Human Nervous System (Edan)

Question 1

t/f: NS essential for life

Answer 1

false

Question 2

Describe what is meant by a nerve net?

Answer 2

NS of older phyla (jellyfish) very simple & consists of a nerve net of neurons
that receive sensory information and directly
link to other neurons to move muscles

Question 3

Describe, in ascending order, key evolutionary features in the development of NS?

Answer 3

1. neurons and muscles
2. nerve nets
3. bilateral symmetry
4. segmentation
5. ganglia
6. spinal cord
7. brain

Question 4

Describe what is meant by segmentation?

Answer 4

repeated series of similar structural arrangement (muscularly)

Question 5

Why are ganglia considered a key evolutionary feature in the development of NS’?

Answer 5

because - clusters of neurons resemble
primitive brains & function like command
centres (ie. octopuses)

Question 6

Spinal cords are only found in highly _____ _____

Answer 6

evolved chordates

Question 7

what is a chordate?

Answer 7

• animals of the phylum chordata
• at some point possess:
  1. notocord
  2. hollow dorsal nerve cord
  3. pharyngeal slits
  4. endostyle
  5. post-anal tail
• Brain Evolution of representative chordates have many structures in common, indicating a single (common) basic
  brain plan across chordate species

Question 8

t/f: The chordate Phylum (frogs, reptiles, birds,
mammals) have a true brain specialized to control of
distinctive behaviour

Answer 8

true

Question 9

earliest known human ancestor lived in _____ around _______ years ago

Answer 9

africa, 6-7 MYA

Question 10

Australopithecus:

a. ) lived how many years ago?
b. ) brain size?
c. ) locomotion?
d. ) tool usage?
e. ) example?

Answer 10

a. 3MYA
b. 450cc
c. walked upright bipedal
d. used tools
e. Lucy - indications she used tools

Question 11

Provide information on the following hominid: neanderthal

Answer 11

had large brains,

advanced tools, burial rituals, lived in complex social groups and physical adaptations to ice age

Question 12

Provide information on the following hominid: cro-magnon man

Answer 12

Cro-Magnon Man (modern) had large brains, more sophisticated
tools, art & language,
behavioural flexibility and
learning capacity

Question 13

t/f: neanderthals had a larger cranial capacity

Answer 13

true

Question 14

draw anatomical organization of human NS

Answer 14

look at M1 lecture slides

Question 15

draw functional organization human NS

Answer 15

look at M1 lecture slides

Question 16

functionally, the human NS can be broken down to a 3 part system. Explain the following part: CNS

Answer 16

Brain & spinal cord are at the core of the

system and mediate behaviour

Question 17

functionally, the human NS can be broken down to a 3 part system. Explain the following part: somatic NS

Answer 17

Spinal and cranial
nerves carrying sensory information to the CNS
from muscles, joints & skin. Also transmits
outgoing motor instructions for movement

Question 18

functionally, the human NS can be broken down to a 3 part system. Explain the following part: autonomic nervous system

Answer 18

Balances the
body’s internal organs through (i) parasympathetic
nerves which have a calming effect and (ii)
sympathetic nerves which have an arousing effect

Question 19

When describe anatomy of the brain, dorsal refers to the __

Answer 19

top

Question 20

what’re the main BV’s supplying the brain?

Answer 20

anterior, middle, and posterior cerebral arteries

Question 21

describe the difference between gray and white matter - how is it distributed in the brain?

Answer 21

Grey matter contains neuron cell body’s, capillary blood vessels and unmyelinated axons - functioning to collect and modify information.

White matter is comprised of myelinated axons, functioning to form connects between neurons.

The order from out to inside the brain is grey-white-grey

Question 22

When describe anatomy of the brain, ventral refers to the __

Answer 22

bottom

Question 23

What are brain ventricles, what are their function? Name them?

Answer 23

4 cavities filled with CSF used to clean the brain
L + R lateral ventricles
third ventricle
fourth ventricle

Question 24

t/f: the SC produces most movements following

instruction from the brain (motor cortex), but can act independently (reflex)

Answer 24

true

Question 25

what're the 3 regions of the brainstem?

