. Advertisement Government In order to maintain control of the large empire, each area had a ruler called a satrap. The satrap was like a governor of the area. He enforced the king's laws and taxes. There were around 20 to 30 satraps in the empire. The empire was connected by many roads and a postal system. The most famous road was the Royal Road built by King Darius the Great. This road stretched around 1,700 miles all the way from Sardis in Turkey to Suza in Elam. Religion Although each culture was allowed to keep their own religion, the Persians followed the teaching of the prophet Zoroaster. This religion was called Zoroastrianism and believed in one main god called Ahura Mazda. Fighting the Greeks Under King Darius the Persians wanted to conquer the Greeks who he felt were causing rebellions within his empire. In 490 BC Darius attacked Greece. He captured some Greek city-states, but when he attempted to take the city of Athens, he was soundly defeated by the Athenians at the Battle of Marathon. In 480 BC Darius' son, Xerxes I, attempted to finish what his father started and conquer all of Greece. He amassed a great army of hundreds of thousands of warriors. This was one of the largest armies assembled during ancient times. He initially won the Battle of Thermopylae against a much smaller army from Sparta. However, the Greek fleet defeated his navy at the Battle of Salamis and he was eventually forced to retreat. Fall of the Persian Empire The Persian Empire was conquered by the Greeks led by Alexander the Great. Starting in the year 334 BC, Alexander the Great conquered the Persian Empire from Egypt all the way to the borders of India. Advertisement Interesting Facts About the Persian Empire The name "Persian" comes from the people's original tribal name Parsua. This was also the name they gave the land they originally settled which was bounded by the Tigris River to the west and the Persian Gulf to the south. The longest reigning Persian King was Artaxerxes II who ruled 45 years from 404-358 BC. His reign was a time of peace and prosperity for the empire. The Persian culture held the truth in high esteem. Telling a lie was one of the most disgraceful things a person could do. The capital of the empire was the great city of Persepolis. This name is Greek for "Persian City". After Cyrus the Great conquered Babylon, he allowed the Jewish people to return to Israel and to rebuild their temple at Jerusalem.

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NOT COMPLETE, from Duckish (www.ducksters) Alkali Metals Lithium Sodium Potassium ``` Alkaline Earth Metals Beryllium Magnesium Calcium Radium ``` ``` Transition Metals Scandium Titanium Vanadium Chromium Manganese Iron Cobalt Nickel Copper Zinc Silver Platinum Gold Mercury Post-transition Metals Aluminum Gallium Tin Lead ``` ``` Metalloids Boron Silicon Germanium Arsenic ``` ``` Nonmetals Hydrogen Carbon Nitrogen Oxygen Phosphorus Sulfur Halogens Fluorine Chlorine Iodine ``` Noble Gases Helium Neon Argon Lanthanides and Actinides Uranium Plutonium

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Question and Answer Card MATCH! | THEN additional paragraphs

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``` Sexual desensitisation Ages 0-6yo 1891 Kibbutzes Without it, GSA ``` The idea of the Westermarck effect is that young children will become sexually/romantically desensitised to anyone they live in close contact with over the course of the first few years of their lives. That is, they will reach adulthood with no compulsion to consider a relationship with anyone they shared a home with in their early childhood. This aversion is named after Finnish scholar Edvard Westermarck, who proposed it in his 1891 book The History of Human Marriage. The Westermarck effect is a hypothesis, but there is evidence to support it. Some Israeli citizens live in communal homesteads named kibbutzes (or kibbutzim in Hebrew). Property is usually shared, income is often doled out more or less equally, and children are all raised together in groups according to age. Unsurprisingly, the kibbutz model has been of major interest to sociologists, anthropologists, and psychologists. The finding relevant to the Westermarck effect is that young adults in the same age-group are seldom attracted to each other, even when their parents more or less expect them to be. A study by American cultural anthropologist Melford Spiro that examined 3,000 marriages within the kibbutz system found that only about 15 weddings involved pairs of people who were raised in the same group of children. Furthermore, none of these pairs had been raised with their partners before the age of six. This strongly suggests a sort of ‘critical period’ for the Westermarck effect, operating behind-the-scenes for the first six years of life when a pair of biologically related individuals meet for the first time in adulthood, they often find each other very attractive. Genes ensure that the two have a lot in common, and the absence of the Westermarck effect sometimes makes them difficult for one another to resist. This is a converse theory known as genetic sexual attraction (GSA).

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In the summer of 1959, a pair of F-8 Crusader combat jets were on a routine flight to Beaufort, North Carolina with no particular designs on making history. The late afternoon sunlight glinted from the silver and orange fuselages as the US Marine Corps pilots flew high above the Carolina coast at near the speed of sound. The lead jet was piloted by 39-year-old Lt Col William Rankin, a veteran of both World War 2 and the Korean War. The pilots were cruising at 47,000 feet to stay above a large, surly-looking column of cumulonimbus cloud which was amassing about a half mile below them. The engine had stopped cold. Unable to restart his engine, and struggling to keep his craft from entering a near-supersonic nose dive, Rankin grasped the two emergency eject handles. He was wary of the ominous gray soup of a storm that lurked below; but having previously experienced a bail out amidst enemy fire in Korea, a bit of inclement weather didn’t seem all that off-putting. After falling for a mere 10 seconds, Bill Rankin penetrated the top of the anvil-shaped storm. The dense gray cloud completely smothered out the summer sun. “I’d see lightning,” Rankin would later muse, “Boy, do I remember that lightning. I never exactly heard the thunder; I felt it.” Powerful updrafts—the same updrafts that keep hailstones aloft as they accumulate ice—dragged him and his chute thousands of feet back up into the storm. This dangerous effect is familiar to paragliding enthusiasts, who unaffectionately refer to it as cloud suck. At the apex Rankin caught up with his parachute, causing it to drape over him like a wet blanket and stir worries that he would become entangled with it. At times the air was so saturated with suspended water that an intake of breath caused him to sputter and choke. He began to worry about the very strange—but very real—possibility of drowning in the sky. Bill’s brutalized body spent around forty minutes bobbing around the area of atmosphere which mountaineers refer to unfondly as the Death Zone. The moist Marine emerged from the underside of the cumulonimbus cloud amidst a warm summer rain. Bill Rankin is the only known human to have parachuted through a cumulonimbus tower and lived to tell about it.

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Every Cavendish is genetically identical, possessing the same pleasant taste (which is somewhat lacking in more subtle flavours according to banana aficionados). They also all share the same potential for yellow curvaceousness and the same susceptibility to disease. As the 20th century progressed, commercial growers found themselves in a desperate race against time, making doomed attempts to establish new plantations in disease-free areas of rainforest before the fungus arrived. In the 1950s the Vietnamese Cavendish came to the rescue. Banana companies delayed switching from Big Mike for as long as possible due to the necessary changes in growing, storage, and ripening infrastructure, and many producers teetered on the edge of bankruptcy. As Big Mike started pushing up daisies, banana plantations frantically reconfigured, and by the mid 1960s the changeover was largely complete. The distinct—and now extinct—taste of Big Mike was quickly lost to the fickle public memory. Cavendish was king. Although banana plants are clones, very occasionally they can be persuaded to produce seeds through a painstaking process of hand pollination. Only one fruit in three hundred will produce a seed, and of these seeds only one in three will have the correct chromosomal configuration to allow germination. The seeds are laboriously extracted by straining tons of mashed fruit through fine meshes. Honduras engages large squads of banana sex workers for this.

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Another fruit subject to such human-assisted reproduction is the ubiquitous navel orange. It, too, was the result of a serendipitous mutation, this one from an orange tree in Brazil in the mid-1800s. Each orange on this particular tree was found to have a tiny, underdeveloped twin sharing its skin, causing a navel-like formation opposite the stem. These strange siamese citruses were much sweeter than the fruit of their parent trees, and delightfully seedless. Since the new tree was unable to reproduce naturally, caretakers amputated some of its limbs and grafted them onto other citrus trees to produce more of the desirable fruit. Even today navel oranges are produced through such botanical surgery, and all of the navel oranges everywhere are direct descendants—essentially genetic clones—of those from that original tree.

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https://www.damninteresting.com/the-wrath-of-the-killdozer/

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Although Dr Aldrin’s massive vehicles would need an initial thrust to insert into the sweet spot, only occasional coaxing would be necessary to maintain the rhythmic encounters. The first human passengers would clamber aboard a small, fuel-efficient rocket ship and intercept Cycler Alpha during one of its regular Earth flybys. Onboard the space-station-like Cycler, the travelers would have a five-month trip to Mars. When Mars looms large in the viewport, the crew would then disembark using the “taxi” which brought them to the Cycler from Earth. Meanwhile the Cycler would pilfer some momentum from Mars to increase its own speed; this results in a negligible loss to the planet’s orbital velocity, but a substantial gain for the spacecraft. Fortunately this exchange is in accordance with the law of conservation of momentum, therefore Sir Isaac Newton’s body can remain at rest. After releasing the taxi and passing the planet, the unattended Cycler would start its lonely twenty-one-month trip back to Earth. Several months later, when the time comes to depart, the travelers will refuel their short-sprint space taxi and blast back into orbit to dock with the passing Cycler Omega. This sister Cycler shares the same trajectory shape as Alpha, but with a complimentary route that puts the journey from Mars to Earth on the short leg of the orbit. Within five months of leaving Mars, the members of the first manned-and-womanned Mars mission would return home to a tempest of ticker tape and talk shows. Cycler Omega, in the meantime, would be en route to another Martian rendezvous.

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Incongruence Theory Stress-Relief Theory Social-Lubrication Theory Incongruence Theory: According to this theory, the endorphin payoff encourages brains to seek out and store alternate logical patterns, such as those revealed in jokes, puns, syllable-transposing spoonerisms (“bowel feast” instead of “foul beast”), and Freudian sluts. Each of these self-corrections improves the mind’s ability to predict the immediate future, and laughing aloud encourages other members of the social group to take note of the unexpected congruence. Once the new pattern is incorporated into the psyche, subsequent exposures to similar patterns will not be surprising, which explains why jokes are only funny the first time around. The importance of timing in humor can also be deduced in this model, since the mind needs a moment to process the setup, but should not be given sufficient time to resolve the incongruence on its own. Another aspect of the incongruence theory is that humor is a demonstration of one’s intelligence and problem-solving proficiency, and therefore it plays a role in social order. Individuals compete by actively seeking out humorous things and distributing them among their tribes. Stress-Relief Theory: The biological origin of laughter is a shared expression of relief at the passing of danger. In his model, endorphins serve to inhibit the biological fight-or-flight response, as well as promoting bonding among a group which works together to solve a problem or escape a stressful situation. The vocalizations send a message that the risk of danger has passed. According to this stress-centric theory, a joke is funny when the setup creates a psychological crisis of interpretation, and the punchline reveals that there is no real threat. Social-Lubrication Theory: Conversational laughter seldom interrupts sentence structure, instead punctuating speech when one would normally pause or breathe. Speakers were also seen laughing more often than their audiences— about 46% more often when the speaker was male, and 126% more with females. The human brain, it seems, capitalizes on the bonding element of laughter to reflexively lubricate everyday communication. Within a nondescript university laboratory, a neurobiologist reads aloud from her list of prepared phrases. In the adjoining room, a volunteer listens attentively with a collection of colorful wires trailing from his head. The needles on the electroencephalograph (EEG) flutter with each utterance, but most of the phrases prompt little discernible reaction from the testee. Among the long list of experimental sentences, however, a few provoke a peculiar response. The volunteer’s face muscles contract, and his body begins to convulse. His breathing becomes spasmodic, and he makes a series of involuntary, repeated vocalizations. For one informative moment, the EEG’s mechanical scribblings flap rapidly from margin to margin, providing a nugget of neurological gold. The affliction under study is surprisingly common among humans. Though the episodes are usually transitory, they will occasionally erupt as intense, prolonged outbursts where bodily fluid containment is placed in jeopardy as the hapless victim collapses into a moist, quivering, rhythmically-vocalizing mass. Alarmingly, the phenomenon is highly contagious, and in extreme cases, it can even lead to death. Taken together, these remarkable bizarre symptoms are known as laughter, and although it is universal among human races and cultures, its processes and purpose are not yet fully understood

