🇳🇬 Human: Nigeria Flashcards
(70 cards)
1
Q
What is gross domestic product (GDP)?
A
The total amount of goods and services produced by a country in one year divided by its total population.
2
Q
What is migration?
A
The movement of people from one permanent home to another, with the intention of staying at least a year.
3
Q
What are transnational corporations (TNCs)?
A
Initial investment and jobs lead to a knock on effect. This knock on effect creates more jobs and money which are then reinvested.
4
Q
What is industrial structure?
A
The relative proportion of the workforce employed in different sectors of the economy.
5
Q
What is development?
A
The progress of a country in terms of economic growth, the use of technology and human welfare.
6
Q
What is the development gap?
A
The difference in standards of living and wellbeing between the world’s richest and poorest countries.
7
Q
What is gross national income (GNI)?
A
A measurement of economic activity that is calculated by dividing the total (gross) national income by the size of the population.
8
Q
What is the human development index (HDI)?
A
A method of measuring development in which GDP per capita, life expectancy are combined to give an overview using social and economic indicators.
9
Q
What is quality of life?
A
The general well-being of individuals and societies, outlining negative and positive features of life
10
Q
How can we classify parts of the world according to their level of economic development and quality of life?
A
- Economic: income, job security
- Physical: diet, health, climate
- Social: family, friends, education
- Psychological: happiness, freedom
11
Q
What are ways we measure development?
A
- Rate of disease
- Literacy rate
- People per doctor
- Life expectancy
- Access to safe water
- GNI
- HDI
- Infant mortality
- Birth and death rates
12
Q
What are the limitations of GNI in terms of an economic development measure?
A
- The measure only takes into account the singular factor of income
- The measure is an average, so a few wealthy people could distort the figures
- Data about income is sensitive so people may not want to be honest about their earnings
- People working in the informal sector may not want to be taken into account
13
Q
What are the limitations of birth rate in terms of a social development measure?
A
- Some countries may have low birth rates but are actually poor
- Birth control policies can distort this as a measure of overall development
14
Q
What are the limitations of death rate in terms of a social development measure?
A
- Death rate is a less reliable measure of development to the birth rate
- Birth rates can be high in some LICs due to poverty but also high in HICs where many people are dying of old age
15
Q
What are the limitations of infant mortality in terms of a social development measure?
A
- In the poorest countries, not all the deaths are reported, especially in remote areas, so the true value may be higher
16
Q
What are the limitations of life expectancy in terms of a social development measure?
A
- Data is not always reliable, especially in LICs
- It can be misleading in countries with very high rates of infant mortality as people surviving infant mortality may live longer than expected
17
Q
What are the limitations of literacy rates in terms of a social development measure?
A
- Can be hard to measure in LICs due to lack of monitoring
- War zones and squatter settlements are difficult areas to measure literacy
18
Q
What are the limitations of % access to safe water in terms of a social development measure?
A
- Data collection in LICs is not likely to be accurate and so official figures may underestimate the problem
- People may technically have access but high costs may force them to use water that is not safe
19
Q
What is colonialization?
A
The act of taking control of a land or people by a foreign power, and exploiting them for economic gain.
20
Q
What factors cause uneven development?
A
- Food prices
- Disease and lack of healthcare
- Politics
- Landlocked
- Corruption
- Colonisation
- Climate and natural hazards
21
Q
How do historical factors cause uneven development?
A
- Many LICs were colonised by powerful trading nations like the UK, France and Spain
- Much of Africa, South America and Asia were exploited for their raw materials and over 10 million people were exported as slaves
- It was during this era that global development became uneven, although most of these countries have become independent, they may have been affected by power struggles and civil wars, the legacy of hundreds of years of exploitation
22
Q
What is an example of a historical cause of uneven development?
A
- Haiti is 169th on HDI and Dominican republic is 89th
- Haiti was colonised by France
- Dom Rep was colonised by Spain
- Spain set up government respectable local leaders
- Whereas France killed all natives, brought in slaves + treated them badly and farmed on land until it was barren
- Haitian slaves won independence, but are in debt with France
- Rest of the world isolated them and wouldn’t trade, meanwhile DR thrived
23
Q
What are some physical causes of uneven development and how do they cause it?