Answer 25

hindbrain, midbrain and diencephalon (did you think it was medulla, pons, and midbrain? Well the hindbrain contains medulla and pons, and the diencephalon is technically part of the brainstem. Thus, the lecturer's answer is more comprehensive)

Question 26

Briefly state the function of the following: neocortex

Answer 26

regulate host mental activity

Question 27

Briefly state the function of the following: basal ganglia

Answer 27

controls voluntary movement

Question 28

Briefly state the function of the following: limbic system

Answer 28

regulates emotions & behaviors that create and require memory

Question 29

Briefly state the function of the following: frontal lobe

Answer 29

cognition - decision making, planning, problem solving

Question 30

Briefly state the function of the following: parietal

Answer 30

receives and processes sensory information

Question 31

Briefly state the function of the following: occipital lobe

Answer 31

visual processing

Question 32

Briefly state the function of the following: temporal

Answer 32

memory emotion hearing language

Question 33

basal ganglia is composed of what structures?

Answer 33

thalamus sub-thalamic nucleus substantia nigra

Question 34

Parkinson’s disease is neural degenerative starting in the ____ ___ & progressing through brain

Answer 34

substantia nigra

Question 35

describe the structure and function of the limbic system?

Answer 35

- complex set structures - located both sides thalamus, right under cerebrum - strong connection to nucelus accumbens (pleasure center) - motivation, memory, sexual behaviour, emotion - significant role in reward: limbic system has dopaminergic projections which play roles in learning

Question 36

3 parts of somatic NS?

Answer 36

1. cranial nerves 2. spinal nerves 3. association nerves (integrate motor/ sensory)

Question 37

t/f: cranial nerves are responsible for affarent, but not efferent nerve functions

Answer 37

false - efferent also (control face, tongue)

Question 38

how many cranial nerves are there?

Answer 38

12 pairs of CN's

Question 39

list the name/ functions of CN's 1-6?

Answer 39

1. Olfactory (smell) 2. Optic (vision) 3. Oculomotor (eye movement) 4. Trochlear (eye movement) 5. Trigeminal (sensation & chewing) 6. Abducens (eye movement)

Question 40

list the name/ functions of CN's 7-12?

Answer 40

7. Facial (movement & sensation) 8. Auditory vestibular (hearing & balance) 9. Glossopharyngeal (tongue/pharynx) 10. Vagus (heart, vessels, larynx) 11. Spinal accessory (neck muscles) 12. Hypoglossal (tongue muscles)

Question 41

t/f: CN's are mixed nerves which carry motor, sensory, and autonomic signals between the spinal cord and the body

Answer 41

false - what is described here is spinal nerves

Question 42

how many pairs of spinal nerves exist? How are they grouped?

Answer 42

31 - into 8 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral, 1 coccygeal

Question 43

in terms of spinal cord neuronal anatomy, what're collateral branches of sensory neurons?

Answer 43

collateral branches of sensory neurons may cross to the other side and influence motor neurons there

Question 44

Dorsal fibers are ______- carry information from _____ | Ventral fibers are ______- carry information out of ______

Answer 44

Dorsal fibers are afferent - carry information from receptors Ventral fibers are efferent - carry information out of spinal cord

Question 45

dorsal tracts are (motor/ sensory)

Answer 45

sensory

Question 46

ventral tracts are (motor/ sensory)

Answer 46

motor

Question 47

the autonomic nervous system is a division of the ________ nervous system that influences the function of _____ ______

Answer 47

A division of the peripheral nervous system that | influences the function of internal organs

Question 48

describe the difference in function between the two divisions of the autonomic nervous system?

Answer 48

The Sympathetic NS’s primary process is to stimulate the body's fight-or-flight response. Constantly active at a basic level to maintain homeostasis for survival. The Parasympathetic NS is responsible for stimulation of "rest-and-digest" or "feed and breed” activities that occur when the body is at rest. Primary involvement in sexual arousal, salivation, lacrimation (tears), urination, digestion and defecation.

Question 49

What're the 10 principles of the nervous system? | this is a construct made up by our lecturer I believe

Answer 49

1. NS produces movement in a perceptual world created by the brain 2. Neuroplasticity (re-organization of cortical structures) is evident in the NS of all mammalians brains 3. Many of the brain’s circuits (inputs and outputs) crossover 4. The CNS functions on multiple levels which are integrated 5. The brain is symmetrical and asymmetrical (language) 7. Sensory and motor divisions exist throughout the NS 8. Sensory input into the brain is divided for object recognition and motor control (will learn about this in vision lecture) 9. Functions in the brain are both localized (specific language abilities have very specific locations) and distributed (language itself involves wide regions of the brain) 10. NS works by juxtaposing excitation and inhibition (think of a movement) (yes they missed 6 lmao)