Human Movement Science

Question 1

Biomechanics

Answer 1

The science concerned with the internal and external forces acting on the human body and the
effects produced by these forces

Question 2

proximal

Answer 2

Positioned nearest the center of the body or a point of reference

Question 3

distal

Answer 3

positioned farthest from the center of the body or a point of reference

Question 4

anterior

Answer 4

on the front of the body

Question 5

posterior

Answer 5

on the back of the body

Question 6

medial

Answer 6

positioned near the middle of the body

Question 7

lateral

Answer 7

positioned toward the outside of the body

Question 8

contralateral

Answer 8

positioned on the opposite side of the body

Question 9

ipsilateral

Answer 9

positioned on the same side of the body

Question 10

anatomic position

Answer 10

he position with the body erect, the arms at the sides, and the palms facing forward. It is the
base for all anatomic terminology

Question 11

—An imaginary bisector that divides the body into left and right halves

Answer 11

sagittal plane

Question 12

flexion

Answer 12

A bending movement in which the relative angle between two adjacent segments decreases.

Question 13

A straightening movement in which the relative angle between two adjacent segments increases.

Answer 13

extension

Question 14

hyperextension

Answer 14

—Extension of a joint beyond the normal limit or range of motion

Question 15

frontal plane

Answer 15

an imaginary bisector that divides the body into front and back halves

Question 16

Abduction

Answer 16

A movement in the frontal plane away from the midline of the body.

Question 17

Adduction

Answer 17

a movement in the frontal plane toward the midline of the body

Question 18

An imaginary bisector that divides the body into top and bottom halves.

Answer 18

transverse plane

Question 19

Internal rotation

Answer 19

Rotation of a joint toward the middle of the body.

Question 20

external rotation

Answer 20

rotation of a joint away from the middle of the body

Question 21

horizontal abduction

Answer 21

Movement of the arm or thigh in the transverse plane from an anterior position to a lateral
position.

Question 22

horizontal adduction

Answer 22

Movement of the arm or thigh in the transverse plane from a lateral position to an anterior
one

Question 23

scapular retraction

Answer 23

Adduction of the scapulae; shoulder blades move toward the midline.

Question 24

scapular protraction

Answer 24

Abduction of the scapulae; shoulder blades move away from the midline

Question 25

scapular depression

Answer 25

Downward (inferior) movement of the scapulae

Question 26

scapular elevation

Answer 26

Upward (superior) movement of the scapulae.

Question 27

When a muscle develops tension while lengthening; resistive force is greater than muscular force

Answer 27

Eccentric muscle action

Question 28

Concentric muscle action

Answer 28

When a muscle is exerting force greater than the resistive force, resulting in shortening of the muscle

Question 29

Isometric muscle action

Answer 29

When a muscle is exerting force equal to the force being placed on it, leading to no visible change in the muscle length.

Question 30

Isokinetic muscle action

Answer 30

When a muscle shortens at a constant speed over the full range of motion.

Question 31

Length-tension relationship

Answer 31

The resting length of a muscle and the tension the muscle can produce at this resting length.

Question 32

Force-couple

Answer 32

muscle groups moving together to produce movement around a joint

Question 33

rotary motion

Answer 33

movement of the bones around the joints

Question 34

torque

Answer 34

a force that produces rotation. common unit of torque is the newton-meter or Nm.

Question 35

Motor behavior

Answer 35

motor response to internal and external stimuli

Question 36

motor control

Answer 36

How the CNS integrates internal and external sensory information with previous experiences to produce a motor response.

Question 37

—Integration of motor control processes through practice and experience, leading to a relatively permanent change in the capacity to produce skilled movements

Answer 37

motor learning

Question 38

The change in motor skill behavior over time throughout the lifespan

Answer 38

motor development

Question 39

muscle synergies

Answer 39

Groups of muscles that are recruited by the CNS to provide movement.

Question 40

proprioception

Answer 40

The cumulative sensory input to the CNS from all mechanoreceptors that sense position and limb movement

Question 41

The cooperation of the nervous and muscular system in gathering and interpreting information and executing movement

Answer 41

sensorimotor integration

Question 42

The use of sensory information and sensorimotor integration to help the Human Movement System in motor learning

Answer 42

Feedback

Question 43

the process whereby sensory information is used by the body to reactively monitor movement and the environment.

Answer 43

internal feedback

Question 44

external feedback

Answer 44

Information provided by some external source, such as a fitness professional, video, mirror, or heart rate monitor, to supplement feedback from the internal environment