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World War I Causes of WW1 There were many factors that led up to the start of World War I in Europe. A lot of these factors were rooted in the deep history of the old powers of Europe including Russia, Germany, France, Italy, Austria, Hungary, and Britain. The real causes of World War I included politics, secret alliances, imperialism, and nationalistic pride. However, there was one single event, the assassination of Archduke Ferdinand of Austria, which started a chain of events leading to war. Alliances and Politics In the years leading up to the war, the nations of Europe were constantly jockeying for power and making alliances. Germany made an alliance with Austria-Hungary and Italy in 1881. These countries all agreed to protect each other in the event they were attacked by France. However, Italy then went and made a secret alliance with France saying they would not aide Germany. In response to Germany's alliances, France and Russia established an alliance in 1892. In 1904, Britain and France signed an agreement. The Triple Entente was formed between France, Britain, and Russia in 1907. Germany felt that this powerful alliance surrounding them posed a real threat to their existence and power in the region. Imperialism Imperialism is when a country expands its influence and power into a large empire. Some European countries, such as France and Britain, had created large worldwide empires and had become very rich. Other European countries, such as Russia and Germany, wanted to create their own vast empires. This caused competition and conflict between many of the countries throughout the world. Europe Ready for War In 1914, the situation in Europe was tense. Secret alliances, internal politics, and the desire to grow empires had built up distrust and dislike between many of the European powers. All it would take was one international event and Europe would be at war. Assassination of Archduke Ferdinand On June 28, 1914, Archduke Franz Ferdinand, heir to the throne of Austria-Hungary, was assassinated in Sarajevo. The Austria government believed that the assassination was organized by the Serbian government. They also saw this as an opportunity to regain control of Serbia. Austria-Hungary Declares War Austria-Hungary issued a number of harsh demands on Serbia, threatening to invade if Serbia did not comply. They gave them 48 hours to respond. When Serbia's response fell short of the demands, Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia on July 28. More Declarations of War Austria-Hungary had hoped they could quickly take over Serbia and that Serbia's ally, Russia, would not risk a major war in order to help Serbia. However, they figured wrong. Russia immediately began to mobilize its troops and prepare for war. In response, Germany, Austria-Hungary's close ally, declared war on Russia on August 1st. A few days later, Germany declared war on France and invaded Belgium. Britain then declared war on Germany and World War I had begun. Who was to blame? Historians over the years have tried to figure out who was really to blame for starting the war. Many historians today agree that Germany wanted to start the war. The German leaders felt that they were being surrounded by enemies (France, Russia) and that war was going to happen eventually. They felt that the sooner the war occurred, the better chance Germany had to win. Interesting Facts about the Causes of World War I - Germany quickly attacked France, hoping to conquer France in the west before they had to fight the Russian army in the east. - Throughout the late 1800s and early 1900s the major powers in Europe had been building up their armies and navies in an arms race. - At the beginning, both sides believed that the war would be over before the end of the year. - The British had the largest empire which included India, Australia, Canada, and much of Africa. - The United States was neutral at the start of the war and hoped to stay out of the war.

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World War I Sinking of the Lusitania The sinking of the Lusitania was an important event in World War I. The death of so many innocent civilians at the hands of the Germans galvanized American support for entering the war, which eventually turned the tide in favor of the Allies. What was the Lusitania? The Lusitania was a British luxury cruise ship. At one point in 1907, it held the title as the largest ship in the world. It mostly traveled across the Atlantic Ocean between Britain and the United States carrying passengers and cargo. The ship was 787 feet long and could carry 3,048 passengers and crew. The first class dining room in the Lusitania The dining room in the Lusitania Photo by Unknown Leading up to the Attack World War I had begun in 1914. On the western front, the British and the French were fighting against the advancing Germans. New supplies for the war effort were transported using shipping lanes around Britain. At first, the Germans tried to gain control of the shipping lanes using their navy, but the British managed to keep the German navy in check. The situation in the waters around Britain changed as the Germans began to use submarines to attack ships. They called their submarines "Unterseeboots" or "undersea boats". This name was shortened to U-boats. On February 4, 1915, the Germans declared the seas around Britain a war zone and said they would attack any Allied ship that entered the region. Advertisement The Lusitania Departs Despite the German warning, the Lusitania departed from New York on May 1, 1915 on its way to Liverpool, England. The German Embassy even took out an advertisement in many of the US papers warning people that the ship may be attacked when it entered British waters. It seems that many people didn't really believe that the Germans would attack a luxury cruise ship because 1,959 people boarded the ship, including 159 Americans. The Germans Attack On May 7, 1915 the Lusitania was approaching the coast of Ireland. The voyage was almost over, but it had reached its most dangerous point. It was soon spotted by the German u-boat U-20. The u-boat moved in to attack and fired a torpedo. A lookout on the Lusitania spotted the wake of the torpedo, but it was too late. The torpedo made a direct hit on the side of the ship and a huge explosion was felt throughout the ship. Lusitania sinking Doomed Lusitania from The Sphere magazine The Lusitania Sinks The Lusitania immediately began to sink. The captain of the Lusitania, Captain William Turner, ordered that the ship head for the Irish coast, but it was no use. Within a few minutes the captain gave the order to abandon ship. Many people had difficulty in getting off the ship because it was tilted so far to the side and sinking so fast. Within twenty minutes of being struck, the Lusitania had sunk. Of the 1,959 people on board, only 761 survived and 1,198 were killed. Advertisement Results The killing of so many innocent people by the German u-boat caused outrage in many countries of the world. Support for the Allies against Germany grew in many countries including the United States, who later joined the Allies in the war against Germany. Interesting Facts about the Sinking of the Lusitania The captain of the Lusitania had shut down one of the ships boilers to save costs. This reduced the speed of the ship and may have made it more vulnerable to torpedo attack. The phrase "Remember the Lusitania" was used as a battle cry both by Allied soldiers and on posters used to recruit new soldiers to the army. The Germans claimed that sinking the Lusitania was justified in a war zone because its cargo included ammunition and shell casings to be used in the war. Of the 159 Americans on board the ship, only 31 survived. Several children who were on board died as well

Answer 75

World War I Battle of Tannenberg The Battle of Tannenberg was one of the first major battles of World War I. It took place from August 23 - 30 in 1914. It was a resounding victory for the German army and proved that they could defeat larger armies through superior tactics and training. Why was it called the Battle of Tannenberg? The battle actually took place closer to the city of Allenstein than to Tannenberg, but the victorious German command decided to call it the Battle of Tannenberg for propaganda reasons. During the Middle Ages the German Teutonic Knights had been defeated at Tannenberg. By naming this victory after the city, they thought that the people would see this as a return of Germany to power. Who fought at the Battle of Tannenberg? The Battle of Tannenberg was fought between the German Eighth Army and the Russian Second Army. There were around 166,000 German soldiers and 206,000 Russian soldiers. Who were the leaders on each side? The leaders of the Russian Army were Alexander Samsonov (commander of the Second Army) and Paul von Rennenkampf (commander of the First Army). Samsonov killed himself when he realized he had lost the battle. Rennenkampf was largely responsible for the Russian defeat because he did not coordinate his movements with Samsonov, leaving Samsonov to fight the Germans alone. The leaders of the German Army were Paul von Hindenburg, Erich Ludendorff, and Max Hoffman. It was Colonel Max Hoffman who proposed the risky battle plans that helped the Germans to win the battle. Advertisement Leading up to the Battle Before the battle, the Russian Army was invading eastern Germany with some success. The Second Army was attacking to the south-east while the First Army attacked to the north. The plan was to encircle and destroy the German Eighth Army. However, the First Army, under the command of General Rennenkampf, decided to pause for a few days. This left the Second Army exposed. The Battle The Germans decided to take all their soldiers and attack the Russian Second Army. This left them very exposed to an attack from the north, but they decided to take the risk. They used trains to transport troops very quickly around the region. The Germans concentrated all their forces in one area and attacked the Russian Second Army on the left flank. The Germans soundly defeated the Russians and soon the Russian Second Army was in retreat. The Germans pursued the Russian Second Army and completely destroyed it. Out of the 206,000 Russian soldiers, around 50,000 were killed or wounded. Another 100,000 were taken prisoner. Results After defeating the Second Army, the Germans turned to the Russian First Army and were able to drive them from German lands. Although the Russian Army was not completely defeated, they never entered German lands again in World War I. Interesting Facts about the Battle of Tannenberg The Russians had to use unencrypted radio transmissions to communicate. These were easily intercepted by the Germans allowing the Germans to know exactly what the Russians were planning. The Germans were well aware that the two Russian generals did not like each other. Germany also sent soldiers from the western front to help fight the Russians. This likely contributed to their failure to take over France. Although the plan to defeat the Russians was Colonel Hoffmann's, it was Generals Hindenburg and Ludendorff who were considered heroes by the German press. The land where the battle was fought is today part of Poland. The city of Allenstein is called Olsztyn.

Answer 76

World War I First Battle of the Marne There were two major battles fought by the Marne River near Paris, France. This article discusses the first battle fought in 1914 between September 5th and the 12th. The Second Battle of the Marne was fought four years later in 1918 between July 15th and August 6th. Who fought in the First Battle of the Marne? The First Battle of the Marne was fought between Germany and the allies of France and Britain. There were over 1,400,000 German soldiers under the leadership of General Helmuth von Moltke. The French and British had just over 1,000,000 soldiers including six French armies and one British army. The French were led by General Joseph Joffre and the British by General John French. Map of the First Battle of the Marne Map of the First Battle of the Marne from the US Army (Click the map for a larger view) Leading up to the Battle World War I had begun about one month before the battle. During that time, Germany had been steadily gaining ground and winning the majority of the battles. They had advanced through Belgium and were marching through France. The speed of the German attack was all part of a war strategy called the Schlieffen Plan. Germany hoped to conquer France and Western Europe before the Russians could muster their army and attack from the east. This way Germany would only have to fight at war on one front at a time. As the Germans approached Paris, the Allies of Britain and France decided to give an all out effort to stop the advance of the Germany army. This fight became known as the First Battle of the Marne. The Battle It was French General Joseph Joffre who decided that it was time for the Allies to counterattack the Germans. At first, British leader Sir John French said his men were too tired from the retreat to attack. However, British war minister, Lord Kitchener, convinced him to join with General Joffre in the attack. WW1 Soldiers by Unknown Soldiers charging into battle by Unknown As the Germans advanced, their armies became strung out and a large gap grew between the First and Second German armies. The Allies took advantage of this gap and charged between the two armies splitting the German forces. Then they attacked from all sides confusing the Germans. After a few days of fighting, the Germans were forced to retreat. They retreated back to Aisne River in northern France. Here they built long lines of trenches and managed to hold off the Allied army. They would hold this position for the next four years. Results The armies on both sides of the First Battle of the Marne suffered heavy casualties. The Allies had around 263,000 soldiers wounded including 81,000 that died. Around 220,000 Germans were injured or killed. The battle was considered a major victory, however, for the Allies. By holding off the German army, they had forced Germany to fight the war on two fronts. As the Russians began to attack from the east, German forces had to be diverted to the east while still trying to hold off the French and the British in the west. Taxis from Paris were used to transport troops quickly Interesting Facts about the First Battle of the Marne The French used taxis in Paris to help move troops quickly around the battlefield. These taxis became known as the "taxis of the Marne" and became a symbol of France's will to win the war. This was the first major battle where reconnaissance planes were used to discover enemy military positions. This played a key role in helping the allies position troops and win the battle. The German forces were exhausted by the time they reached Paris. Some of the soldiers had marched over 150 miles. More than two million soldiers fought in the battle with over half a million wounded or killed.

