🏘️ Human: London HIC Flashcards
(61 cards)
1
Q
What is a megacity?
A
A city with a population of over 10 million.
2
Q
What is urbanisation?
A
The increasing proportion of people living in urban areas.
3
Q
Why does urbanisation happen?
A
- Migration
- Natural Increase
- Economic Development
- Location
4
Q
What are push factors?
A
Events or circumstances that force or encourage people to move.
5
Q
What are pull factors?
A
A positive factor that attracts people to move to a new area.
6
Q
What are some examples of push factors?
A
- Land Scarcity
- Political + Religious Persecution
- Civil war
- Flooding
- Over Population
- Lack of Services
- High Crime
- Poverty
- Lack of Safety
- Drought
- Crop Failure
7
Q
What are some examples of pull factors?
A
- Lower Risk From Natural Hazards
- Higher Employment
- Better Services
- More Wealth
- Hope for a New Life
- Political Stability
- More Fertile Land
- Good Climate
- Safer + Less Crime
- Promise of Freedom
8
Q
Define distribution.
A
The way in which something is spread over an area.
9
Q
What is population density?
A
A measurement of the number of people in an area.
10
Q
What is the population of London?
A
Around 9 million
11
Q
How is London significant nationally?
A
- Generates around 25% of the UK’s GDP
- Several major airports (LGW + LHR)
- 800k people commute to work there everyday
- Londoners earn 23% more than the UK average
12
Q
How is London significant internationally?
A
- 37% of Londoners were born abroad
- 30 million tourists in 2024
- London’s stock exchange is the largest in the world
13
Q
Which London borough has the most % of non-white people?
A
Newham with 71%
14
Q
What are the impacts of immigration?
A
- Most migrants are from the EU
- 60% of EU migrants come for work, aren’t enough jobs but government gets money
- 26% of doctors are immigrants
- 40% of London’s population are immigrants
- Immigration is increasing
- Immigrants set up new jobs by setting up their own companies
15
Q
Why is London so ethnically diverse?
A
- Countries like India, Nigeria and Jamaica were once apart of the British Empire so people from there share languages
- London has many educational and job opportunities
- Since 2007 there has been free movement of people within the EU, so more people have migrated here from the EU
- With increasing advancements of technology more people are able to see what London is like and are therefore more attracted to live there
- Increasing flows of transport like ferries, trains and planes it’s easier to travel to the UK
16
Q
What is the cultural impact of migration in London - Mini India?
A
- There are Asian fashion shows for the large Asian population in London
- In Ealing Broadway + Wembley, shops sell Indian food and clothing e.g sugar cane juice
- Hindi is spoken, there’s a Hindu temple.
- It feels and looks like you’re in India which means that London benefits from all of the culture and religion that comes from the area and the community
17
Q
Define cultural mix.
A
The existence of a variety of cultural or ethnic groups within a society.
18
Q
Define multiculturalism.
A
When multiple cultural traditions are not only accepted in society but also promoted
19
Q
What are the advantages of cultural mix?
A
- Enriches cultural life like foods, music, religions, languages + culture
- Cultural events that celebrate multiculturalism
- Makes us broadly tolerant and liberal
- Increased creativity
20
Q
What are the challenges of cultural mix?
A
- Ensuring immigrants can speak English + mix with other groups
- Ghettos form, economically poorer cultural groups live in the poorest areas
- Language translations put a strain on the NHS + schools
21
Q
What are some examples of recreation and entertainment in London?
A
- Bars, restaurants and street entertainment
- Sporting events e.g Wimbledon which attracted above 500k attendees in 2023
- Concert and cinema venues
- Tourist attractions .g Buckingham Palace
- West End shows
- Multiple popular museums
22
Q
What are some economic opportunities in London?
A
- London houses a major world financial centre and a range of business specialisms
- London makes up around 15% of the UK’s population which emphasises the extent of jobs + was responsible for 25% of the UK’s total gross value added
23
Q
What is an integrated transport system?
A
All of the forms of transport link to one and other which includes public + private services.
24
Q
How does London have an integrated transport system?
A
- Many UK motorways converge on London’s M25
- LGW, LHR + LST are international hubs where buses congregate + trains link the airports to other London stations
- Londoners can use the underground, overground + red buses using an oyster card
- London has an integrated cycle network however only 25% of journeys are on public transport so integration could be better
25
What is the London Crossrail?
A new highspeed railway in London that spans 120km, known as the Elizabeth Line.
26
What are the benefits of the Crossrail?
- Increased number of rail passengers by around 700k passengers daily
- Provides more interchanges within the underground
- Encourages further regeneration across London
- Improved access for disabled people
27
How does green space in London help environmental impacts?
Provides clean air (8 million trees in London) + helps to prevent flooding
28
How many allotments are there in London?
30,000
29
How much of green space is by open areas and domestic gardens?
62%
30
How many wildlife species are there in London?
13,000
31
What is urban greening?
