Human movement from a physiological perspective 1

Question 1

Exercise physiology

Answer 1

“a branch of applied physiology
concerned with the patient’s responses
to both acute and chronic exercise
(training).”
-“the science of human performance
under physical stress and the
relationships between physical activity
and the structure and function of the
human body.”

Question 2

Exercise physiology- Focus of study

Answer 2

• Acute physiological responses
• Chronic physiological adaptations
• …Due to physical activity

Question 3

Examining Exercise physiology - FOS

Answer 3

• Cellular metabolism
• Tissue response
• Organ and organ system functioning (e.g.
  vital signs)
• Functioning of the entire organism (e.g.
  metrics of performance such as kcal
  burning, speed)

Question 4

Exercise physiology-
Epistemology

Answer 4

Empiricism (Sensory experience) & Reduction (Breaking things into smaller things to understand)
- Data collected in lab’s, field of studies & wearable technology that provides real-time data on physiological parameters.

Question 5

Exercise physiology - Methodology

Answer 5

Tools- treadmills, heart rate
Study of Designs- Experimental & Observational designs, in vitro (using biological tissues and cells)
Computational simulations (computers)
Data Analysis- Quantitative (stats), Qualitative (less common), Computational modelling (Predict physiological responses)

Question 6

Specific tools of
exercise physiology- Cardiovascular Assessment Tools:

Answer 6

◦ Electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG): Measures
the electrical activity of the heart.
◦ Spirometer: Assesses lung volumes and
capacities.
◦ Oximeters: Measure oxygen saturation in the
blood.
◦ Blood Pressure Monitor: Measures systolic
and diastolic blood pressures.
◦ Heart Rate Monitors: Measure heart rate in
real-time during rest and exercise.

Question 7

Specific tools of
exercise physiology- Metabolic Measurement Tools:

Answer 7

◦ Metabolic Carts: Measure oxygen
consumption (VO2) and carbon dioxide
production (VCO2) to determine energy
expenditure (how many kcals are being
burned) and substrate utilization (what
energy sources are being used)
◦ Blood Analyzers: Measure blood lactate,
glucose, and other metabolites.
◦ E.g. Glucose Meters: Monitor blood glucose
levels

Question 8

Specific tools of
exercise physiology- Muscular Assessment Tools

Answer 8

◦ Dynamometers: Measure muscle strength
and force.
◦ Electromyography (EMG): Measures the
electrical activity of muscles during
contraction.
◦ Isokinetic Machines: Assess muscle strength
and power at constant speeds.
◦ Also used in biomechanics

Question 9

Specific tools of
exercise physiology - Molecular and Cellular Tools

Answer 9

◦ Muscle Biopsy: Collects muscle tissue
samples for cellular and molecular analysis.
◦ Microscopes: For histological examination of
tissue samples.
◦ Centrifuges: Separate blood and other
samples into their constituent parts for
analysis.

Question 10

Specific tools of
exercise physiology- Environmental Simulation Tools

Answer 10

◦ Climate Chambers: Simulate different
environmental conditions (temperature,
humidity) to study their effects on exercise
performance and physiology.
◦ Altitude Chambers and simulators: Mimic
high-altitude conditions to study hypoxia
response

Question 11

Altitude training methods

Answer 11

-Live high, Train low - living @ high altitude (less02)
-Live high, Train high
-Live low, Train High

Question 12

Exercise physiology- Metaphysics

Answer 12

Materialism (physical) & determinism (not random)

Question 13

Exercise Physiology- Conceptual frameworks

Answer 13

Theories:
◦ Key ones:
◦ Hans Selye’s General Adaptation Syndrome
◦ Energy systems framework

Question 14

General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS) (Hans Selye)

Answer 14

• Predictable pattern of physiological
  responses by an organism to all
  stressors
• A pattern of stress responses consisting
  of three stages: alarm, resistance, and
  exhaustion

Question 15

3 Energy systems

Answer 15

Anaerobic (no 02):
-ATP-PC (Lactic system, does not produce lactic acid)
-Glycolytic Lactic System (produces lactic acid)
Aerobic (needs 02):
- Oxidative (aerobic system)

Question 16

Atp-PC- Alactic system

Answer 16

-10-15 seconds
-Sprints
-use stored ATP & then PC stored in muscles
-Takes 3-5 mins to replenish

Question 17

Glycolytic/ Lactic system

Answer 17

-30 sec - 2-3mins
- high intensity
-Glucose & glycogen
-Breaks down glucose in muscle to get ATP (without 02)
-Produces Lactic acid & H+ ions
- Recover several mins - hr

Question 18

Aerobic- with Oxygen

Answer 18

• Main Energy store used during Cardio and Rising metabolism
• 2 mins- hours
  -low - moderate activity
• Fuel: carbs, fats, proteins, and alcohol
• Kreb cycle & electron transport train
• produces Carbon Dioxide & H20
• takes up to 2 mins to engage
  Recovery- faster than the glycolic system no lactic build up.

Question 19

Acute Physiological response to cardiovascular activity

Answer 19

◦ HR increases to bring blood, 02, and nutrients to
muscle
◦ Respiratory rate (RR) and minute ventilation (VE)
also increase
◦ Oxygen consumption (VO2) rises
◦ Respiratory exchange ratio (RER) increases
◦ Ventilatory equivalent for oxygen (VE/VO2) increases◦ Blood lactate concentration increases to a degree
◦ Muscle activation increases
◦ RPE increases (Rate of Perceived Exertion)
◦ Energy expenditure increases, greater number
of METs occurring in the activity
◦ Systolic blood pressure increases
◦ Diastolic pressure stays stable or decreases
slightly due to vasodilation