Human Nutrition

Question 1

What are anabolic metabolisms

Answer 1

Simple molecules to complex ones, E.G Photosynthesis

Question 2

Water + Carbon =

Answer 2

Glucose + Oxygen

Question 3

Anabolic enzyme =

Answer 3

DNA polymerase

Question 4

What is DNA polymerase

Answer 4

a type of enzyme that is responsible for forming new copies of DNA, in the form of nucleic acid molecules

Question 5

What are catabolic metabolisms

Answer 5

Complex to simple, E.G Respiration

Question 6

Glucose + Oxygen =

Answer 6

CO2 + H2O + Energy

Question 6

Give 1 catabolic enzyme

Answer 6

Amalyse (Starch)

Question 7

What are Enzymes

Answer 7

Biological catalysts made of protein that speed up a reaction without being used in the reaction

Question 8

What shape are enzymes folded into

Answer 8

Globular shape (Globe)

Question 9

Why are enzymes folded into Globular shapes

Answer 9

So it fits neatly with the substance its working on

Question 10

What is the substance that enzymes are working on called

Answer 10

Substrates

Question 11

What is the end result of an enzyme working on a substrate called

Answer 11

The Product

Question 12

Enzyme + Substrate =

Answer 12

Product + Enzyme

Question 13

Amlayse + Starch =

Answer 13

Maltose + Enzyme

Question 14

What is the part of the enzyme which attaches to the substrate

Answer 14

Active site

Question 15

What happens when the substrate enters the active site

Answer 15

It causes it to change shape slightly

Question 16

What do the substrate and the enzyme form

Answer 16

Enzyme-substrate complex

Question 17

What are broken or added to the substrate

Answer 17

Bonds

Question 18

Why are enzymes so specific

Answer 18

Because they only work with one particular substrate

Question 19

When do enzymes become de-natured

Answer 19

When they loose their ability to change shapes

Question 20

What 2 ways do enzymes become de-natured

Answer 20

Unsuitable temperatures and unsuitable pH

Question 21

What does a rise in temperature cause to enzymes and substrates

Answer 21

increase in movement and reaction rates

Question 22

How does the active site become de-natured

Answer 22

Above a certain temperature the reaction drops dramatically causing them to de-nature

Question 23

What is the term when of an enzymes preferred temp range

Answer 23

Optimal values

Question 24

What temperature do human enzymes usually work best at

Answer 24

37 degrees C

Question 25

What temperature and pH do plant enzymes usually work best at

Answer 25

20-30 degrees C and a pH of 6-7

Question 26

What are the 6 elements present in food

Answer 26

Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Sulfur

Question 27

What 3 elements are found in tiny amounts in food

Answer 27

Iron, Copper, Zinc

Question 28

What are the 4 Biomolecules found in food

Answer 28

Carbohydrates, Fats, Proteins, Vitamins

Question 29

What are the 3 categories of carbs

Answer 29

Monosaccharides, Disaccharides, Polysaccharides

Question 30

Where is Cellulose found

Answer 30

Cell Walls (structural)

Question 31

Where is Glycogen stored

Answer 31

Muscles and liver

Question 32

What 2 elements to lipids contain

Answer 32

Carbon and hydrogen

Question 33

What are fats in terms of lipids

Answer 33

Fats are lipids at room temp. (20C)

Question 34

What are oils in terms of lipids

Answer 34

Oils are lipids which are liquid at room temp.

Question 35

What molecule are lipids made from

Answer 35

Glycerol

Question 36

What is the structure are lipids made from

Answer 36

Triglyceride

Question 37

What are Phospholipids

Answer 37

When the fatty acids are replaced by a phosphate

Question 38

Where are Phospholipids found

Answer 38

Cell Membrane

Question 39

What is the metabolic role of fats

Answer 39

The release of energy in respiration

Question 40

What 4 elements do protein contain

Answer 40

Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen and Nitrogen

Question 41

What is less than 20 amino acids known as

Answer 41

Peptide

Question 42

When amino acids contain more than 20-30, what is it called

Answer 42

Polypeptide

Question 43

What is protein in terms of polypeptides

Answer 43

When the protein has more than 200 amino acids

Question 44

What 2 shapes are proteins folded into to determine their function

Answer 44

Fibrous e.g Keratein and Globular e.g Enzymes

Question 45

How are excess amino acids released from the body

Answer 45

Deamination

Question 46

What % of the body does water take up

Answer 46

60%

Question 47

What % of a plant does water take up

Answer 47

99%

Question 48

What is the purpose of water in the body

Answer 48

To maintain body temp.