Answer 77

World War I Battle of the Somme The Battle of the Somme was one of the largest battles that occurred during World War I. It took place near the Somme River in France and lasted from July 1 to November 18 in 1916. Who fought at the Battle of the Somme? The battle was fought between the Allies (British and French) on one side and the German Empire on the other. Many of the British soldiers saw their first fighting at the Battle of the Somme. They were part of a volunteer army called Kitchener's Army because they were recruited by Lord Kitchener. Groups within the army were called Pal's battalions because the volunteers were guaranteed to be placed in battalions with their friends and neighbors. WW! troops in trenches Troops attacking from the trenches Source: Library and Archives Canada Who were the leaders? The British were led by Commander-in-Chief Sir Douglas Haig. Other Allied leaders included French General Ferdinand Foch and British General Henry Rawlinson. The German commanders included General Rupprecht (the Crown Prince of Bavaria), General Max von Gallwitz, and General Fritz von Below. Advertisement Leading up to the Battle For nearly two years since the First Battle of the Marne, the two sides had been engaged in trench warfare along the western front. The front had hardly moved. The British and French were planning a major offensive attack at the Somme in hopes of breaking the stalemate and pushing the Germans out of France. However, their plans were changed when the Germans went on the offensive and attacked the French at the Battle of Verdun. French troops were sent to Verdun to hold off the Germans. The French also demanded that the British push up the attack at the Somme from August 1st to July 1st in hopes that German forces would be diverted from Verdun to the Somme. British Tank Tanks were first used at the Battle of the Somme Photo by Ernest Brooks Artillery Barrage Before the actual attack, the Allies began by bombarding the German lines. They believed that this bombardment would destroy the front lines of the German trenches allowing the soldiers to walk in and take over. They bombarded the Germans constantly for eight straight days with 3,000 guns. They fired over 1,600,000 shells. However, the Germans were warned of the bombardment. They took shelter and waited. Little real damage was done to the German fortifications and many of the British shells were duds and never even exploded. The Battle The Allied commanders refused to take warning that the bombardment didn't work. After eight days, on July 1, 1916, they ordered the attack. Thousands of British soldiers got out of their trenches and began to advance on the German lines. They were easily gunned down by the Germans. It was the worst day in the history of British warfare. They suffered around 60,000 casualties including 20,000 dead on that first day of battle. Despite the heavy casualties, the Allies continued to attack. They didn't let up on the attack until November 18. During that time they gained around seven miles of territory, but suffered around 623,000 casualties including 423,000 British and 200,000 French. The Germans had around 500,000 casualties. With over 1,000,000 total casualties on each side, the Battle of the Somme was one of the bloodiest battles in human history. Map of the Battle of the Somme by Unknown Battle of the Somme Map. Author unknown. (Click map for larger view) Results Historians today dispute the impact of the battle. Some say that British Commander Haig wasted men and resources in a flawed battle plan. Others say that he had no choice but to move ahead with the attack in order to relieve the French at the Battle of Verdun. Advertisement Interesting Facts about the Battle of the Somme Because many men from the same town were grouped together in the British Pal's battalions, when a battalion was wiped out, often this meant that all the men from a given town in Britain were killed. The first tanks to engage in battle were at the Battle of the Somme. The British commanders were so confident the German defenses were destroyed that they loaded down the attacking soldiers with supplies and ordered them to walk. These soldiers were quickly gunned down. The Allies lost around 89,000 men per mile of territory gained. The attack ended in November mostly due to heavy snow in the region. Activities

Answer 78

World War I Timeline 1914 June 28 - Archduke Franz Ferdinand, prince to the Austria-Hungary throne, is assassinated in Sarajevo by a Serbian named Gavrilo Princip. July 23 - Austria-Hungary makes demands on Serbia for retribution. Serbia does not meet demands. July 28 - Austria-Hungary declares war on Serbia. Russia begins mobilizing its troops. August 1 - Germany declares war on Russia. August 3 - Germany declares war on France as part of the Schlieffen Plan. August 4 - Germany invades Belgium. Britain declares war on Germany. August 23 to 30 - The Battle of Tannenberg is fought between Germany and Russia. The Germans defeat the Russian Second Army. September 5 to 12 - The advancing German army is stopped before Paris by the British and French at the First Battle of the Marne. The Germans dig in and four years of trench warfare begins. October 19 to November 22 - The Allies defeat the Germans at the First Battle of Ypres. November 2 - The British begin a naval blockade of Germany. Advertisement November 11 - The Ottoman Empire declares war on the Allies. December 24 - An unofficial truce is declared between the two sides at Christmas. 1915 February 4 - The Germans begin to use submarines against Allied merchant ships around the island of Britain. April 25 - The Allies attack the Ottoman Empire at the Battle of Gallipoli. This campaign will last over eight months and will end as a victory for the Ottomans and the retreat of the Allies. May 7 - The Lusitania, a luxury British passenger ship, is sunk by a German submarine. 1,195 civilians were killed. This act sparks international outrage and contributes to the United States joining the war against Germany. October 14 - Bulgaria enters the war by declaring war on Serbia. 1916 February 21 - The Battle of Verdun begins between France and Germany. This battle will last until December of 1916 and will finally result in a French victory. May 31 - The largest naval battle of the war, the Battle of Jutland, is fought between Britain and Germany in the North Sea. July 1 - The Battle of the Somme begins. Over 1 million soldiers will be wounded or killed. 1917 January 19 - The British intercept the Zimmerman Telegram in which Germany tries to convince Mexico to join the war. This will result in the United States declaring war on Germany. March 8 - The Russian Revolution begins. Tsar Nicholas II is removed from power on March 15. April 6 - The United States enters the war, declaring war on Germany. November 7 - The Bolsheviks, led by Vladimir Lenin, overthrow the Russian government. December 17 - The Russians agree to peace with the Central powers and leave the war. Advertisement 1918 January 8 - President Woodrow Wilson issues his "Fourteen Points" for peace and an end to the war. March 21 - Germany launches the Spring Offensive hoping to defeat the Allies before reinforcements from the United States can be deployed. July 15 - The Second Battle of the Marne begins. This battle will end on August 6 as a decisive victory for the Allies. November 11 - Germany agrees to an armistice and the fighting comes to an end at 11am on the 11th day of the 11th month. 1919 June 28 - The Treaty of Versailles is signed by Germany and World War I comes to an end. Learn More about World War I: ``` Overview: World War I Timeline Causes of World War I Allied Powers Central Powers The U.S. in World War I Trench Warfare Battles and Events: Assassination of Archduke Ferdinand Sinking of the Lusitania Battle of Tannenberg First Battle of the Marne Battle of the Somme Russian Revolution Leaders: David Lloyd George Kaiser Wilhelm II Red Baron Tsar Nicholas II Vladimir Lenin Woodrow Wilson Other: Aviation in WWI Christmas Truce Wilson's Fourteen Points WWI Changes in Modern Warfare Post-WWI and Treaties Glossary and Terms Works Cited ```

Answer 79

World War I Aviation and Aircraft of WWI World War I was the first major war where airplanes were used as a significant part of the military. The airplane was invented by the Wright Brothers in 1903, just 11 years before the start of World War I. When the war first began, aircraft played a small role in warfare, but, by the end of the war, the air force had become an important branch of the armed forces. German fighter planes lined up WW1 German Albatros by a German official photographer German fighter planes lined up for takeoff Reconnaissance The first use of airplanes in World War I was for reconnaissance. The airplanes would fly above the battlefield and determine the enemy's movements and position. One of the first major contributions of airplanes in the war was at the First Battle of the Marne where Allied reconnaissance planes spotted a gap in the German lines. The Allies attacked this gap and were able to split the German armies and drive them back. Bombings As the war progressed, both sides began to use aircraft to drop bombs on strategic enemy locations. The first planes used for bombings could only carry small bombs and were very vulnerable to attack from the ground. By the end of the war, faster long-range bombers were built that could carry a much larger weight of bombs. Machine Guns and Dogfights With more planes taking to the skies, enemy pilots began to fight each other in the air. At first, they tried throwing grenades at each other or shooting with rifles and pistols. This didn't work very well. Advertisement Pilots soon found that the best way to shoot down an enemy plane was with a mounted machine gun. However, if the machine gun was mounted at the front of the plane, the propeller would get in the way of the bullets. An invention called an "interrupter" was invented by the Germans that allowed the machine gun to be synchronized with the propeller. Soon all fighter planes used this invention. With mounted machine guns, pilots often fought enemy pilots in the air. These fights in the air were called dogfights. The best of the pilots became famous and were nicknamed "aces." RAF Sopwith Camel by Unknown The British Sopwith Camel fighter plane Types of WWI Aircraft Each side used a number of different airplanes throughout the war. Constant improvements were made in the design of the planes as the war progressed. Bristol Type 22 - British two-seater fighter plane. Fokker Eindecker - Single-seat German fighter plane. The Fokker was perhaps the most famous fighter plane during WWI as it introduced the synchronized machine gun and provided Germany with air superiority for a period of time during the war. Siemens-Schuckert - Single-seat German fighter plane. Sopwith Camel - Single-seat British fighter plane. Handley Page 0/400 - Long range British bomber. Gotha G V - Long range German bomber. WWI Airplane Markings When the war first started, the planes were just regular planes without any military markings. Unfortunately, ground troops would try to shoot down any plane they saw and sometimes shot down their own plane. Eventually, countries began to mark their planes under the wing so that they could be identified from the ground. Here are some of the markings used during the war. British French German American Italian Airships Floating airships were also used during World War I for both reconnaissance and bombings. Germany, France, and Italy all used airships. The Germans made the most use of airships, using them extensively in bombing campaigns over Britain. Airships were often used in naval battles as well. Advertisement Famous WWI Fighter Pilots The best fighter pilots in World War I were called "aces." Every time a fighter pilot shot down another plane, he claimed a "victory." Aces kept track of their victories and became heroes in their respective countries. Here are a few of the most decorated and famous fighter pilots. Manfred von Richthofen: German, 80 victories. Also known as the Red Baron. Ernst Udet: German, 62 victories. Famous for using a parachute to survive getting shot down. Werner Voss: German, 48 victories. Edward Mannock: British, 73 victories. The most victories of any British ace. William A. Bishop: British, 72 victories. Rene Fonck: French, 75 victories. The most victories of any Allied ace. Georges Guynemer: French, 53 victories. Eddie Rickenbacker: American, 26 victories. The most victories of any American ace. Interesting Facts about the Aviation and Aircraft of WWI The Fokker Eindecker airplane became known as the Fokker Scourge when it was first used against the Allies by the Germans. The Germans called their airships Zeppelin's after their builder Count Ferdinand von Zeppelin. The first aircraft carriers were constructed during World War I. The first time a carrier-based airplane attacked a land target was in July of 1918 near the end of the war. The planes used in WWI were much slower than the planes used today. Top speeds were usually just over 100 miles per hour. The Handley Page bomber topped out at about 97 miles per hour

Answer 80

World War I Christmas Truce The Christmas Truce of 1914 is one of the most interesting events that occurred during World War I. In the midst of war and fighting, soldiers along the western front stopped fighting in an unofficial cease fire on Christmas. British and German soldiers meeting on Christmas Christmas Truce by Harold B. Robson Where did the truce take place? The truce took place along the western front in France where the Germans were fighting both the British and the French. Since it wasn't an official cease fire, the truce was different along different points of the front. In some places, the soldiers continued to fight, but in many areas they stopped fighting and agreed to a temporary truce. What did the soldiers do? All along the western front, the soldiers behaved differently. It probably depended on what their local commander allowed them to do. In some areas, the soldiers just stopped fighting for the day. In other areas, they agreed to let each other recover their dead. However, at some points along the front, it almost appeared like the war was over. Soldiers from each side met and talked to each other. They gave each other gifts, shared food, sang Christmas carols, and even played games of soccer with each other. Advertisement How did it start? In many areas, the truce began when German troops began to light candles and sing Christmas Carols. Soon British troops across the lines began to join in or sing their own carols. Brave soldiers began to make their way into the area between the two lines called "No Man's Land." They met up with enemy soldiers to exchange gifts and souvenirs. Response Some of the generals and leaders didn't want the soldiers to engage in the unofficial truce. Orders came down from the commanders on both sides that the soldiers should not "fraternize" or communicate with the enemy. The generals were afraid that this would cause the soldiers to be less aggressive in future engagements. In future years of the war, truces at Christmas were much more guarded and had basically stopped by 1917. Fun Facts about the Christmas Truce In an attempt to stop the truces and communication with the German soldiers, British High Command issued a warning to officers that the Germans were going to attack on Christmas. At Christmas, British troops received a gift from Princess Mary, the daughter of King George V. It contained cigarettes, tobacco, a picture of Mary, pencils, and some chocolates. Songs sung by the soldiers included O Come All Ye Faithful, The First Noel, Auld Lang Syne, and While Shepherds Watched Their Flocks at Night. There is a Christmas Truce Memorial located in Frelinghien, France. The Christmas Truce has been portrayed in many movies and plays over the years. It has also been the inspiration for many songs.