A
- Landlock: Countries are cut off from seaborne trade important to economic growth
- Climate related diseases: Diseases like malaria affect the ability of the population to stay healthy enough to work. Locust swarms can decimate crops
- Extreme weather: Things like droughts, floods and tropical storms can slow development and can incur costly repairs to infrastructure
- Limited access to clean water: Can stifle development by making people sick and unable to work.
24
Q
How do economic factors cause uneven development?
A
- Poverty: Lack of money in a country slows development. It prevents improvements to living standards, education, sanitation and infrastructure. Without these, development in agriculture and industry will be slow and the economy can’t jump start
- Trade: Wealthier regions, such as Europe dominate trade because they export secondary goods which earn more income. As these countries accumulate wealth they become more powerful. This means they are able to dictate the terms of trade to their advantage
25
What are the effects of economic uneven development?
- LICs mainly trade primary goods which have low value and earn them little money which means that they have limited funds to invest in infrastructure and services that would enable them to develop.
- LICs rely mostly on single exports which are subject to fluctuations in market price, this means that a drop in the market value risks them losing a lot of their income
26
What is colonialism?
The control and exploitation of a territory and its people by a foreign power, often involving the establishment of settlements and the imposition of political, economic, and cultural systems.
27
What are the effects of historical uneven development (colonialism) ?
- Europeans brought a lot of new tech to African countries to help them with farming and building better infrastructure etc..
- When the DR Congo gained independence from Belgium, they only had 14 uni graduates
- Power struggles took place in newly independent countries, especially if resources like diamonds were at stake
- The modern borders of many Middle eastern and central African countries affect ethnic groups across the regions, creating conflict.
- South American, Asian and African cultures were affected by colonialism and became part of the transatlantic slave trade
- Education was introduced to a lot of countries where they were taught the global languages like English, and institutions like a proper government emerged
28
What are the consequences of uneven development concerning health?
- In LICs, 40% of deaths are in children under 15, compared to 1% IN HICs
- Complications amongst birth are one of the main causes of death for under 5s
- Infectious diseases are main cause of death
29
What are the consequences of uneven development concerning wealth?
- 35% of total wealth is held in N America by just 5% of the world's population
- LICs have become dependant on HICs for aid. Many LICs have had to borrow money from the World Bank to pay for hospitals and healthcare but are now in debt
30
What are the consequences of uneven development concerning global migration?
- People move to improve their QoL
- Since 2004 over 1.5mil economic migrants have moved to the UK. 2/3 are Polish, employment rate is over 10% and they can earn up to 5 times more
- Most migrants pay tax which is good for the economy, they are prepared to work hard, often manual jobs
- However they do put pressure on services like health and education
31
How is investment by TNCs a strategy to reduce the development gap and what is an example?
TNCs invest in LIC sectors that they think will expand rapidly. The investment helps grow quicker, after growth the investors are able to collect a 'return' on their investments + earn even more money
Royal Dutch Shell employs more than 4.5k people in Nigeria - 95% are Nigerian
32
How is industrial development a strategy to reduce the development gap and what is an example?
Enables LICs to invest in their primary industries and increase manufacturing which increases productivity, generating more wealth improving their GNI
In Mozambique, just 6 years of industrial growth reduced the proportion of people in poverty by 15%
33
How is aid a strategy to reduce the development gap and what is an example?
It's a gift of money, goods or services to developing countries which doesn't have to be repaid like a loan.
UK government spends 0.7% of its national income on overseas development projects including those in Sierra Leone + Syria.
34
How is intermediate technology a strategy to reduce the development gap and what is an example?
Speeds up the process, simple, practical tools and basic machines. Straightforward for local people to use. Sustainable and cheap to maintain. Machines can quickly harvest crops and manual labour is decreased.
Solar box cookers in rural parts of India + Kenya produce clean and sustainable energy for domestic cooking
35
How is fair trade a strategy to reduce the development gap and what is an example?
When the farmers or factories involved receive a fair % of the final retail price in shops, a product is labelled as fair trade. It also involves the maintenance of a basic working environment. Standards for farmers include: protection of worker rights + the environment.
Fair Trade in Colombia has increased household income for banana farmers by an average 34%.
36
How is debt relief a strategy to reduce the development gap and what is an example?
Between 1960 - 1980 some HICs loaned many LICs huge amounts of money. The debt crisis began when countries couldn't repay loans or interest.
One way debts have been reduced is by conservation swaps e.g Indonesia agreed to protect the Sumatran forests in exchange for writing off $30mill from US
37
How is microfinance loans a strategy to reduce the development gap and what is an example?
