human population Flashcards
11/22 (24 cards)
Population change formula using raw numbers.
Population Change = (Births + Immigration) – (Death + Emigration)
What is crude birth rate
Annual number of live births per 1,000 population
What is crude death rate
Annual number of live deaths per 1,000 population
Population Change Formula
Population Change = (Birth Rate – Death Rate / 1,000) x 100
Doubling Time Formula
70 / growth rate %
What is the definition of total fertility rate (TFR)?
The average number of children a woman has during her reproductive years
What is the definition of Replacement-level fertility
The number of children a couple must bear to replace themselves
What factors affect the number of children a woman will have?
- Importance of children as a part of the labor force
- Cost of raising and educating them
- Availability of pensions
- Urbanization
- Education and employment opportunities
- Infant mortality rate
- Marriage age
- Availability of contraception and abortion
- Religious beliefs, cultural norms, and traditions
What factors affect death rates?
- Increased food supplies and distribution
- Better nutrition
- Improvements in medical and public health technology
- Safe water supplies to stop spread of diseases
Definition of infant mortality rate.
The number of children per 1,000 births that die before they reach 1 years old
What are the 2 useful indicators of overall health in a country.
- Life Expectancy
- Infant mortality rate
What are the problems associated with rapid population decline?
- Threatens economic goals
- Labor shortages
- Less government revenues with fewer workers
- Less entrepreneurship
- New business formations
- Less likely to have new technology developments
- Increasing public deficits to fund higher pensions and health care costs
- Pensions may be cut
- Retirement age increases
What stage of the demographic transition is this?
Little population growth due to high infant mortality and harsh living conditions.
Stage 1: Preindustrial
What stage of the demographic transition is this?
Industrialization begins with high food production and improving health care., death rates drop, and birth rates remain high making the population grow rapidly.
Stage 2: Transitioning
What stage of the demographic transition is this?
Birth rate drops and approaches death rate due to better access to birth control, decline in infant mortality, increased job opportunities for women, and high cost of raising children
Stage 3: Industrial
What stage of the demographic transition is this?
Birth rate drops to equal the death rate then drops below it, making the total population size decline slowly
Stage 4: Post Industrialization
What is the Environmental Impact Equation
(Population) x (Affluence) x (Technology) = Environmental Impact
What was wrong with India’s population policies?
- Poor planning
- Bureaucratic inefficiency
- Low status of women
- Extreme poverty
- Lack of administrative financial support
- Disagreement over the best ways to slow population growth
What does China give families who only have one child?
- Extra food
- Larger pensions
- Better housing
- Free medical care
- Salary bonuses
- Free school tuition for one child
- Preferential treatment in employment once their child enters the job market
How does China penalize families who have more than one child?
- Raising their taxes
- Charging extra fees
- Eliminating income tax deduction for a couples’ 3rd child
- Loss of health care benefits, food allotments, and job options
What are the problems with China’s population policies?
- Strong male preference leads to gender imbalance
- Average population age is increasing
- Not enough resources to support the population
How many people are in the world?
7 billion
How many people are in the US?
333.29 million
China’s one child policy
TFR = 1.45
moved 300 million people out of poverty