Answer 81

``` Displacement: 100,000 t Length: 333 m Speed: 30 knots Crew: Ship's company: 3,200 Air wing: 2,480 Cost: $8.5B In Service: 10+1 Nimitz -> Gerald R. Ford (2017) ``` The power and operational flexibility of a carrier lie in the aircraft of its carrier air wing. Made up of both fixed-wing and rotary-wing aircraft, a carrier air wing is able to perform over 150 strike missions at once, hitting over 700 targets a day.[6] Carrier air wings also protect friendly forces, conduct electronic warfare, assist in special operations, and carry out search and rescue missions. The carriers themselves, in addition to enabling airborne operations, serve as command platforms for large battle groups or multinational task forces.

Answer 82

``` Displacement: 9800 t Length: 173 m Speed: 32 knots Crew: 400 Cost: $1B In Service: 22 -> 0 (now replaced by Destroyers) Ticonderoga class (1983) ``` Smaller than a capital ship but larger than a destroyer. In the later 20th century, the obsolescence of the battleship left the cruiser as the largest and most powerful surface combatant (excluding aircraft carriers). The role of the cruiser varied according to ship and navy, often including air defense, commerce raiding, and shore bombardment. The U.S. Navy in the Cold War period built guided-missile cruisers primarily designed to provide air defense. 25

Answer 83

``` Displacement: t Length: feet (m) Speed: knots Crew: Cost: $ In Service: 33 ``` Amphibious assault ships (also referred to as a commando carrier or an amphibious assault carrier) are a type of amphibious warfare ship employed to land and support ground forces on enemy territory by an amphibious assault. 8+1 Amphibious command (capital) ships 2 Amphibious transport docks, also called "landing platform dock" (LPD), is an amphibious warfare ship, a warship that embarks, transports, and lands elements of a landing force for expeditionary warfare missions 10 Dock landing ships (also called landing ship, dock or LSD) is an amphibious warfare ship with a well dock to transport and launch landing craft and amphibious vehicles. 8+4 33 total ``` Displacement: in t Length: in m Speed: in knots Crew: Cost: In Service: Class Name: ```

Answer 84

Displacement: 8-9,000 t Length: 155 m (large, replacing Cruisers) Speed: 30 knots Crew: 276 Cost: $1.8B In Service: 64 + (1-3) Arleigh Burke (1991) -> Zumwalt (2016) -> AB III (2019) Destroyers are fast maneuverable long-endurance warships intended to escort larger vessels in a fleet, convoy or battle group and defend them against smaller powerful short-range attackers. At the start of the 21st century, destroyers are the heaviest surface combatant ships in general use, with only three nations (United States, Russia, and Peru) operating the heavier class cruisers, with no battleships or true battlecruisers remaining. Modern destroyers, also known as guided missile destroyers, are equivalent in tonnage but vastly superior in firepower to cruisers of the World War II era, capable of carrying nuclear tipped cruise missiles. Guided missile destroyers such as the Arleigh Burke class are actually larger and more heavily armed than most previous ships classified as guided missile cruisers, due to their massive size at 510 feet (160 m) long, displacement (9200 tons) and armament of over 90 missiles.

Answer 85

Frigates (according to the modern classification of U.S. navy warships) are smaller ships than destroyers. They are designed primarily to protect other ships (such as merchant convoys), and perform some Anti-Submarine Warfare duties. They are cheaper but of more limited capability than destroyers. The last active class of frigates in the US Navy was the Oliver Hazard Perry class, decommissioned in September 2015, leaving the navy no active frigates. Being replaced by Littoral Combat Ships (soon to be called again Frigates)

Answer 86

``` Displacement: 3,500 t Length: 115 m Speed: 47 knots Crew: 50 core crew Cost: $362M In Service: 11 - 40 planned Freedom, Independence (trimaran) ``` Littoral combat ships (LCS) are a class of relatively small surface vessels intended for operations in the littoral zone (close to shore) by the United States Navy. It was "envisioned to be a networked, agile, stealthy surface combatant capable of defeating anti-access and asymmetric threats in the littorals." The Freedom class and the Independence class are the first two LCS variants. Both are slightly smaller than the U.S. Navy's guided missile frigates and have been likened to corvettes. They have the capabilities of a small assault transport, including a flight deck and hangar for housing two SH-60 or MH-60 Seahawk helicopters, a stern ramp for operating small boats, and the cargo volume and payload to deliver a small assault force with fighting vehicles to a roll-on/roll-off port facility. Standard armaments include Mk 110 57 mm guns and RIM-116 Rolling Airframe Missiles. They are also equipped with autonomous air, surface, and underwater vehicles. Possessing lower air defense and surface warfare capabilities than destroyers, the LCS concept emphasizes speed, flexible mission modules and a shallow draft. The first littoral combat ship, USS Freedom, was commissioned on 8 November 2008 in Veteran's Park, Milwaukee, Wisconsin. The second ship, and first of the trimaran design, USS Independence, was commissioned on 16 January 2010. It was announced in January 2015 that future and retrofitted versions of these two classes will be re-classified as frigates. The navy has currently built and/or planned out to 24 of a total of 52 ships.

Answer 87

``` Displacement: 16,764 tonnes Length: 170 m Speed: 25 knots Crew: 165 Cost: $2.8B In Service: 18 -> 10 Ohio -> Columbia (2021) ``` Submarines are watercraft capable of independent operation underwater. There are currently two types; attack and ballistic. "Ballistic submarines" (SSBN) primarily have the single strategic mission of nuclear deterrence by being hidden launching-platforms for nuclear ICBMs. However, some of these boats have been converted to (SSGN) and launch standard cruise missiles. ``` Ohio class (ballistic missile submarines: 14 in active service of 18 planned) (Ohio class converted to guided missile submarines: 4 in active service ```

Answer 88

``` Displacement: 7,800 t Length: 115 m Speed: 25+ knots Crew: 135 Cost: $2.7B In Service: 35+15 Los Angeles -> Virginia (2004) ``` "Attack submarines" (SSN) have tactical missions, including controlling naval and shipping activity, serving as cruise missile-launching platforms, and intelligence-gathering. ``` 53 total Los Angeles class (35 in active service, 27 retired) Seawolf class (3 in active service) Virginia class (15 in active service of 48 planned) ```

Answer 89

``` Displacement: 331t Length: 55m Speed: 35 knots Crew: 28 Cost: $ In Service: 14 (being phased out or replaced by LCS) Cyclone (1993) ``` Patrol ships are relatively small naval vessels generally designed for coastal defense duties. There have been many designs for patrol boats. They may be operated by a nation's navy, coast guard, police force or customs and may be intended for marine (blue water) and/or estuarine or river ("brown water") environments. They are commonly found engaged in various border protection roles, including anti-smuggling, anti-piracy, fisheries patrols, and immigration law enforcement. They are also often called upon to participate in rescue operations. These ships also provide full mission support for U.S. Navy SEALs and other special operations forces.

Answer 90

Mine countermeasures vessels or MCMV are a type of naval ship designed for the location of and destruction of naval mines which combines the role of a minesweeper and minehunter in one hull. The term MCMV is also applied collectively to minehunters and minesweepers. A "minesweeper" is a small naval warship designed to engage in minesweeping. Using various mechanisms intended to counter the threat posed by naval mines, waterways are maintained clear for safe shipping. A "minehunter" is a naval vessel that actively detects and destroys individual naval mines. Avenger class (11 of 14 in active service, 2 decommissioned

Answer 91

``` Carrier 100,000 t Ballistic Sub 16,000 t Cruiser 9,800 t Destroyer 9,000 t (replacing cruisers) Attack Sub 7,800 t Frigate LCS 3,500 t Patrol 330 t ```

Answer 92

``` Carrier 333m Cruiser 173m Ballistic Subs 170m Destroyer 155m (replacing cruisers) Frigate 155m Attack Subs 115m Patrol 55m ```

Answer 93

``` Carrier 3,200 + Air wing: 2,500 Cruiser 400 Destroyer 276 Ballistic Subs 165 Attack Subs Subs 135 Frigate (Littoral CS) 50 Patrol 38 ```

Answer 94

``` Carrier $8.5B Ballistic Subs $2.8B Attack Subs Subs $2.7B Cruiser $1B (being phased out) Destroyer $1.8B Frigate (Littoral CS) $362M Patrol ```

Answer 95

``` Frigate (Littoral CS) 47 knots Patrol 35 knots Cruisers 32 knots Destroyer 30 knots Carrier 30 knots Attack Sub 25+ knots Ballistic Sub 25 knots ```

Answer 96

``` Carrier 10+1 Ballistic Subs 14 -> 10 Attack Subs Subs 53 Cruiser 25 -> 0 eventually Destroyer 64+3 -> +42 Frigate 9->50 Patrol 14->0 ```

Answer 97

``` 1 Carrier (65-70 aircraft) 2 Cruisers 3 Destroyers 1-2 Attack Subs 1 Tanker/Supply Ship ``` A U.S. Navy carrier strike group typically includes: A supercarrier, which is the centerpiece of the strike group and also serves as the flagship for the CSG Commander and respective staff. The carrier is commanded by an aviation community captain. A carrier air wing (CVW) typically consisting of up to nine squadrons. Carrier air wings are commanded by an aviation community captain (or occasionally a Marine colonel). One or two Aegis guided missile cruisers (CG) of the Ticonderoga class—a multi-mission surface combatant, equipped with BGM-109 Tomahawk missiles for long-range strike capability, each commanded by a surface community captain. A destroyer squadron (DESRON) commanded by a surface community captain (O-6) who commands the escort destroyers, with two to three guided missile destroyers (DDG), of the Arleigh Burke class—a multi-mission surface combatant, used primarily for anti-aircraft (AAW) and anti-submarine (ASW) warfare, but which also carries Tomahawk missiles for long-range strike capability. A destroyer is commanded by a surface community commander. Up to two attack submarines, used to screen the strike group against hostile surface ships and submarines, but which also carry Tomahawk missiles for long-range strike capability. A combined ammunition, oiler and supply ship (AOE/AOR), usually Supply-class (T-AOE); provides logistic support

Answer 98

14 -> 12 fleet ballistic missile submarines 11 -> 11 nuclear-powered aircraft carriers 53 -> 48 nuclear-powered attack submarines 4 -> 4 nuclear-powered cruise missile submarines 25 -> 88 large, multi-mission, surface combatants 64 -> 52 small, multi-role, surface combatants 33 amphibious landing ships 29 combat logistics force ships 33 support vessels

