Human Performance and Limitations Flashcards by Wafa Sadri

The majority of aviation accidents are caused by… (1,00 P.)

 technical failure.
 meteorological influences.
 geographical influences.
 human failure.

human failure.

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The “swiss cheese model” can be used to explain the… (1,00 P.)

 error chain.
 procedure for an emergency landing.
 optimal problem solution.
 state of readiness of a pilot.

error chain.

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What is the percentage of oxygen in the atmosphere at 6000 ft? (1,00 P.)

 21%
 12%
 78%
 18.9%

21%

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What is the percentage of nitrogen in the atmosphere? (1,00 P.)

1%
 21%
 78%
 0.1%

78%

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At which altitude is the atmospheric pressure approximately half the MSL value (1013 hPa)? (1,00 P.)

 18000 ft
 5000 ft
 10000 ft
 22000 ft

18000 ft

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Air consists of oxygen, nitrogen and other gases.

What is the approximate percentage of other gases? (1,00 P.)

 0.1%
 78%
 1%
 21%

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Carbon monoxide poisoning can be caused by… (1,00 P.)

 little sleep.
 alcohol.
 smoking.
 unhealthy food.

smoking.

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What does the term “Red-out” mean? (1,00 P.)

 “Red vision” during negative g-loads
 Rash during decompression sickness
 Anaemia caused by an injury
 Falsified colour perception during sunrise and sunset

“Red vision” during negative g-loads

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Carbon monoxide poisoning can be caused by… (1,00 P.)

 fuel or hydraulic fluids.
 generator failure.
 cracks in the heat exchanger.
 Pitot icing.

cracks in the heat exchanger.

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Which of the following is NOT a symptom of hyperventilaton? (1,00 P.)

 Cyanose
 Tingling
 Spasm
 Disturbance of consciousness

Cyanose

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Which of the following symptoms may indicate hypoxia? (1,00 P.)

 Joint pain in knees and feet
 Muscle cramps in the upper body area
 Blue discolouration of lips and fingernails
 Blue marks all over the body

Blue discolouration of lips and fingernails

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Which of the human senses is most influenced by hypoxia? (1,00 P.)

 The oltfactory perception (smell)
 The tactile perception (sense of touch)
 The auditory perception (hearing)
 The visual perception (vision)

The visual perception (vision)

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From which altitude on does the body usually react to the decreasing atmospheric pressure? (1,00 P.)

 2000 feet
 7000 feet
 10000 feet
 12000 feet

7000 feet

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Which altitude marks the lower limit where the the body is unable to completely compensate the effects of the low atmospheric pressure? (1,00 P.)

 12000 feet
 22000 feet
 5000 feet
 7000 feet

12000 feet

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What is the function of the red blood cells (erythrocytes)? (1,00 P.)

 Oxygen transport
 Blood coagulation
 Immune defense
 Blood sugar regulatio

Oxygen transport

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Which of the following is responsible for the blood coagulation? (1,00 P.)

 Red blood cells (erythrocytes)
 Capillaries of the arteries
 White blood cells (leucocytes)
 Blood plates (thrombocytes)

Blood plates (thrombocytes)

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What is the function of the white blood cells (leucocytes)? (1,00 P.)

 Oxygen transport
 Blood coagulation
 Blood sugar regulation
 Immune defense

Immune defense

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What is the function of the blood platelets (thrombocytes)? (1,00 P.)

 Immune defense
 Blood coagulation
 Blood sugar regulation
 Oxygen transport

Blood coagulation

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Which of the following is NOT a risk factor for hypoxia? (1,00 P.)

 Smoking
 Menstruation
 Blood donation
 Diving

Diving

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Anemic hypoxia can be caused by… (1,00 P.)

 carbon monoxide poisoning.
 low pressure.
 high altitudes.
 alcohol.

carbon monoxide poisoning.

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What is an appropriate reaction when a passenger during cruise flight suddenly feels uncomfortable? (1,00 P.)

