unit one test

Question 1

 The study of connections in nature
 How organisms interact with one another and with their nonliving environment

Answer 1

Ecology

Question 2

 A group of individual organisms of the same species living within a particular area

Answer 2

Population

Question 3

 A community of different species interacting together and with the chemical and physical factors making up its non-living environment

Answer 3

Ecosystem

Question 4

non living

Answer 4

abiotic ecosystem

Question 5

living

Answer 5

biotic

Question 6

Chemicals organisms need in large numbers to live, grow, and reproduce (carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, calcium, and iron)

Answer 6

macronutrients

Question 7

Needed in small or trace amounts (sodium, zinc, copper, chlorine, and iodine)

Answer 7

micronutrients

Question 8

o Production of organic compounds from atmospheric or aquatic carbon dioxide (may occur through photosynthesis)
o Almost all life on earth is directly or indirectly reliant on it

Answer 8

primary production

Question 9

o The rate at which an ecosystem’s producers capture and store a given amount of chemical energy as biomass in each length of time

Answer 9

Gross Primary Production (GPP)

Question 10

 As plant or animal matter dies it will break down and return the chemicals back to the soil.
 This happens very quickly in tropical rainforest which results in low-nutrient soils.
 Grasslands have the deepest and most nutrient rich of all soils

Answer 10

decomposition

Question 10

o the remaining fixed energy is referred to as

Answer 10

Net Primary Production (NPP)

Question 11

 An organism uses solar energy (green plant) or chemical energy (bacteria) to manufacture its food called chemosynthesis

Answer 11

producer

Question 12

 Get their food by eating or breaking down all or parts of other organisms or their remains (heterotrophs)

Answer 12

consumers

Question 13

o primary consumers that eat producers (feeds directly on all or parts of plants)

Answer 13

herbivores

Question 14

o primary consumers that eat primary consumers

Answer 14

carnivores

Question 15

o an organism that fees only on primary consumers, most animals but some plants

Answer 15

1st Order Secondary consumers

Question 16

o Animals that feed on animal eating animals

Answer 16

2nd Order Tertiary Consumer

Question 17

o animal that feeds on tertiary consumers (humans)

Answer 17

3rd Order Quaternary Consumer

Question 18

feed on both plants and animals

Answer 18

omnivores

Question 19

An organism, often a bacterium, fungus, or invertebrate that feeds on and breaks down dead plant or animal matter, making organic nutrients available to the ecosystem They are the recyclers in the ecosystem

Answer 19

decomposers

Question 19

Are animals that consume dead organisms that have died from causes other than predation or have been killed by other predators

Answer 19

scavengers

Question 20

 determines how energy and nutrients move from one organism to another through the ecosystem

Answer 20

food web

Question 20

An organism that survives on a diet of dead and decaying plant and animal matter. This decaying organic material is also known as detritus

Answer 20

detritivores

Question 21

 Ecological efficacy: percentage of useable energy transferred as biomass from one trophic level to the next
 90% of the energy at each energy level is lost because the organism uses energy(heat)
 Its more efficient to eat lower on the energy pyramid

Answer 21

10% rule

Question 22

 The accumulation overtime of chemical substances in an organism

Answer 22

bioaccumulation

Question 23

 The increase in concentration of a substance that occurs in a food chain

Answer 23

biomagnification

Question 24

 The increase in concentration of a substance that occurs in a food chain

Answer 24

carrying capacity

Question 25

 Unstable environment, density independent, small organism, low energy used, many offsprings, early maturity, everyone only reproduces once, die in a short time (pattern type iii), and few live much longer

Answer 25

r-strategist

Question 26

 Stable environment, density dependent, large organisms, high energy used, few offsprings, late maturity, parental care, long life expectancy, individuals reproduce more than once, maximum life span (pattern type I or ii)

Answer 26

k-strategist

Question 27

place where an organism lives

Answer 27

habitat

Question 28

total way of life or role of a species in an ecosystem (the physical, chemical, and biological conditions)

Answer 28

niche

Question 29

 The number of different species it contains (species richness) combined with the abundance of individuals within each of those species (species evenness).

Answer 29

species diversity

Question 30

o Adaptable to many environments o Broad niche o Less likely to become extinct o Variety of resources o High range of tolerance o Advantages in condition change

Answer 30

generalist's species

Question 31

o eat a limited diet o a much narrower niche o more likely to become extinct o use specific set of resources o easily affected by changing conditions o advantage with constant conditions

Answer 31

specialist species

Question 32

o Create and enhance habitats that can benefit other species o Elephants push over, break, or uproot trees, creating forest openings promoting grass growth for other species o Beavers are ecological engineers: build dams

Answer 32

foundation species

Question 32

o Serve as early warnings of damage to a community/ecosystem o Presence or absence of trout species (sensitive to temp/oxygen levels) o EX: birds, amphibians, and lichen

Answer 32

indicator species

Question 32

o Help determine the types and numbers of other species o Maintains the ecosystem and keeps it functioning, serving other species

Answer 32

keystone species

Question 33

those that normally live and thrive in a particular community

Answer 33

Native species

Question 34

those that migrate, deliberately or accidentally introduced into a community  Displace native species, lower biodiversity, adapt to local habitats, contribute to habitat fragmentation, and reproduce quickly

Answer 34

Non-native species

Question 35

 Overtime niche overlap is reduced

Answer 35

resource partitioning

Question 36

 Close ecological relationships between the individuals of two or more different species

Answer 36

symbiosis

Question 37

 Two species can interact in ways that benefit both of them

Answer 37

mutualism

Question 38

 When one species(parasite) feeds on part of another species(host) by living on or in it for a large portion of the host’s life  They promote community biodiversity  Rarely kills their host  Can external or internal  Weaken the host over a period of time  Small in comparison to the host  Lots of them are microscopic

Answer 38

parasites

Question 39

 Benefits one species but doesn’t harm or help the other  Epiphyte: plant that attaches itself to a branch high in a tree

Answer 39

commensalism

Question 40

 A limiting factor that depends on population  Competition, predation, parasitism, and disease  Operate only when the population density reaches a certain level  Do not affect small, scattered populations as greatly

Answer 40

density dependent limiting factors

Question 41

 Limiting factors that affect all populations in similar ways, regardless of the population size  EX: unusual weather, natural disasters, seasonal cycles, and certain human activities (damming rivers/cutting forests)

Answer 41

density INdependent limiting factors