Answer 99

``` Attack A-10, AC-130, MQ-1, MQ-9 Bomber B-1B, B-2, B-52H Electronic warfare E-3, E-8, EC-130 Fighter F-15C, F-15E, F-16, F-22, F-35A Helicopter HH-60, UH-1N Reconnaissance MC-12, RC-135, RQ-4, RQ-170, U-2, U-28 Trainer T-1, T-6, T-38, T-41, T-51, T-53, TG-16 Transport C-5, C-12, C-17, C-21, C-32, C-37, C-130, C-40, CV-22, VC-25 Tanker ```

Answer 100

Stonehenge This ancient monument was constructed sometime between 3000 B.C. and 2000 B.C., and is located in Wiltshire, England.

Answer 101

1903-1914 (11 Yrs) US led + French 77 km, saves 12,669 km Prev attempt: 1880s Suez Canal Architect Initial idea : the 1513 discovery of the isthmus by Vasco Núñez de Balboa. https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama_Canal#/media/File%3APanama_Canal_Map_EN.png

Answer 102

1854-1869 (15yrs) English and French 193km, saves 7000km The construction of the Suez Canal, (connecting the Mediterranean to the Red Sea) between 1854 and 1869, led to increased Anglo-French involvement in Egyptian affairs. Originally planned and funded by the French, the British took over control of the Canal in the 1860s and 1870s. When an Egyptian revolt in 1881 threatened their investment, the British established a protectorate over the region as far south as Sudan, ruling through the Khedive, as the Egyptian ruler was termed. reducing the journey by approximately 7,000 kilometres (4,300 mi). It extends from the northern terminus of Port Said to the southern terminus of Port Tewfik at the city of Suez. Its length is 193.30 km (120.11 mi), including its northern and southern access channels. In 2012, 17,225 vessels traversed the canal (47 per day).[1]

Answer 103

1912 (15April) 724 survived/ 1500 died RMS Titanic was a British passenger liner that sank in the North Atlantic Ocean in the early hours of 15 April 1912, after colliding with an iceberg during its maiden voyage from Southampton to New York City. There were an estimated 2,224 passengers and crew aboard, and more than 1,500 died, making it one of the deadliest commercial peacetime maritime disasters in modern history. RMS Titanic was the largest ship afloat at the time it entered service. Thomas Andrews, her architect, died in the disaster

Answer 104

In Southeast Asia, the Dutch had controlled Indonesia for centuries The French conquered much of Indochina (modern-day Cambodia, Laos, and Vietnam).

Answer 105

Since 1521, the Philippines had been under the control of the Spanish, until they were taken by the United States in 1898 during the Spanish-American War. Germany's Southeast Asian possessions were confined to some small islands in the Pacific.

Answer 106

The British controlled the Malay Peninsula and the port of Singapore as well as parts of Borneo.

Answer 107

Concessions served as ports through which the European nations could import goods into China. Examples of concessions include Hong Kong, which was under BRITISH control; Tsingtau (Qingdao across the Shandong Peninsula) under the control of the GERMANS; and Macau, under the control of the PORTUGUESE. That Europeans were allowed to control large portions of the Chinese coast was primarily due to internal Chinese weakness.

Answer 108

1632–1653 CE (21yrs) This iconic landmark of India is actually a mausoleum.

Answer 109

Island picture

Answer 110

Island picture

Answer 111

Peninsula picture

Answer 112

During a roughly 100-day period from April to July 1994, an estimated 500,000 to 1 million Tutsis (and moderate Hutus) were killed by the Hutu-led government in Rwanda.

Answer 113

The mountains of Japan’s Yamagata prefecture are considered sacred by the Buddhists in the region. These holy sites are sparsely populated, their forests interrupted only occasionally by isolated Buddhist temples. Many of the men serving in the temples come seeking solitude and an escape from the modern world. They were probably a bit startled, then, when a group of scientists and historians showed up in 1960 and asked to see their mummies. The year before, several researchers investigating rumors of local mummies had discovered six mummified Buddhist monks in five temples in Yamagata prefecture. Soon after the discovery, several Japanese universities formed the Investigating Committee for Mummies to study them. The mummies were each kept on display in a place of honor in the temples, and were maintained by the temple monks. Unlike the Egyptian mummies that are most familiar to the Western world, these Japanese mummies were not wrapped in cloth. Instead, they were dressed in monks’ robes, their dried, leathery skin visible on their faces and hands. Mummies were not unheard of in Japan. In fact, four leaders of the Fujiwara tribe had been mummified in the twelfth century and were still kept in a great golden temple hall in northeastern Japan. But mummification is a tricky business, especially in a climate as humid as Japan’s. The researchers hoped to examine the temple mummies to uncover the details of this specific mummification process. To prevent bacteria, insects, and fungi from decomposing the mummy, the mummifier usually begins by extracting the internal organs to remove the most tempting food sources for the critters of decay. So when the researchers began examining the Yamagata mummies, they were startled to find that the monks’ internal organs were still intact, and had begun to dry before death. Close examination of the temple records revealed that this live-mummification wasn’t some kind of torture or ritual murder, but rather ritual suicide. These monks had mummified themselves. The mummified monks of the Yamagata province had belonged to the Shingon school of Buddhism, which combined esoteric Buddhism with native Shinto beliefs. These Shingon monks practiced extreme asceticism, believing that physical deprivation allowed them to see beyond the illusion of the physical world. They would meditate under icy waterfalls or walk across hot coals to practice ignoring their physical selves. These monks also believed deeply in self-sacrifice in service to others. This manifested in a lot of the usual community service: feeding the poor, caring for the elderly, treating the sick. But they also believed that their sacrifices could serve the community through spiritual means. For example, in the late 18th century the Shingon monk Tetsumonkai travelled through what is now Tokyo during the outbreak of an eye disease that caused blindness. When his herbal remedies had no effect on the epidemic, Tetsumonkai cut out his left eye and threw it in the Sumida River while praying for the end of the epidemic, believing that his sacrifice commanded a higher level of respect and attention from the gods. The monks who mummified themselves (including Tetsumonkai) considered their death an act of redemption and salvation for humankind. Their suffering prior to death allowed them to go to the Tusita Heaven, one of several Buddhist heavens whose residents enjoy extremely long life spans before they reenter the cycle of reincarnation. The monks believed their sacrifice would allow them to live in the Tusita Heaven for 1.6 million years, with the power to grant requests and protect the humans on Earth. But they also believed that this spiritual power only lasted as long as their physical bodies remained to tie them to the Earth, so it was vital that their bodies be preserved through mummification. A monk who chose to perform self-mummification, or sokushinbutsu, began by abstaining from grains and cereals, eating only fruits and nuts for one thousand days. He spent this nearly three years meditating and continuing to perform service to the temple and community. Then for the next thousand days the monk ate only pine needles and bark. By the end of the two thousand days of fasting, the monk’s body had wasted away through starvation and dehydration. While this satisfied the requirement for suffering, it also started the process of mummification by removing excess fat and water, which would otherwise attract bacteria and insects after death. Some of the monks drank tea made from the bark of the urushi tree during their fast. Also known as the Japanese Varnish Tree, its sap is normally used to make a lacquer varnish, and it contains the same abrasive chemical that makes poison ivy so unpleasant. Urushi is so toxic that even its vapor can cause a rash, and it remains in the body after death. Drinking urushi tea served to hasten the monk towards death as well as make his body even less hospitable to insects. Finally, the monk would enter a cramped, specially built tomb and sit in meditation as his acolytes sealed him in, leaving a small tube to allow air to enter. He spent his last days in sitting in meditation, ringing a bell occasionally to signal to those outside that he was still alive. When the bell stopped, the acolytes removed the breathing tube and sealed the tomb completely. After a thousand days, his followers opened the tomb and examined the body. If there was no sign of decay, the monk had achieved sokushinbutsu and was placed in a temple and worshipped as a Living Buddha. If not, he was reburied with great honor for the attempt. The first known attempt of sokushinbutsu was in 1081 by a monk named Shōjin, but it was unsuccessful and his body decayed. Over one hundred monks may have made the attempt since then, but only around two dozen in Yamagata and surrounding prefectures have succeeded. The procedure for self-mummification evolved through trial-and-error, and even monks who followed the same tortuous steps as successful sokushinbutsu monks could fail for no discernible reason, losing their chance at immortality Tusita Heaven after years of painful asceticism. Monks in Yamagata had a particularly high success rate compared to monks in other regions, especially the monks who drank water from the sacred spring on Yudono Mountain during the years leading up to their death. Researchers from the Investigating Committee for Mummies in Japan analyzed the water from the Yudono spring and found near-fatal levels of arsenic. Aside from acting as a poison, arsenic also remains in the body after death, performing the same task as urushi tea and discouraging insects from taking up residence. In 1877, Emperor Meiji outlawed self-mummification in Japan. The law prohibited anyone from opening the tomb of a monk who had attempted sokushinbutsu, unless the monk had entered the tomb before the law was enacted. The one-eyed monk Tetsuryūkai had been preparing for sokushinbutsu for years when the law was enacted, so he decided to complete his journey anyway and was sealed in the tomb in 1878. At the appointed time after his death, his followers snuck out to his tomb in the middle of the night and disinterred him in secret. They were overjoyed to discover that he had achieved sokushinbutsu, but then they realized they faced a great dilemma. They couldn’t put his body on display in the temple without admitting that they had broken the law by opening his tomb. Ultimately, they decided to alter the temple records to list Tetsuryūkai’s date of death as 1862—prior to the ban—and enshrined him at Nangaku Temple, where he remains to this day. Due to the large number of known attempts at self-mummification in Japan’s history, and the secluded manner in which the process was practiced, it is possible that other successfully mummified monks are still buried in their tombs in the mountains of Yamagata, their locations lost to time and their sacrifice forgotten.

Answer 114

Destroyers: 3 Hobart-class (2017) Brisbane 2018, and Sydney 2020 ``` Frigates: 10 Anzac class (1996) ``` Amphibious Landing: 1 (like a ferry) Bay class (2006) 16,000 t - 176m - crew 158 - 18+ knots 100 Vehicles and 400 troops Amphibious Helicopter Landers: 2 Canberra class (2014) 27,000 t - 230m - crew 358 - 20+ knots 8 Helicopters and 110 Vehicles and 1000 troops Submarines: 6 Collins class (1993) - Australian-built diesel-electric 3,000 t - 77m - 58 crew - 20 knots ``` Patrol boats: 13 Armidale class (2005) ``` Personnel: 14,000. (5% of the US) (we have 7% pop)

Answer 115

As of 2016, the total population of Africa is estimated at 1,225,080,510[1], representing approximately 15% of the world's population. According to UN estimates, the population of Africa may reach nearly 2.5 billion by 2050 (about 26% of the world's total) and nearly 4.4 billion by 2100 (about 39% of the world's total)

Answer 116

According to the United Nations, the population within the standard physical geographical boundaries comprised 737 million in 2010

Answer 117

Its total population is more than 641 million, about 8.5% of world's population.

Answer 118

1.4B The national census of 2010 recorded the population of the People's Republic of China as approximately 1,370,536,875. About 16.60% of the population were 14 years old or younger, 70.14% were between 15 and 59 years old, and 13.26% were over 60 years old.[417] The population growth rate for 2013 is estimated to be 0.46%.[418]

Answer 119

India 1.3B China 1.4B Africa 1.2B Americas 1.0B

Answer 120

Europe 740M S-E Asia 640M

Answer 121

US 330M Indonesia 260M Pakistan 210M Brazil 210M

Answer 122

Nigeria 195M Bangladesh 165M Russia 150M Japan 125M Mexico 125M Philippines 105M

Answer 123

``` Egypt 97M Ethiopia 95M Vietnam 94M Germany 82M Democratic Republic of the Congo 82M Iran 81M Turkey 81M ```

Answer 124

``` France 67M Thailand 66M UK 65M Italy 60M South Africa 57M Myanmar 56M Tanzania 52M South Korea 52M Kenya 50M ```

Answer 125

``` Spain 46M Argentina 44M Ukraine 42M Algeria 42M Sudan 41M ```

Answer 126

35M 25M 5M

Answer 127

Further information: Paleodemography | Estimates of the total number of humans who have ever lived range in the order of 100 billion.

Answer 128

Early Humans. 10 Bronze/Iron Ages. 26 (But if you survived early hazards...life length Not-uncommon life expectancy 60-70) Japan. 83 Developed World 77 Swaziland 49 Haub also stated that "life expectancy at birth probably averaged only about ten years for most of human history". the Bronze Age and the Iron Age, LEB was 26 years; the 2010 world LEB was 67.2 years. For recent years, in Swaziland LEB is about 49, and in Japan, it is about 83. The combination of high infant mortality and deaths in young adulthood from accidents, epidemics, plagues, wars, and childbirth, particularly before modern medicine was widely available, significantly lowers LEB. But for those who survive early hazards, a life expectancy of 60 or 70 would not be uncommon.

Answer 129

1978 64% 2017 10% Although a middle-income country by Western standards, China's rapid growth has pulled hundreds of millions of its people out of poverty since 1978. Today, about 10% of the Chinese population lives below the poverty line of US$1 per day, down from 64% in 1978.

Answer 130

1. China 1.4B 2. India 1.3B 4. Indonesia 260M 5. Pakistan 210M 8. Bangladesh 165M (9. Russia 150M) 10. Japan 125M 12. Philippines 105M 15. Vietnam 94M 21. Thailand 66M 25. Myanmar 56M 27. South Korea 52M 53. Australia 25M Total: 4.5B

Answer 131

(9. Russia 150M) 16. Germany 82M 20. France 67M 22. UK 65M 23. Italy 60M 30. Spain 46M 32. Ukraine 42M Total: 740M

Answer 132

7. Nigeria 195 (13. Egypt 97M) 14. Ethiopia 95M 16. Democratic Republic of the Congo 82M 24. South Africa 57M 26. Tanzania 52M 28. Kenya 50M 33. Algeria 42M 34. Sudan 41M Total: 1.2B

Answer 133

3. US 330M 6. Brazil 210M 11. Mexico 125M 29. Colombia 49M 31. Argentina 44M 38. Canada 35M Total: 1.0B

Answer 134

(13. Egypt 97M) 18. Iran 81M 19. Turkey 81M Total: 371M

Answer 135

1. China 1.4B 2. India 1.3B 3. US 330M 4. Indonesia 260M 5. Pakistan 210M 6. Brazil 210M 7. Nigeria 195M 8. Bangladesh 165 9. Russia 150M 10. Japan 125M

Answer 136

2017 - 7.6B 2030 - 8.6B 2050 - 9.8B 2100 - 11.2B The median estimate for future growth sees the world population reaching 8.6 billion in 2030, 9.8 billion in 2050 and 11.2 billion by 2100[1] assuming a continuing decrease in average fertility rate from 2.5 births per woman in 2010–2015 to 2.2 in 2045–2050 and to 2.0 in 2095–2100, according to the medium-variant projection.[1] With longevity trending towards uniform and stable values worldwide, the main driver of future population growth is the evolution of the fertility rate.[4]:8 While most scenarios still predict continued growth into the 22nd century, there is a roughly 27% chance that the total population could stabilize or begin to fall before 2100.[4]:3 Longer-term speculative scenarios over the next two centuries can predict anything between runaway growth to radical decline (36.4 billion or 2.3 billion people in 2300), with the median projection showing a slight decrease followed by a stabilization around 9 billion people.[5]:13

Answer 137

Population per continent now and in 2050 Asia and Oceania – 4.5 billion Africa – 1.2 billion Americas – 1.0 billion Europe – 0.7 billion World total – 7.6 billion

Answer 138

Population per continent now and in 2050 Asia and Oceania – 4.5 -> 5.3 billion Africa – 1.2 -> 2.5 billion Americas – 1.0 -> 1.2 billion Europe – 0.7 -> 0.7 billion World total – 7.6 -> 9.8 billion

Answer 139

This iconic French structure was built for the 1889 World's Fair.

Answer 140

Located in Peru, this Incan civilization was built in the 1400s, then abandoned roughly 100 years later, likely due to the Spanish Conquest.

Answer 141

1632–1653 A.D. 21yrs This iconic landmark of India is actually a mausoleum, (and was built by)

Answer 142

This monument stands in New York Harbor, New York City, and was gifted to the United States by France in 1886.

Answer 143

5x5 km 25 square kilometres

Answer 144

5x5 km 25 square kilometres

Answer 145

We need 35 GW 875 square kilometres, call it 1,000 Port Phillip Bay is 1,900 Melbourne is 10,000 Tasmania is 68,000 Cost: $1B per GW 25 square km per GW

Answer 146

the 100-megawatt lithium ion battery already installed near Jamestown.