 Adjust cabin temperature and prevent excessive bank
 Give additional oxygen and avoid low load factors
 Avoid conversation and choose a higher airspeed
 Switch on the heater blower and provide thermal blankets

Adjust cabin temperature and prevent excessive bank

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What ist the correct term for an involuntary and stereotypical reaction of an organism to the stimulation of a receptor? (1,00 P.)

 Reduction
 Virulence
 Coherence
 Reflex

Reflex

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What is the correct term for the system which, among others, controls breathing, digestion, and heart frequency? (1,00 P.)

 Critical nervous system
 Autonomic nervous system
 Automatical nervous system
 Compliant nervous system

Autonomic nervous system

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What is the parallax error? (1,00 P.)

 Long-sightedness due to aging especially during night
 Wrong interpretation of instruments caused by the angle of vision
 Misperception of speed during taxiing
 A decoding error in communication between pilots

Wrong interpretation of instruments caused by the angle of vision

25 Which characteristic is important when choosing sunglasses used by pilots? (1,00 P.)  Non-polarised  No UV filter  Curved sidepiece  Unbreakable

Non-polarised

Which part of the visual system is responsible for colour vision? (1,00 P.)  Cones  Rods  Macula  Blind spot

Cones

The connection between middle ear and nose and throat region is called... (1,00 P.)  eardrum.  cochlea.  inner ear.  eustachian tube.

eustachian tube.

In which situation is it NOT possible to achieve a pressure compensation between the middle ear and the environment? (1,00 P.)  During a light and slow climb  All windows are completely closed  Breathing takes place using the mouth only  The eustachien tube is blocked

The eustachien tube is blocked

Wings level after a longer period of turning can lead to the impression of... (1,00 P.)  starting a descent.  starting a climb.  steady turning in the same direction as before.  turning into the opposite direction.

turning into the opposite direction.

Which of the following options does NOT stimulate motion sickness (disorientation)? (1,00 P.)  Head movements during turns  Flying under the influence of alcohol  Non-accelerated straight and level flight  Turbulence in level flight

Non-accelerated straight and level flight

An acceleration during a straight horizontal flight can lead to the illusion of... (1,00 P.)  a descent.  a climb.  an inverted flight.  a bank.

a climb.

A deceleration during a straight horizontal flight can lead to the illusion of... (1,00 P.)  a climb.  a descent.  a bank.  an inverted flight.

a descent.

Which optical illusion might be caused by a runway with an upslope during the approach? (1,00 P.)  The pilot has the feeling that the approach is too fast and reduces the speed below the normal approach speed  The pilot has the feeling that the approach is too high and therefore descents below the regular glide slope  The pilot has the feeling that the approach is too slow and speeds up above the normal approach speed  The pilot has the feeling that the approach is too low and therefore approaches the runway above the regular glide slope

The pilot has the feeling that the approach is too high and therefore descents below the regular glide slope

What impression may be caused when approaching a runway with an upslope? (1,00 P.)  A landing beside the centerline  A hard landing  An undershoot  An overshoot

An overshoot

The occurence of a vertigo is most likely when moving the head... (1,00 P.)  during a straight horizontal flight.  during a turn.  during a descent.  during a climb.

during a turn.

A Grey-out is the result of... (1,00 P.)  hypoxia.  tiredness.  positive g-forces.  hyperventilation.

positive g-forces.

Visual illusions are mostly caused by... (1,00 P.)  rapid eye movements.  misinterpretation of the brain.  colour blindness.  binocular vision.

misinterpretation of the brain.

The average decrease of blood alcohol level for an adult in one hour is approximately... (1,00 P.)  0.1 percent.  0.01 percent.  0.03 percent.  0.3 percent.

0.01 percent.

Which answer states a risk factor for diabetes? (1,00 P.)  Overweight  Smoking  Sleep deficiency  Alcohol consumption

Overweight

A risk factor for decompression sickness is... (1,00 P.)  smoking.  sports.  scuba diving prior to flight.  100 % oxygen after decompression.

scuba diving prior to flight.