Poor farmers that support themselves in LICs can be offered microfinance loans by the bank which is designed to give people a chance to escape the cycle of poverty
e.g buying fertiliser to increase crop yield, over time profits will increase and the loan will be paid off
38
Where is Tunisia?
A country in North Africa that boarders Libya and it's coast is on the Mediterranean sea.
39
What is the approximate population of Tunisia?
12 million
40
What are the reasons for growth in tourism in Tunisia?
- Climate: Hot summers and mild winters. 40° highs
- Links with Europe: Close to Sicily and easily accessible by low-cost airlines, they're also an ex-colony of France meaning many speak French
- History + Culture: Tunisia hosts seven UNESCO World Heritage Sites, including the ancient remains of Carthage. Star wars was filmed there
- Rise of cheap packages: Tunisian government worked with companies like TUI to create holiday packages with activities
- Physical Landscape: Varied and diverse with dorsal mountains and the Sahara desert
41
How has the growth of tourism in Tunisia reduced the development gap?
- Tunisia is now one of the wealthiest countries in Africa and its income quadrupled in the 1970s which quickly translated to longer life expectancy as diet and health improved
- Literacy rates have increased from 66% to 79% since 1995
- More families can afford to send their children to school and uni
- Tourism has contributed to all of this through job creation and helping Tunisia to connect internationally as school is now compulsory for girls
42
Describe the location of Nigeria.
Nigeria is a country in central West Africa. North of the equator and has a coastline on the gulf of Guinea.
43
How is Nigeria regionally important?
- It has the largest economy in West Africa
- Has the highest agricultural output in Africa
44
How is Nigeria globally important?
2.7% of the world's oil is supplied by Nigeria
45
Describe how the environment varies in Nigeria.
The more south you get in Nigeria, the more rain here is so areas like rainforests and mangroves form. Whereas in the North, there is less rain and therefore less vegetation and more of a savannah ecosystem.
46
Describe how the cultural groups vary in Nigeria.
The north, SE and SW are divided into different ethnic groups which can cause conflicts as there is a competition for power and lack of trust.
47
Describe how the population varies in Nigeria.
Nigeria has a youthful population and in the next 20 years it will have a high proportion of educated young people starting work. This creates competition for jobs and pressure on education, however it attracts investors and less government expenditure on healthcare
48
Describe the political context in Nigeria.
A 2.5 year civil war was triggered by the declaration of an independent state of Biafra in 1967, causing a mass migration. 100k military casualties and 2mil people in need of food aid to prevent starvation. The war led to a decline in oil production and therefore had a negative effect on the economy and getting Nigeria's government back on its feet.
49
Describe the changing employment sectors in Nigeria.
Agriculture has halved in employment due to intermediate technology. Industry like manufacturing and services like entertainment have increased.
50
How has the industrial structure (primary sector etc) of Nigeria changed?
- Less employed in primary (agriculture)
- % employed in services has doubled
- % employed in industry like oil and manufacturing has tripled
51
What is an example of a manufacturing industry in Nigeria and what type of industry is it?
Dangote Cement - Secondary
52
Why is Dangote Cement a growing industry?
Rapid urbanisation increases demand for cement and it's Sub-Saharan Africa's leading cement company.
53
What is Dangote Cement's production capacity?
48.6 million tonnes per year across 10 countries.
54
How would an increase in cement production increase economic development?
It would increase amount of formal jobs, salary and encourage investment. It would also increase expansion into other countries in Africa and therefore positively effects Nigeria's influence in the region and its GNI.
55
What is an example of a TNC in Nigeria that produces oil?
Shell
56
How has Shell helped industrial development?
They produce 21% of the countries total petroleum production from more than 80 oil fields
57
What are the advantages of Shell to Nigeria?
- Produces more money
- Provide jobs with better wages than local work
- New expertise brought into a country
- Stimulates development through multiplier effect e.g Shell oil refinery uses local companies to provide services and goods to run it: creating more jobs
- Invest money and encourage development e.g Shell has spent $12bill in LICs
- They try to clean up after environmental damage
- TNCs have charities that help people e.g Shell Foundation helps sustainability and biodiversity in local communities
58
What are the disadvantages of Shell to Nigeria?