Question 49

What is the definition of digestion

Answer 49

The breakdown of chemicals (enzymes) and/or physical means (teeth)

Question 50

Give 2 reasons food needs to be broken down

Answer 50

To avoid chocking, Allow for diffusion into the bloodstream

Question 51

What are autotrophs

Answer 51

Can make their own food (plants)

Question 52

What are Heterotrophs

Answer 52

Must obtain food from another source (humans)

Question 53

What are the 3 sub categories of Heterotrophs

Answer 53

Herbivores, omnivores, Carnivores

Question 54

What are the 4 main stages of digestion

Answer 54

Ingestion, Digestion, Absorption and Egestion

Question 55

What does chemical digestion begin with

Answer 55

Amylase in the mouth

Question 56

What does amylase break down

Answer 56

Starch (amylose)

Question 57

What breaks protein down into peptides

Answer 57

Pepsin

Question 58

What does lipase break down to

Answer 58

Lipids/fat to glycerol and fatty acids

Question 59

What food is chewed and mixed with saliva what does it form

Answer 59

Bolus

Question 60

What flap covers the trachea when swallowing

Answer 60

epiglottis

Question 61

What muscles transports food down the esophagus

Answer 61

Peristalsis

Question 62

What does food enter the stomach through

Answer 62

Cardiac Sphinter

Question 63

What is the stomach wall protected by to prevent HCL from digesting the food

Answer 63

Mucous

Question 64

What is the purpose of HCL

Answer 64

To kill bacteria and activate pepsinogen

Question 65

What is gastric juices known as after its churned

Answer 65

Chyme

Question 66

What does Chyme leave the stomach through

Answer 66

Pyloric sphinter

Question 67

What does the Chyme enter into the first part of the Small intestine

Answer 67

Duodenum

Question 68

What is 3 things are added to the chyme after it enters the small intestine

Answer 68

Bile, Emulsified fats, lipase (from pancreas)

Question 69

What 3 things neutralizes chyme

Answer 69

Insulin, Amylase, sodium bicarbonate

Question 70

What is the second part of the small intestine called

Answer 70

Ileum

Question 71

What is the lining of the Ileum made up of

Answer 71

Millions of Villi and Microvilli

Question 72

What occurs through the the villi

Answer 72

Absorption by diffusion

Question 73

How are villi adapted

Answer 73

Large surface area and one cell thick

Question 74

What is the main part of the Large intestine called

Answer 74

Colon

Question 75

What is the function of the colon

Answer 75

To reabsorb water to leave a semi solid waste

Question 76

What is the biological name for waste

Answer 76

Feces

Question 77

Where are feces stored

Answer 77

In the rectum

Question 78

What are the 2 benefits of Symbiotic Bacteria

Answer 78

Producing B vitamins and vitamin K and Preventing the growth of disease

Question 79

If Symbiotic Bacteria does not prevent the growth of disease what bacteria is formed

Answer 79

Pathogenic Bacteria

Question 80

Where do capillaries found in villi carry the absorbed nutrients to

Answer 80

The Hepatic Portal Vein

Question 81

What is The Hepatic Portal Vein

Answer 81

A blood vessel which begins and ends in capillaries

Question 82

Where does the The Hepatic Portal Vein carry nutrients to

Answer 82

The liver

Question 83

What does the liver turn amino acids into

Answer 83

Urea (urine)

Question 84

What does the liver convert glucose to to store

Answer 84

Glycogen

Question 85

What does the liver do in relation to alcohol

Answer 85

Detoxified the body (Breaks down alcohol)