Answer 147

``` 50,000 homes (1 in 14 in SA) 250 megawatts (5kW each) 675 MWh storage (13.5kWh each) 20% of the SA’s energy requirements $800M ($16,000 each) ``` At least 50,000 homes in SA will be given solar panels and batteries in a scheme by Elon Musk's Tesla and the SA Government to build the world's largest virtual power plant. In an initial trial, which has already begun, a 5kW solar panel system and a 13.5kWh Tesla Powerball 2 battery will be installed free of charge in 1,100 state-owned properties. 5kW x 50,000 = 250 MW 13.5kWh x 50,000 = 675 MWh storage $800M / 60,000 = $16,000 each System

Answer 148

The most iconic of the Egyptian pyramids, it was constructed between 2580 and 2560 B.C. Pharaoh: Khufu (Cheops) Khufu, known to the Greeks as Cheops, was an ancient Egyptian monarch, who ruled during the Fourth Dynasty in the first half of the Old Kingdom period (26th century BC). Died 2566 BCE

Answer 149

d. 2566 BCE (reigned 30-40 yrs) Khufu’, known to the Greeks as Cheops, was an ancient Egyptian monarch, who ruled during the Fourth Dynasty in the first half of the Old Kingdom period (26th century BC). The Great Pyramid of Giza was constructed for him over 20 years between 2580 and 2560 BCE.

Answer 150

Add their names at all appropriate dates ``` Eg 627 BCE 620 BCE 609 BCE 605 BCE 598 BCE ```

Answer 151

QUESTION contains the ANSWERS!! France, and in 1309, he moved his court to the papal enclave at Avignon, where it remained for the next 67 years. 7 popes total I think.

Answer 152

“FRANKS” first rise of The Franks (Latin: Franci or Latin: gens Francorum) were a collection of Germanic peoples, whose name was first mentioned in 3rd century Roman sources, associated with tribes on the Lower and Middle Rhine in the 3rd century AD, on the edge of the Roman Empire. Later the term is associated with Romanized Germanic dynasties within the collapsing Roman Empire, who eventually commanded the whole region between the rivers Loire and Rhine, and imposed power over many other post-Roman kingdoms and Germanic peoples, later being recognized by the Catholic church as successors to the old rulers of the Western Roman Empire. Although the Frankish name only appears in the 3rd century, at least some of the original Frankish tribes had long been known under their own names to the Romans, both as allies providing soldiers, and as enemies. The new name first appears when the Romans and their allies were losing control of the Rhine region. The Franks were first reported as working together to raid into Roman territory, but from the beginning this was associated also with attacks upon them from outside their frontier area, for example by Saxons, and a desire by frontier tribes to move into Roman territory. Known Frankish peoples inside the Roman Rhine river frontier were the Salian Franks who were permitted to live in Roman territory, and the Ripuarian or Rhineland Franks who, after many attempts, eventually conquered the Roman frontier city of Cologne and settled the left bank of the Rhine. Later, in a period of factional conflict all over Gaul in the 450s and 460s, Childeric I, a Frank, was one of several military leaders commanding Roman forces with various ethnic affiliations. Childeric and his son Clovis I faced competition from Aegidius and his son as competitors for the kingship of the Franks, and commanders of the Roman Loire forces. This new type of kingship, perhaps inspired by Alaric I, represents the start of the Merovingian dynasty, which succeeded in conquering most of Gaul in the 6th century, as well as establishing its leadership over all the Frankish kingdoms on the Rhine frontier. It was on the basis of this Merovingian empire that the resurgent Carolingians eventually came to be seen as the new Emperors of Western Europe in 800. In the Middle Ages, the term Frank came to be used as a synonym for Western European, as the Carolingian Franks were rulers of most of Western Europe, and established a political order which was the basis of the European ancien regime that only ended with the French revolution. Western Europeans shared their allegiance to the Roman Catholic church and worked as allies in the Crusades beyond Europe in the Levant (eastern Mediterranean), where they still referred to themselves and the Principalities they established as Frankish. This has had a lasting impact on names for Western Europeans in many languages.

Answer 153

In 1543 Portuguese initiated the first contacts with Japan, establishing a trade route linking Goa to Nagasaki. The large carracks engaged in this trade had the hull painted black with pitch, and the term came to represent all western vessels. 1639 Dejima island at Nagasaki established 1853 Five US Navy Steam Battleships arrive Also 1543 Copernicus On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres

Answer 154

Dejima island at Nagasaki. In 1639, after suppressing a rebellion blamed on the Christian influence, the ruling Tokugawa shogunate retreated into an isolationist policy, the Sakoku. During this "locked state", contact with Japan by Westerners was restricted to Dejima island at Nagasaki.

Answer 155

IRON AGE ENDS and HISTORIOGRAPHY STARTS in Scandinavia The Germanic Iron Age of Scandinavia ends The Viking Age begins {CHANGE FROM 800 to 790} Viking travellers and colonists were seen at many points in history as brutal raiders. Many historical documents suggest that their invasion of other countries was retaliation in response to the encroachment upon tribal lands by Christian missionaries, and perhaps by the Saxon Wars (772-804) prosecuted by Charlemagne and his kin to the south.

Answer 156

INCAS?!? 1200 CE ?

Answer 157

Grandson of Babur Abu'l-Fath Jalal-ud-din Muhammad Akbar[7] (15 October 1542[a]– 27 October 1605[10][11]), popularly known as Akbar I (IPA: [əkbər],[12] was the third Mughal emperor, who reigned from 1556 to 1605. Akbar succeeded his father, Humayun, under a regent, Bairam Khan, who helped the young emperor expand and consolidate Mughal domains in India. A strong personality and a successful general, Akbar gradually enlarged the Mughal Empire to include nearly all of the Indian Subcontinent north of the Godavari river. His power and influence, however, extended over the entire country because of Mughal military, political, cultural, and economic dominance. To unify the vast Mughal state, Akbar established a centralised system of administration throughout his empire and adopted a policy of conciliating conquered rulers through marriage and diplomacy. To preserve peace and order in a religiously and culturally diverse empire, he adopted policies that won him the support of his non-Muslim subjects. Eschewing tribal bonds and Islamic state identity, Akbar strove to unite far-flung lands of his realm through loyalty, expressed through an Indo-Persian culture, to himself as an emperor who had near-divine status.

Answer 158

Early in their history, Polynesians developed the outrigger canoe, which could sail up to 120 miles per day. The development of the outrigger canoe enabled the Polynesians to settle on far-flung islands, ranging from Hawaii in the north to Easter Island in the south near Chili. By 800, the largest Polynesian sub-group, the Maori, had established a large civilization on the islands of New Zealand.

Answer 159

1762-1796 She encouraged the cultural influences of Western Europe and presided over the Russian Enlightenment. Under her rule Russia grew larger and stronger than ever and became one of the great powers of Europe. She is known for her many romantic affairs, many of them with members of her court and government. studyImage

Answer 160

1915-1922 Ottoman Empire in Turkey The Armenian Genocide resulted in up to 1.5 million deaths. Armenians were subjected to forced labor and death marches, as well as executions. Other ethnic groups were targeted as well as the Armenians. The Turkish government does not recognize the massacre as a genocide.

Answer 161

``` Archaic Period (800 BC - 480 BC) Classical Period (480 BC - 323 BC) Hellenistic Period (323 BC - 146 BC) ``` During the Archaic Period the Greek government began to form with the rise of the city-states such as Athens and Sparta. This was also when the Greeks began to explore philosophy and theatre. The Classical Period began with the introduction of democracy in Athens. Athens also rose to new heights in art and philosophy. It was during this period that Athens and Sparta fought in the Peloponnesian Wars. Near the end of the Classical Period Alexander the Great rose to power conquering much of Europe and Western Asia. The death of Alexander the Great ushered in the Hellenistic Period. Greece declined in power until it was finally conquered by Rome.

Answer 162

Greek Archaic Period (800 BC - 480 BC) 776 BC - The first Olympic Games takes place. The games would take place every 4 years in honor of the Greek god Zeus. 757 BC - First Messenian War begins. This is a war between Sparta and Messenia that will last many years. 750 BC - Homer begins to write the Iliad and Odyssey. These epic poems become two of the most famous literary works in Greek literature. 650 BC - The Greek Tyrants come into power. Cypselus is the first Tyrant of Corinth. 621 BC - A lawyer named Draco introduces strict new laws in Athens that are punishable by death. These are called Draconian laws. 600 BC - The first Greek coins are introduced. 570 BC - Pythagoras is born. He will make major advances in science, math, and philosophy. We still use the Pythagorean Theorem today to help with geometry. 508 BC - Democracy is introduced in Athens by Cleisthenes. He establishes a constitution and is often called the "Father of Athenian Democracy". This is one of the great accomplishments of the Greek culture.

Answer 163

620-564 BCE Delphi

Answer 164

570-495 BCE | - A scientist and philosopher, he came up with the Pythagorean Theorem still used today in much of geometry.

Answer 165

509 BCE 27 BCE

Answer 166

508-322 BCE Athenian democracy developed around the fifth century BC in the Greek city-state (known as a polis) of Athens, comprising the city of Athens and the surrounding territory of Attica, and is the first known democracy in the world. Other Greek cities set up democracies, most following the Athenian model, but none are as well documented as Athens'. It was a system of direct democracy, in which participating citizens voted directly on legislation and executive bills. Participation was not open to all residents: to vote one had to be an adult, male citizen i.e. neither a foreign resident, slave or a woman and the number of these "varied between 30,000 and 50,000 out of a total population of around 250,000 to 300,000" or "no more than 30 percent of the total adult population."[1] Athenian democracy was established in 508 BC under Cleisthenes following the tyranny of Isagoras. This system remained remarkably stable, and with a few brief interruptions remained in place for 180 years, until 322 BC (aftermath of Lamian War). The peak of Athenian hegemony was achieved in the 440s to 430s BC, known as the Age of Pericles. The longest-lasting democratic leader was Pericles. (495 – 429 BC) After his death, Athenian democracy was twice briefly interrupted by oligarchic revolutions towards the end of the Peloponnesian War. It was modified somewhat after it was restored under Eucleides; the most detailed accounts of the system are of this fourth-century modification rather than the Periclean system. Democracy was suppressed by the Macedonians in 322 BC.

Answer 167

500 BCE The term "philosophy" comes from the Greek words for "the love of wisdom." Philosophy arose in Athens in 500 BCE, where Socrates examined the ethics, democracy, and questioned conventional wisdom by employing rational thought.

Answer 168

Greek Classical Period (480 BC - 323 BC) 490 BC - The Greeks fight the Persians in the Greek/Persian Wars. Two famous battles are the Battle of Marathon in 490 BC and the Battle of Salamis in 480 BC. The Greeks win and the Persians retreat. 468 BC - Sophocles begins to write plays for the theatre. Soon the theater becomes a very popular form of entertainment in Greece. 440 BC - Famous playwright Euripides wins first prize for the best play in Athens. 432 BC - The temple to Athena, the Parthenon, is completed in Athens on the Acropolis. Today this is the most famous surviving building of Ancient Greece. 431 BC - The wars between Sparta and Athens begin. They are called the Peloponnesian Wars. The wars will last 27 years with Sparta eventually conquering Athens in 404 BC. 399 BC - The famous Greek philosopher Socrates is put to death for corrupting the youth of Athens with his teachings. 386 BC - Greek philosopher and student of Socrates, Plato, founds the first institution of higher learning in the western world. It's called the Academy. 342 BC - The great philosopher, scientist, and mathematician, Aristotle, begins to tutor Alexander (later to be called Alexander the Great). 336 BC - Alexander the Great becomes king when his father, Philip of Macedon is assassinated. 333 BC - Alexander begins his conquests and defeats the Persians. 332 BC - Alexander conquers Egypt. He establishes the new capital of Egypt at Alexandria. Over the next several years Alexander would greatly expand his empire, conquering much of Persia on the way to India.