- Shell has had several oil spills, 500 million gallons in Niger Delta
- Shell has been accused of crimes against Ogoni people: they remain v poor despite their land used for oil extraction and being polluted by oil spills
- Poor working conditions: long hours, sweat shops and poor pay
- Leakage of profits as most profits go back to HQ in HICs and not reinvested to LICs
- TNCs can withdraw investment with no warning
- Nigeria still has to import expensive refined petrol because it doesn't have enough refining capacity
- Oil refineries are expensive to build and operate and TNCs are unwilling to invest in Nigeria due to political instability/corruption
59
How are Nigeria's political relationships changing with the wider world?
- Nigeria was originally part of the BE, so most political and trading links were with the UK and other members
- Since becoming independent in 1960, Nigeria has been apart of the Commonwealth, maintaining strong links with the UK and elsewhere
- Nigeria plays a leading political role within Africa in terms of economic planning through the AU and peacekeeping a part of the UN
- Links with China are growing, as Nigeria benefits from increased investment such as $12bill to construct a new 1400km railway
60
How are Nigeria's trading relationships changing with the wider world?
- Imports: Nigeria's main imports are refined petrol products from the EU and the USA, cars from Brazil, mobile phones from China as well as staple food crops such as rice and wheat. Most imports are from the EU, China and USA
- Exports: Almost 50% of Nigeria's exports are to the EU and include crude oil, natural gas, rubber, cotton and cocoa. Most of Nigeria's crude oil is exported to India, China and Japan. Around 30% of Nigeria's cotton goes to Australia
61
Why might Nigeria need aid?
- Debt
- Terrorism
- Starvation
- Disease
62
Describe the aid received in Nigeria.
Nigeria receives international aid because even though the country is rapidly developing many people are still poor. they have limited access to safe water, health and education services and a reliable electricity supply. 60% of the population live on less than 63p per day. Birth rates are high and life expectancy low. Most aid comes from countries like UK and USA.
63
Why is aid not always effective in Nigeria?
- Corruption in the government and individuals means aid is lost or not given to the right people
- There have been claims aid money has been used to supply the Navy
- Donors of aid may have political influence over who does and doesn't benefit. They may use donations to promote themselves
64
How does the UN supply short term aid to Nigeria?
The UN World Food Programme has supplied emergency food to over 400k people in N Nigeria who are facing starvation as the farmers were unable to sow their crops due to the conflict
65
How does aid benefit Nigeria?
- Nets for Life project provide education on malaria and give mosquito nets to households to prevent the spread of disease
- World Bank funded loans to businesses to help diversify the economy away from being dependant on oil so that new businesses and industries are developed
- The UK government has funded health and HIV programme providing health and education in rural areas. This will help to protect people against infection in the future and help them to work and improve their own lives
66
What impacts does industrial growth have on the environment in Nigeria?
- Nigeria has 5000 industrial plants and 10k illegal small scale industries
- These pollute nearby land and rivers as toxic waste is dumped or leaked
- Harmful pollutants go into open drains putting people and ecosystems at risk
- Breathing and lung problems come from the huge number of fumes
67
What impacts does urban growth have on the environment in Nigeria?
- Squatter settlements are common in most cities
- Services like health and education have not kept pace with growing cities
- Waste disposal is a major issue as collection services are poor so it's dumped on the street
- Traffic congestion creates high levels of pollution
- 75% of forests have been destroyed through logging, agriculture and urban development
68
What impacts does mineral and oil extraction have on the environment in Nigeria?
- Tin mining has led to soil erosion and local water supplies were polluted with toxic chemicals
- Oil spills have damaged freshwater and marine ecosystems leading to loss of species and unhealthy ecosystems
- Oil spills can cause fires which release huge amounts of CO₂ causing acid rain
69
What are the positive effects of economic development on QoL for people in Nigeria?
- Leads to investments into roads, electricity and water supply - improved infrastructure
- Development of sectors like energy production and agriculture creates more jobs
- Increases income so more people can afford technology and good education
- Enables the expansion of private healthcare and improvement of public health facilities
70
What are the negative effects of economic development on QoL for people in Nigeria?
- Economic growth is uneven as Southern Nigeria produces more wealth in the urban areas, creating inequality
- Rural areas still face poverty and remain undeveloped as urban areas thrive
- Industrial activities, like oil extraction have led to pollution, loss of farmland and health issues
- Mismanagement of public funds and corruption has undermined the potential benefits of development