Increasing the amount and proportion of green spaces in a city
32
How does London provide for urban greening?
- 700 green roofs in central London
- Huge range of green spaces are open to Londoners e.g Hampstead Heath
- Major new building projects take urban greening into account e.g The Olympic Village
33
What is social deprivation?
The degree to which a person or a community lacks the things essential to human life, including money, housing and services.
34
What is urban sprawl?
The growth of urban areas into the surrounding countryside
35
What are commuter settlements?
Places where people live and travel elsewhere for work.
36
What is the green belt?
Open space of land around cities on which there are strict planning controls to prevent urban development in the countryside, and further building development is not allowed
37
What is dereliction?
When buildings are abandoned or left unoccupied, and areas of cities become dilapidated
38
What is the example of an urban regeneration project?
Queen Elizabeth Park (Olympic Park) Stratford
39
Why was the regeneration needed?
- Newham was the second poorest borough + had a low average annual salary of £20k.
- Had the highest levels of poverty in London
- High unemployment
40
What was hard to do in Newham?
Get jobs, afford things like housing and move away from the area due to the lack of education and training for the youth.
41
What is London's leading eco-friendly building?
The Gherkin
42
How is the gherkin in London sustainable?
- Uses wind for ventilation
- The interior is brightly lit by sunlight
- Double glazing to stop heat escaping
43
How is traffic being addressed to make London more sustainable?
- ULEZ charge of £15 deters people from driving into London
- Sustrans encourages London councils to build more cycling routes + paths. They also go into schools to tell children about the importance of sustainable transport
- Rental bikes encourage people to use bikes instead of cars
44
What is Sustrans?
An organisation that encourages people to use bicycles
45
How many journeys are taken by bike daily in London?
730,000
46
What does sustainable mean?
Something that can meet its needs without compromising future generations' needs.
47
What are features of sustainable urban living?
- Energy Conservation
- Water Conservation
- Waste Recycling
- Creating Urban Green Space
48
What are some water conservation schemes?
- Collecting rainwater for use on gardens or for flushing toilets
- Installing toilets that use less water to flush
- Installing water meters so people have to pay for the water they use
- Encouraging people to use less water
49
What are some energy conservation schemes?
- Promoting renewable energy over fossil fuels
- Government incentives to make homes more energy efficient e.g allowing homeowners who generate electricity renewably to sell any excess energy to the national grid
- Encouraging people to use less energy
50
How does creating green space make people want to stay where they live?
- They provide naturally cool areas where people can relax in very hot weather
- They encourage people to exercise more and to use alternative transport e.g bikes. Which makes people healthier and less stressed
- They make people feel happier by providing a break from the noise and bustle of the city
51
What are ways in which green spaces have environmental benefits?
- They reduce the risk of flooding by reducing surface runoff from rainfall and increasing absorption
- They reduce air pollution by creating pockets of clean air
52
What are some recycling schemes?
- Recycling facilities for larger items e.g fridges
- Websites like 'Freecycle', where items are offered for free so items can be used by others instead of thrown away
53
What green spaces have been created in the east village?
- 10 hectares of parkland with hundreds of planted trees and ponds, which encourages wildlife + helps purify the air
- Green roofs on the residential blocks, encouraging more wildlife
- A wetland area with ponds where water is recycled
- A large central park + an adventure play for children
54
What has been done to make the East Village more energy efficient?
- There is a combined heat + power system (CHP)
- Energy use is at least 30% less than the average urban area
- CHP is more efficient as it generates electricity and produces heat from burning biomass which is perfect for a small area
55
What has been done to make the East Village more water efficient?
- Water use is 50% less than in an average urban area due to water recycling
- Water drains off the green roofs + pavements into a waterway that then drains into ponds where it is filtered and cleaned naturally by reed beds
- Clean water is then pumped back uphill into the buildings + used for flushing toilets and irrigating trees
56
What is being done to manage waste in the East Village?
- Less than 1% of construction waste was sent to landfill
- Construction is planned + only material that is needed is supplied reducing surplus materials
- Waste is carefully segregated on-site to maximise re-use of material if possible
57
What are the inequalities in different measures of deprivation between Kensington & Chelsea and Newham?
- Households with joint income below £15k: 9% in KC vs 26% in N
- 5 Good GCSEs: 80% in KC vs 62% in N
- Male life expectancy: 84 in KC vs 76 in N
- Unemployment: 4% vs 9%
58
How much of London's waste goes to landfills?
25%
59
Where has housebuilding in London tripled?
On the rural-urban fringe
60
What are the main features of the East Village?
- £9 billion investment project
- 1.2k homes were created
- 18k new jobs were created
- New schools, sports centres (velodrome), cultural opportunities (V&A) and entertainment (westfield)
- 8.3k trees planted
61
What opportunities has urban change created?
- Cultural mix
- Recreation and entertainment
- Employment
- Integrated transport systems
- Urban greening
