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Biology > Human Nutrition (chpt. 28) > Flashcards

Human Nutrition (chpt. 28) Flashcards

1
Q

Nutrition

A

The way an organism obtains and uses its food

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2
Q

Functions of nutrition

A

Energy source
Growth
Repair
Reproduction
Formation of new substances
Defence

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3
Q

Autotrophs

A

An organism that makes its own food e.g. green plants

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4
Q

Heterotrophs

A

An organism that cannot make its own food and must take in ready-made food e.g. humans

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5
Q

Herbivore

A

Eats plants only e.g. rabbits

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6
Q

Carnivore

A

Eats animals only e.g. fox

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7
Q

Omnivore

A

Eats plants & animals e.g, hedgehogs, humans

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8
Q

Parasite

A

An organism that gets its food from a live source e.g. disease-causing bacteria

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9
Q

Saprophyte

A

An organism that gets its food from a dead source e.g. bread mould fungus

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10
Q

Stages of human nutrition

A
  1. Ingestion (taking in food)
  2. Digestion (breaking up food)
  3. Absorption (transfer of digested food into bloodstream & lymphatic system)
  4. Assimilation (use of digested food in body)
  5. Egestion (getting rid of undigested food)
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11
Q

Chemical digestion

A

The breaking up of food into smaller parts through the use of enzymes

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12
Q

Mechanical digestion

A

The physical breakdown of food into smaller parts e.g. using teeth

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13
Q

Name the 4 teeth and functions

A

Incisor - cutting and biting
Canine - tearing
Premolar - crushing and grinding
Molar - crushing and grinding

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14
Q

Human dental formula

A

2(I 2/2 C1/1 P2/2 M3/3)

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15
Q

Chemical digestion in the mouth

A

Salivary amylase
Produced by salivary glands
Saliva - water, salts, mucin, amylase, lysozyme
Soften and dissolve food
pH 7-9

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16
Q

Peristalsis

A

The rhythmic contraction and relaxation of the muscles in the gut wall to push food down to the stomach

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17
Q

What is the stomach?

A

A muscular, expandable, bag

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18
Q

Physical digestion in stomach

A

By peristalsis
Physically churns the food turning it into chyme

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19
Q

Role of HCl in stomach

A

pH of 1-2
Converts pepsinogen to pepsin
Sterilises food (by killing microorganisms)
Denatures salivary amylase

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20
Q

Role of pepsin / protease in stomach

A

pH 1-2
Some absorption occurs in stomach
Breaks down proteins into amino acids (smallest unit of a protein)

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21
Q

Name a substance stored in the liver

A

Vitamins A D E K
Glycogen
Iron
Copper

22
Q

Pancreas

A

Produces insulin and digestive enzymes
Pancreatic juices: sodium hydrogencarbonate , amylase , lipase

23
Q

Functions of the liver

A

Produces bile
Detoxification of poisonous substances e.g. drugs
Produces heat to warm blood & body
Deamination (removal of amino acids)
Storing vitamins e.g. vitamin D
Storing minerals e.g. iron, copper, zinc

24
Q

What is bile

A

Formed from dead and broken down red blood cells
Green / yellow alkaline liquid
Produced in liver
Stored in gall bladder
Acts in liver and dudodenum
Made up of water, bile salts and bile pigments
Emulsifies fats

25
Q

Function of duodenum

A

Digestion

26
Q

Function of ileum

A

Absorption

27
Q

Function of villi

A

Increase surface area for absorption

28
Q

What is absorbed in the ileum

A

Glucose
Amino acids
Water-soluble vitamins and minerals

29
Q

How has the small intestine adapted for increased absorption

A

Villi and microvilli
Walls are one cell thick which allows rapid movement (by diffusion)
Rich blood capillary network to carry soluble nutrients to the liver

30
Q

Functions of large intestine

A

Water reabsorption
Elimination of faeces

31
Q

Vestigial organ

A

No longer needed / used
E.g. caecum , appendix

32
Q

Colon

A

Reabsorbs water and mineral salts to prevent dehydration
Diarrhoea occurs when material moves too quickly through colon
Constipation occurs from a lack of water or fibre

33
Q

Rectum

A

Stores semi-solid waste

34
Q

Anus

A

Waste removed as faeces (EGESTION)

35
Q

What does the hepatic portal vein connect

A

Liver to the ileum

36
Q

Benefits of symbiotic intestinal bacteria

A

Make vitamins B K
Protect us against pathogenic bacteria

37
Q

Symbiotic

A

2 organisms living together (beneficial to both)

38
Q

Sources of fibre

A

Cereal grains
Vegetables
Fruit

39
Q

Role of fibre

A

Stimulates peristalsis
Prevents constipation
Soaks up cholesterol and toxic chemicals
Encourages the growth of symbiotic intestinal bacteria

40
Q

Role of hepatic portal vein in digestive system

A

Brings nutrients and amino acids from intestine to the liver

41
Q

Hepatic artery

A

Brings oxygen and lipids from the heart to the liver

42
Q

Adaptations of the small intestine for absorption

A

Villi and microvilli increase surface area for absorption
Walls are one cell thick which allows for rapid movement of substances through them by diffusion
Rich blood capillary network

43
Q

What type of waste is removed by egestion

A

Un absorbed food

44
Q

Functions of HCl in stomach

A
  • Activate pepsin
  • Denature amylase
  • Destroy microorganisms
45
Q

Which stage of nutrition takes place predominantly in the duodenum

A

Digestion

46
Q

Waste product of deamination

A

Urea

47
Q

Which part of the alimentary canal has an endocrine function

A

Pancreas

48
Q

DRAW the digestive system

A
49
Q

DRAW the relationship between the alimentary canal and the liver and pancreas

A
50
Q

DRAW longitudinal section of a villi

A

Biology (34 decks)

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