Answer 169

495-429 BCE 5 and 15 during Persian Wars Died of the Plague in Athens Occupation: Statesman and General Born: 495 BC in Athens, Greece Died: 429 BC in Athens, Greece Best known for: Leader of Athens during its golden age Where did Pericles grow up? Pericles grew up in the Ancient Greek city-state of Athens. His family was wealthy and his father, Xanthippus, was a popular general. Because of his family's wealth, Pericles had some of the best teachers in Athens. He loved to learn and he studied subjects such as music, politics, ethics, and philosophy. Pericles grew up during the time of the Persian Wars. When Pericles was around three years old, Athens faced the first major assault from the Persians, but won a decisive victory at the Battle of Marathon. Ten years later Athens once again faced the Persians. This time they fled the city and the Persians destroyed much of Athens. However, they defeated the Persians at the Battle of Salamis and Pericles was able to return home. Supporting the Arts When Pericles became a young man he used his wealth to support the arts. One of the first things he did was sponsor the playwright Aeschylus and his play The Persians. The play told the story of Athens defeating the Persians at the Battle of Salamis. The play was a success and helped Pericles to become a popular figure in Athens. Early Career Early on in his political career Pericles took on a powerful council of leaders called the Areopagus. Together with his allies, Pericles helped to strip these men of their power. It was an important point in the history of democracy. Pericles became even more popular with the people of Athens and moved to the forefront of Athenian politics. Advertisement Military Expeditions Pericles now became a general, called the stragegos, of the Athenian army. He led several successful military campaigns. He helped to take control of the city of Delphi from the Spartans. He also conquered the Thracian peninsula of Gallipoli and established an Athenian colony in the area. Politics and Law Pericles also worked on reforming the Athenian democracy. He introduced new laws and ideas. One law was that people who served on a jury would be paid. This may seem like a simple thing, but it allowed for poor people to serve on a jury. Previously only the rich could afford to take off of work and serve on a jury. Building Programs Pericles is perhaps most famous for his great building projects. He wanted to establish Athens as the leader of the Greek world and wanted to build an acropolis that represented the city's glory. He rebuilt many temples on the acropolis that were destroyed by the Persians. He also had the Long Walls built from Athens to the port city of Piraeus in order to protect the city in the event of a siege. Pericles' most famous building project was the Parthenon on the acropolis. This magnificent structure was a temple to the goddess Athena. It was built between the years 447 BC and 438 BC. It took over 20 thousand tons of marble to construct. Golden Age of Athens The leadership of Pericles ushered in a time which is called the Golden Age of Athens. Not only were many of the famous buildings constructed during this time, the arts and education flourished under Pericles. This included the teachings of great philosophers like Socrates and the theatre productions of playwrights like Sophocles. War with Sparta As Athens continued to grow in wealth and power under the leadership of Pericles, other Greek city-states began to grow concerned. They thought Athens was growing too powerful. In 431 BC, the Peloponnesian War began between Sparta and Athens. Funeral Oration Not long after the start of the Peloponnesian War, Pericles gave a famous speech called the Funeral Oration. It was in honor of the soldiers who had already died. In the speech Pericles described the Athenian ideals and democracy. The speech was written down and is one of the main ways that historians know about how the people of Athens thought. Advertisement The Plague and Death Pericles strategy against Sparta was to fight them at sea and not on land. Sparta had a stronger army, but Athens had the stronger navy. The people of Athens gathered in the city. They had the Long Walls to the port that enabled them to get supplies. This strategy may have worked, but a plague struck Athens. Thousands of people died. In 429 BC, Pericles also died from the plague. Athens would eventually lose the war and would never reach the same heights again. Interesting Facts about Pericles The Golden Age of Athens is often referred to as the "Age of Pericles". Pericles was elected to the position of strategos for 29 straight years. His nickname was "The Olympian". We have no idea who Pericles' wife was, but we do know he had two sons. Pericles was said to have had a very long and narrow head. He once said "Freedom is the sure possession of those alone who have the courage to defend it."

Answer 170

470 – 399 BCE (71 hemlock) Teacher of Plato Classical Greek (Athenian) philosopher credited as one of the founders of Western philosophy, and as being the first moral philosopher, of the Western ethical tradition of thought. An enigmatic figure, he made no writings, and is known chiefly through the accounts of classical writers writing after his lifetime, particularly his students Plato and Xenophon. How do we know about Socrates? Unlike some other famous Greek philosophers, Socrates didn't write down his thoughts and ideas. He preferred to just speak to his followers. Fortunately, two of Socrates' students, Plato and Xenophon, wrote about Socrates in their works. We learn about Socrates' philosophies in many of Plato's dialogues where Socrates is a major character taking part in philosophical discussions. Xenophon was a historian who wrote about the events in Socrates' life. We also learn about Socrates from the plays of the Greek playwright Aristophanes. Early Life Not much is known about Socrates' early life. His father was a stonemason named Sophroniscus and his mother was a midwife. His family was not wealthy, so he likely didn't have much of a formal education. Early on in his career, Socrates took up his father's profession and worked as a stonemason. A Soldier Socrates lived during the time of the Peloponnesian War between the city-states of Athens and Sparta. As a male citizen of Athens, Socrates was required to fight. He served as a foot soldier called a "hoplite." He would have fought using a large shield and spear. Socrates fought in several battles and was noted for his courage and valor. Philosopher and Teacher As Socrates grew older, he began to explore philosophy. Unlike many philosophers of his time, Socrates focused on ethics and how people should behave rather than on the physical world. He said that happiness came from leading a moral life rather than material possessions. He encouraged people to pursue justice and goodness rather than wealth and power. His ideas were quite radical for the time. Advertisement Young men and scholars in Athens began to gather around Socrates to have philosophical discussions. They would discuss ethics and current political issues in Athens. Socrates chose not to give answers to questions, but instead posed questions and discussed possible answers. Rather than claim he had all the answers, Socrates would say "I know that I know nothing." The Socratic Method Socrates had a unique way of teaching and exploring subjects. He would ask questions and then discuss possible answers. The answers would lead to more questions and eventually lead to more understanding of a subject. This logical process of using questions and answers to explore a subject is known today as the Socratic Method. Trial and Death After Athens lost to Sparta in the Peloponnesian War, a group of men called the Thirty Tyrants were put into power. One of the leading members of the Thirty Tyrants was a student of Socrates named Critias. The men of Athens soon rose up and replaced the Thirty Tyrants with a democracy. Because Socrates had spoken out against democracy and one of his students was a leader in the Thirty Tyrants, he was branded a traitor. He went on trial for "corrupting the youth" and "failing to acknowledge the gods of the city." He was convicted by a jury and was sentenced to death by drinking poison. Legacy Socrates is considered one of the founders of modern Western philosophy. His teachings influenced future Greek philosophers such as Plato and Aristotle. His philosophies are still studied today and the Socratic Method is used in modern-day universities and law schools. Interesting Facts About Socrates Unlike many other teachers of his day, Socrates didn't charge his students fees. Socrates was married to Zanthippe and had three sons. He could have likely escaped from Athens and avoided the death sentence, but instead chose to stay and face his accusers. He once said that "the unexamined life is not worth living." At his trial Socrates suggested that, instead of being given the death sentence, the city should pay him a wage and honor him for his contributions.

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460-365 BCE - A scientist of medicine, Hippocrates is called the Father of Western Medicine. Doctors still take the Hippocratic Oath today.

Answer 172

427 – 347 BCE (80) The Academy. Teacher: (Born when Socrates is 43) Student: Aristotle Philosopher in Classical Greece and the founder of the Academy in Athens, the first institution of higher learning in the Western world. He is widely considered the most pivotal figure in the development of philosophy, especially the Western tradition. Biography: Growing Up in Athens Plato grew up in the Greek city-state of Athens during the Classical Period of Ancient Greece. Although historians don't know a lot about Plato's early life they know he came from a wealthy family and likely had two brothers and a sister. He would have been taught by best Greek teachers about various subjects including music, gymnastics, math, grammar, and philosophy. The Peloponnesian War Much of Plato's youth would have been influenced by the Peloponnesian War between Athens and Sparta. It is likely that Plato served in the Athenian army during his early life. The war no doubt influenced his life and his philosophy. Meeting Socrates As Plato grew older he became more interested in academics and philosophy. He became a student and close follower to the famous philosopher Socrates. Socrates would hold conversations with his students about various aspects of politics and life. They then would break down the problem and come up with theories on the subject. Socrates teachings and learning style became the cornerstone of Plato's writings. Travel and Study In 399 BC, Socrates was executed by the leaders of Athens for corrupting the youth and for not acknowledging the gods of Athens. Plato left Athens and traveled around the Mediterranean region for the next twelve years. During that time, he visited places like Italy, Egypt, and North Africa. He studied all sorts of subjects including science, math, and philosophy. Advertisement The Dialogue While Plato was traveling around the Mediterranean, he began to write. He wrote in an interesting style called a "dialogue". In the dialogue, Plato would introduce several characters who would discuss a topic by asking questions of each other. This form allowed Plato to explore several sides of an argument and to introduce new ideas. Many of Plato's dialogues feature his former teacher Socrates as the main character. Most of what is known about Socrates' philosophies comes from Plato's dialogues. He wrote four dialogues about Socrates' final days including The Apology in which Socrates' defends himself before being sentenced to death. The Republic Plato's most famous writing is The Republic. In The Republic, several characters discuss the meaning of justice and how it relates to happiness. Socrates is once again the main character in the dialogues and he discusses how being just or unjust can affect someone's life. They discuss various aspects of government and finally present the "philosopher-king" as the ideal ruler. Plato comes to the conclusion that philosophers must become kings, or kings must become philosophers. Founding the Academy When Plato was around 40 years old, he returned to Athens and founded a school called the Academy. Plato and other scholars taught subjects such as mathematics, philosophy, biology, and astronomy at the Academy. One of Plato's students was the famous scientist and philosopher Aristotle who studied at the Academy for nearly 20 years. Death and Legacy Plato died around the year 347 BC in Athens. Not much is known about this death, but he was 80 years old and likely died in his sleep. Plato's legacy lives on in modern Western philosophy. His writings have been studied for the last 2000 years and are still studied in universities today. Advertisement Interesting Facts About Plato Plato's real name may have been Aristocles after his father. Plato might have been a nickname that meant "broad" or "wide." He was related to the famous lawmaker and poet Solon through his mother. After Athens lost the Peloponnesian War to Sparta, Plato was offered to be one of the "Thirty Tyrants" that ruled over Athens, but he declined. Plato was also heavily influenced by the mathematician and philosopher Pythagoras.

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432 BCE The Parthenon is located in the Acropolis in Athens and is a temple dedicated to the Greek goddess Athena. Completed in 432 BCE, the Parthenon has influenced generations of architects and is considered one of the high points of Greek art.

Answer 174

Socrates 380 BCE In The Republic, the Greek philosopher Plato adopted much of Socrates' methods and applied them to examine the ideal means of governing a society. The Republic is one of the foundational texts of Western philosophy.

Answer 175

384–322 BCE (62) The Lyceum, Peripatetic School. Ancient Greek philosopher and scientist born in the city of Stagira, Chalkidiki, in the north of Classical Greece. Along with Plato, Aristotle is considered the "Father of Western Philosophy", which inherited almost its entire lexicon from his teachings, including problems and methods of inquiry, so influencing almost all forms of knowledge. (Born when Plato is 43) (Is 28yrs older than Alexander) Aristotle was born in northern Greece in the city of Stagira around the year 384 BC. He grew up as part of the aristocracy as his father, Nicomachus, was the doctor to King Amyntas of Macedonia. It was at the king's court that he met his son, Philip, who would later become king. Growing up the son of a doctor, Aristotle became interested in nature and anatomy. He grew up putting a premium on education and the arts. Did Aristotle go to school? As a youth, Aristotle likely had tutors who taught him about all sorts of subjects. He learned to read and write Greek. He also learned about the Greek gods, philosophy, and mathematics. When Aristotle turned seventeen he traveled to Athens to join Plato's Academy. There he learned about philosophy and logical thinking from Plato. He stayed at the Academy for nearly 20 years, at first as a student and later as a teacher. Advertisement What was the Academy like? Plato's Academy was not a school or college like we have today. They didn't have classes on specific subjects taught by teachers. What they did was challenge each other with questions and debate. One method of doing this was to have dialogues where one person would ask a question and the other person would attempt to answer it. They would then continue to discuss the question in a debate format, asking new questions as they came up in the debate. Plato (left) and Aristotle (right) from The School of Athens by Raffaello Sanzio Aristotle's Travels After leaving the Academy in 347 BC, Aristotle traveled throughout Greece and Turkey. He got married and wrote several works including The Natural History of Animals, the Reproduction of Animals, and The Parts of Animals. New Ideas Aristotle had new ideas on how the world should be studied. He liked to make detailed observations of the world, taking notes and records of what he saw. He went so far as to dissect animals to learn more about their anatomy. This was very different from the other Greek philosophers and educators of the day. They did all their work in their mind, thinking about the world, but not observing it. In this way Aristotle laid the foundation of science today. Aristotle spent a lot of time learning about biology. He was the first to try and classify different types of animals into different groups. He made drawings of different animal parts and tried to determine the function of different organs. Aristotle made many discoveries and interesting observations. Tutoring Alexander the Great In 343 BC, Philip II of Macedonia asked Aristotle to tutor his son Alexander. Aristotle spent the next several years teaching Alexander a wide range of subjects including philosophy, logic, and mathematics. Alexander went on to conquer much of the civilized world and became known as Alexander the Great. Advertisement Aristotle's School After tutoring Alexander, Aristotle returned to Athens and opened his own school. It was called the Peripatetic School. He taught his students subjects such as logic, physics, public speaking, politics, and philosophy. At this point in his career Aristotle began to study logic and the process of thinking. Here are some of Aristotle's most famous ideas: Syllogism - Syllogism is a type of reasoning. Assuming you had three categories of things: A, B, and C. If all of the As are Bs and all of the Bs are Cs, then all of the As are Cs. Five elements - At the time of Aristotle, people believed that everything was made of four elements: earth, water, air, and fire. Aristotle proposed that there was a fifth element called aether. He thought that aether is what heavenly bodies such as the stars and planets are made of. Four causes - Aristotle felt that everything that happened could be explained by one of four causes: material cause, formal cause, efficient cause, and final cause. Astronomy - Aristotle rightly determined that the Earth was round. However, he also thought that the Earth was stationary and the center of the universe. The "mean" - He believed that the best way for people to behave was to avoid any extremes. Today we call this "doing everything in moderation". Interesting Facts about Aristotle The name Aristotle means "the best purpose". King Philip II of Macedon rebuilt Aristotle's hometown of Stagira and freed the inhabitants from slavery as a reward for his tutoring Alexander. It is thought that Aristotle left Plato's Academy after Plato died and his son Speusippus took over. Not all of Aristotle's observations were accurate. He thought the heart was the center of intelligence (not the brain). He also thought that goats could be male or female depending on which way the wind was blowing. Plato referred to Aristotle as "the Mind". In 335 BCE, Athens fell under Macedonian rule and Aristotle, aged 50, returned from Asia. Upon his return, Aristotle began teaching regularly in the morning in the Lyceum and founded an official school called "The Lyceum". After morning lessons, Aristotle would frequently lecture on the grounds for the public, and manuscripts of his compiled lectures were eventually circulated. The group of scholars who followed the Aristotelian doctrine came to be known as the Peripatetics due to Aristotle’s tendency to walk as he taught.[5] Aristotle’s main focus as a teacher was cooperative research, an idea which he founded through his natural history work and systematic collection of philosophical works to contribute to his library.[5] His students were assigned historical or scientific research projects as part of their studies. The school was also student run. The students elected a new student administrator to work with the school leadership every ten days, allowing all the students to become involved in turn.

