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Edexcel iGCSE Biology > Human Nutrition > Flashcards

Human Nutrition Flashcards

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1
Q

What are carbohydrates made from (including the elements)?

A

Starch/glycogen are long chains of carbohydrates which are made up of smaller chains, like glucose/maltose

Carbon, Hydrogen and Oxygen

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2
Q

What are proteins made from (including the elements)?

A

Long chains of amino acids

Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen and Nitrogen (CHON)

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3
Q

What are lipids made from (including the elements)?

A

Built from fatty acids and glycerol

Carbon, Hydrogen and Oxygen

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4
Q

What is the test for Glucose?

A

Benedict’s Test

This is the hot tub one

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5
Q

What is the colour change for a Benedict’s Test?

A

Negative = Blue
Positive = Green to Yellow to Red (depends on conc.)

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6
Q

What is the test for Starch?

A

Iodine solution

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7
Q

What is the colour change for Iodine solution?

A

Negative = Orange
Positive = Blue/black

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8
Q

What is the test for Protein?

A

Biuret’s test

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9
Q

What is the colour change for Biuret’s Test?

A

Negative = Blue
Positive = Pink/Purple

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10
Q

What is the test for Lipids?

A

Sudan III stain Test

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11
Q

What is the colour change for Sudan III test?

A

Negative: Mixture will remain colourless
Positive: Mixture will separate into two layers; top layer will be red

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12
Q

What do carbohydrates do in the body?

A

Provide energy

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13
Q

What do lipids do in the body?

A

Provide energy
Act as an energy store
Provide insulation

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14
Q

What do proteins do in the body?

A

Needed for growth and repair of tissue
Provides energy (in emergencies)

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15
Q

What foods contain Vitamin A?

A

Liver

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16
Q

What does Vitamin A do in the body?

A

Helps improve vision
Keeps skin/hair healthy

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17
Q

What does Vitamin C do in the body?

A

Needed to prevent scurvy

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18
Q

What foods contain Vitamin C?

A

Citrus fruits

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19
Q

What does Vitamin D do in the body?

A

Needed for calcium absorption

20
Q

What foods contain Vitamin D?

A

Eggs

Also made by body when skin exposed to sunlight

21
Q

What does calcium do in the body?

A

Needed to make bones and teeth

22
Q

What does iron do in the body?

A

Needed to make haemoglobin for healthy blood

23
Q

Why is water needed in the body?

A

Nearly every bodily function relies on water.

Need to constantly replace water we lose through urinating/breathing/sweating

24
Q

What does fibre do in the body?

A

Aids the movement of food through the gut

25
Q

What is a balanced diet?

A

Gives all of the essential nutrients you need in the right proportions

26
Q

Why do pregnant women need more energy than other women?

A

They have to provide energy for both them and their babies development

27
Q

Describe an experiment to measure how much energy is in food.

A
  1. Weigh a food that will burn easily (preferably dry food)
  2. Add a set volume of water to a tube and measure its temperature
  3. Set fire to the food sample with a Bunsen burner and immediately hold under the water
  4. Repeat until the food won’t relight again, then measure the temperature change of the water
28
Q

What is the formula to calculate the amount of energy in Joules

A

Energy in food (J) = Mass of water * Temperature change * 4.2

29
Q

What is the 4.2 in the formula for?

A

The amount of energy (in joules) needed to raise 1g of water by 1C

30
Q

What is the formula to calculate the amount of energy in Joules/Gram

A

Energy/g of food (J/g) = Energy in food (J) / Mass of food (g)

31
Q

How can we make this experiment more accurate?

A

Insulate the boiling tube with foil (minimise heat loss)

32
Q

What enzymes break starch into maltose?

A

Starch + Amylase -> Maltose

33
Q

What enzymes break maltose into glucose?

A

Maltose + Maltase -> Glucose

34
Q

What enzymes convert proteins into amino acids?

A

Protein + Protease -> Amino acids

35
Q

What enzymes convert lipids into glycerol and fatty acids>

A

Lipids + Lipase -> Glycerol + Fatty acid

36
Q

How is bile useful?

A

Neutralises the stomach acid
Emulsifies fats

37
Q

What is emulsification?

A

The break down of fat into tiny droplets, giving a bigger SA

38
Q

How does food move through the gut?

A

Peristalsis

Squeezes balls of food (boluses) through the gut

39
Q

What does the mouth do?

A

Teeth break down the food (Mechanical digestion)

Secretes amylase in the saliva (Chemical digestion)

40
Q

What does the oesophagus do?

A

Muscular tube connecting the mouth and the stomach

41
Q

What does the stomach do?

A

Pummels the food with its muscular walls

Produces protease enzyme pepsin

Produces HCl to kill bacteria and provide optimum pH for protease

42
Q

What does the liver do?

A

Where bile is produced

43
Q

What does the gall bladder do?

A

Where bile is stored

44
Q

What does the pancreas do?

A

Produces protease, amylase and lipase. Releases these into the small intestine

45
Q

What does the large intestine (colon) do?

A

Excess water is absorbed from the food

46
Q

What does the small intestine do?

A

Produces amylase, lipase and protease

Where nutrients are absorbed out of the alimentary canal

First part = duodenum; last part = Ileum

47
Q

How are villi adapted to help with absorption?

A

Massive surface area -> walls of SA covered in villi, which are all covered with microvilli

Single permeable layer of surface cells

Good blood supply

Edexcel iGCSE Biology (10 decks)

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