Which statement is correct with regard to the short-term memory? (1,00 P.)  It can store 10 (±5) items for 30 to 60 seconds  It can store 7 (±2) items for 10 to 20 seconds  It can store 3 (±1) items for 5 to 10 seconds  It can store 5 (±2) items for 1 to 2 minutes

It can store 7 (±2) items for 10 to 20 seconds

For what approximate time period can the short-time memory store information? (1,00 P.)  35 to 50 seconds  30 to 40 seconds  3 to 7 seconds  10 to 20 seconds

10 to 20 seconds

What is a latent error? (1,00 P.)  An error which is made by the pilot actively and consciously  An error which only has consequences after landing  An error which remains undetected in the system for a long time  An error which has an immediate effect on the controls

An error which remains undetected in the system for a long time

What does the term "confirmation bias" mean? (1,00 P.)  The feedback loop in a closed communication  The preference to find arguments to proof the own mental model  The bias to confirm each radio call  The critical check of ambiguous situations in flight

The preference to find arguments to proof the own mental model

The ongoing process to monitor the current flight situation is called... (1,00 P.)  constant flight check.  situational thinking.  anticipatory check procedure.  situational awareness.

situational awareness.

Regarding the communication model, how can the use of the same code during radio communication be ensured? (1,00 P.)  By the use of radio phraseology  By using radios certified for aviation use only  By the use of proper headsets  By a particular frequency allocation

By the use of radio phraseology

In what different ways can a risk be handled appropriately? (1,00 P.)  Extrude, avoid, palliate, transfer  Ignore, accept, transfer, extrude  Avoid, reduce, transfer, accept  Avoid, ignore, palliate, reduce

Avoid, reduce, transfer, accept

Under which circumstances is it more likely to accept higher risks? (1,00 P.)  If there is not enough information available  During check flights due to a high level of nervousness  During flight planning when excellent weather is forecast  Due to group-dynamic effects

Due to group-dynamic effects

What is the meaning of "risky shift"? (1,00 P.)  Crossing of rudder and ailerons on short final  The tendency to accept higher risks in groups  Spontaneous change of landing direction when the runway has an upslope  Seat adjustment in flight

The tendency to accept higher risks in groups

Which dangerous attitudes are often combined? (1,00 P.)  Macho and invulnerability  Impulsivity and carefulness  Invulnerability and self-abandonment  Self-abandonment and macho

Macho and invulnerability

What is an indication for a macho attitude? (1,00 P.)  Careful walkaround procedure  Comprehensive risk assessment when faced with unfamiliar situations  Risky flight maneuvers to impress spectators on ground  Quick resignation in complex and critical situations

Risky flight maneuvers to impress spectators on ground

Which factor can lead to human error? (1,00 P.)  Double check of relevant actions  Proper use of checklists  To be doubtful if something looks unclear or ambiguous  The bias to see what we expect to see

The bias to see what we expect to see

What is the best combination of traits with respect to the individual attitude and behaviour for a pilot? (1,00 P.)  Introverted - unstable  Introverted - stable  Extroverted - unstable  Extroverted - stable

Extroverted - stable

Complacency is a risk due to... (1,00 P.)  the high number of mistakes normally made by humans.  increased cockpit automation.  the high error rate of technical systems.  better training options for young pilots.

increased cockpit automation.

The ideal level of arousal is at which point in the diagram? See figure (HPL- 002) P = Performance A = Arousal / Stress (1,00 P.)  Point A  Point D  Point C  Point B https://cloud.wafa-sadri.de/s/4FxQWapHjEo97S9

Point B

At which point in the diagram will a pilot find himself to be overstrained? See figure (HPL-002) P = Perfromance A = Arousal / Stress (1,00 P.)  Point D  Point B  Point C  Point A

Point D

Which of the following qualities are influenced by stress? 1. Attention 2. Concentration 3. Responsiveness 4. Memory (1,00 P.)  2,4  1  1,2,3,4  1,2,3

1,2,3,4

Which answer is correct concerning stress? (1,00 P.)  Stress can occur if there seems to be no solution for a given problem  Training and experience have no influence on the occurence of stress  Stress and its different symptoms are irrelevant for flight safety  Everybody reacts to stress in the same manner

Stress can occur if there seems to be no solution for a given problem