Answer 176

323-285 BCE Euclid of Alexandria Greek mathematician, known as the "Father of Geometry," wrote "Elements," which continues to influence the study of geometry today.

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Greek Hellenistic Period (323 BC - 146 BC) 323 BC - The Hellenistic period begins when Alexander the Great dies. The Ancient Greek civilization begins its decline and the Ancient Romans start to gain power. 300 BC - Euclid, a Greek mathematician, writes Elements. This famous writing will have an impact on mathematics for years to come. 146 BC - Rome conquers Greece making it part of the Roman Empire

Answer 178

Volume is 4/3πr3 for the sphere, and 2πr3 for the cylinder. The surface area is 4πr2 for the sphere, and 6πr2 for the cylinder (including its two bases)

Answer 179

287-212 BCE Palimpsest - specify question Other Archimedes cards too

Answer 180

Hannibal 247 – 181 BCE Carthaginian general, considered one of the greatest military commanders in history. Fought against Rome for Carthage. Elephants from Spain into Italy. Spent 15 Years occupying much of Italy. Hannibal lived during a period of great tension in the Mediterranean Basin, when the Roman Republic established its supremacy over other great powers such as ancient Carthage and the Greek kingdoms of Macedonia, Syracuse, and the Seleucid Empire. One of his most famous achievements was at the outbreak of the Second Punic War, when he marched an army which included war elephants from Iberia over the Pyrenees and the Alps into Italy. In his first few years in Italy, he won three dramatic victories—the Trebia, Lake Trasimene, and Cannae, in which he distinguished himself for his ability to determine his and his opponent's respective strengths and weaknesses, and to plan the battle accordingly—and won over many allies of Rome. Hannibal occupied much of Italy for 15 years but was unable to march on Rome.

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Julius Caesar born | Not 00 BCE - fix!

Answer 182

69-30 BCE Cleopatra was born a princess of Egypt. Her father was the Pharaoh Ptolemy XII. Cleopatra was smart and cunning growing up. She was her father's favorite child and learned a lot about how the country was ruled from him. Sculpture of Cleopatra VII Cleopatra by Louis le Grand Cleopatra's family had ruled Egypt for 300 years. They were the Ptolemy dynasty that had been established by the Greek ruler Alexander the Great. Even though they ruled Egypt, they were actually of Greek descent. Cleopatra grew up speaking, reading, and writing Greek. Unlike many of her relatives, however, Cleopatra also learned many other languages including Egyptian and Latin. Her Father Dies When Cleopatra was eighteen years old her father died. He left the throne to both her and her younger brother, Ptolemy XIII. Cleopatra and her ten-year-old brother were married and were to rule Egypt as co-rulers. Because she was much older, Cleopatra quickly took control as the main ruler of Egypt. However, as her brother grew older he began to want more power. Eventually he forced Cleopatra from the palace and took over as Pharaoh. Julius Caesar In 48 BC, Julius Caesar arrived in Egypt. Cleopatra snuck back into the palace hidden inside a rolled up carpet. She met with Caesar and convinced him to help her win back the throne. Caesar defeated Ptolemy's army at the Battle of the Nile and Ptolemy drowned in the Nile River while trying to escape. Cleopatra then took back power. She would first rule alongside another younger brother, Ptolemy XIV, and later, after Ptolemy XIV died, she ruled with her son Ptolemy Caesarion. Advertisement Ruling as Pharaoh Cleopatra and Julius Caesar fell in love. They had a child named Caesarion. Cleopatra visited Rome and stayed at one of Caesar's country houses. Despite her romance with Caesar, Cleopatra wanted Egypt to remain independent of Rome. She built up the Egyptian economy, establishing trade with many Arab nations. She was a popular ruler among the people of Egypt both because she embraced the Egyptian culture and because the country was prosperous during her rule. Marc Antony In 44 BC, Julius Caesar was assassinated and Cleopatra returned to Egypt. One of the three leaders to emerge in Rome after Caesar's death was Marc Antony. In 41 BC, Cleopatra and Marc Antony met and fell in love. They also formed a military alliance against another of Rome's leaders, Octavian. Octavian was the legal heir of Julius Caesar. Cleopatra wanted her son, Caesarion, to be Caesar's heir and to eventually become ruler of Rome. She hoped that Marc Antony could help her achieve this goal. Fighting Rome Cleopatra and Marc Antony combined their armies in order to fight Octavian. The two forces met at the Battle of Actium. Antony and Cleopatra were defeated by Octavian and had to retreat to Egypt. Death The death of Cleopatra is shrouded with mystery and romance. After fleeing to Egypt, Marc Antony returned to the battlefield hoping to recover and defeat Octavian. He soon realized that he was going to be captured by Octavian. Upon hearing the false news that Cleopatra had died, Antony killed himself. When Cleopatra heard that Antony was dead, she became very sad. She killed herself by allowing a poisonous cobra to bite her. With Cleopatra's death, Octavian took control of Egypt and it became part of the Roman Empire. Her death brought an end to the Ptolemy dynasty and the Egyptian Empire. She was the last Pharaoh of Egypt. Advertisement Interesting Facts about Cleopatra VII Cleopatra could speak at least seven languages including Greek and Egyptian. She claimed to be the reincarnation of the Egyptian god Isis. Marc Antony declared her son Caesarion as the legal heir of Julius Caesar. Octavian became the first Emperor of Rome and changed his name to Augustus. Cleopatra has been the subject of many movies and plays including the famous 1963 film starring Elizabeth Taylor.

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29-19 BCE Virgil (70-19 BCE) composed The Aeneid, an epic poem that described the flight of refugees under Aenias from Troy to the Italian peninsula. According to Virgil, Aenias' descendants went on to found the Roman state. Commissioned by Augustus (to make him look good) The Aeneid is a Latin epic poem that tells the legendary story of Aeneas, a Trojan who travelled to Italy, where he became the ancestor of the Romans. It comprises 9,896 lines in dactylic hexameter. The first six of the poem's twelve books tell the story of Aeneas's wanderings from Troy to Italy, and the poem's second half tells of the Trojans' ultimately victorious war upon the Latins, under whose name Aeneas and his Trojan followers are destined to be subsumed. The hero Aeneas was already known to Greco-Roman legend and myth, having been a character in the Iliad. Virgil took the disconnected tales of Aeneas's wanderings, his vague association with the foundation of Rome and a personage of no fixed characteristics other than a scrupulous pietas, and fashioned this into a compelling founding myth or national epic that at once tied Rome to the legends of Troy, explained the Punic Wars, glorified traditional Roman virtues, and legitimized the Julio-Claudian dynasty as descendants of the founders, heroes, and gods of Rome and Troy.

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``` Augustus, Tiberius, Caligula, Claudius, Nero ```

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Marcus Aurelius (121 – 180 CE) was Roman emperor from 161 to 180. He was the last of the so-called Five Good Emperors. His death in 180 is considered the end of the Pax Romana and the increasing instability in the west that followed has traditionally been seen as the beginning of the eventual fall of the Western Roman Empire. He was a practitioner of Stoicism, and his untitled writing, commonly known as Meditations, is a significant source of the modern understanding of ancient Stoic philosophy. It is considered by many commentators to be one of the greatest works of philosophy.

Answer 186

1200-1150 BCE was a Dark Age transition period in the Near East, Asia Minor, Aegean region, North Africa, Caucasus, Balkans and the Eastern Mediterranean from the Late Bronze Age to the Early Iron Age, a transition historians believe was violent, sudden, and culturally disruptive. The palace economy of the Aegean region and Anatolia that characterised the Late Bronze Age disintegrated, transforming into the small isolated village cultures of the Greek Dark Ages. The period between c. 1200 and 1150 BC saw the cultural collapse of the Mycenaean kingdoms, the Kassite dynasty of Babylonia, the Hittite Empire in Anatolia and the Levant, the Egyptian Empire; the destruction of Ugarit and the Amorite states in the Levant, the fragmentation of the Luwian states of western Asia Minor, and a period of chaos in Canaan. The deterioration of these governments interrupted trade routes and severely reduced literacy in much of the known world.

Answer 187

2334–2154 BCE c. 2334–2279 BCE Sargon (first) c. 2170–2154 BCE Shu-turul (last) Akkadian Empire (2334–2154 BCE), the Assyrians, like all the Akkadian speaking Mesopotamians (and also the Sumerians), became subject to the dynasty of the city state of Akkad, centered in central Mesopotamia. The Akkadian Empire founded by Sargon the Great claimed to encompass the surrounding "four quarters". The region of Assyria, north of the seat of the empire in central Mesopotamia, had also been known as Subartu by the Sumerians, and the name Azuhinum in Akkadian records also seems to refer to Assyria proper.[24] The Sumerians were eventually absorbed into the Akkadian (Assyro-Babylonian) population.

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1365-934 BCE ``` 1365–1330 BC Ashur-uballit I (first) • 967–934 BC Tiglath-Pileser II (last) ```

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Fields of Knowledge Eg Sociology means?

Answer 190

Zhu Yuanzhan’s fourth son, Yongle, who ruled from 1402 to 1424, built the Forbidden City in the heart of Beijing to serve as the Ming Empire's seat of power and the imperial residence. Constructed from 1406 to 1420, the complex consists of 980 buildings and covers 72 hectares (over 180 acres). The palace exemplifies traditional Chinese palatial architecture, and has influenced cultural and architectural developments in East Asia and elsewhere. The Forbidden City was declared a World Heritage Site in 1987, and is listed by UNESCO as the largest collection of preserved ancient wooden structures in the world.

Answer 191

Zhu Yuanzhan In the middle of the 14th century, with famine, plagues, and peasant revolts sweeping across China, Zhu Yuanzhang rose to command the force that conquered China and ended the Mongol-led Yuan dynasty, forcing the Mongols to retreat to the Central Asian steppes. Zhu claimed the Mandate of Heaven and established the Ming dynasty at the beginning of 1368; later in the same year his army occupied the Yuan capital, Khanbaliq (present-day Beijing). Trusting only in his family, he made his many sons powerful feudal princes along the northern marches and the Yangtze valley.[1] Having outlived his first successor, the Hongwu Emperor enthroned his grandson via a series of instructions; this ended in failure, when the Jianwen Emperor's attempt to unseat his uncles led to the Ming Yongle Emperor (r. 1402–1424)".[2] Most of the historical sites related to the Hongwu Emperor are in Nanjing, the original capital of the Ming dynasty.

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8,848m 1953 Sir Edmund Hilary and Tenzing Norgay

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