Human Repoduction

Question 1

Testes

Answer 1

Where sperm are formed and testosterone is produced

Question 2

Scrotum

Answer 2

Holds tests outside the body as the optimum temperature of sperm production is 34C whereas core temperature is 37C

Question 3

Prostate gland

Answer 3

Produces alkaline liquids which helps sperm survive acidic conditions in vagina. (Secreted into sperm duct)

Question 4

Urethra

Answer 4

Tube through which sperm (and urine) leave the penis

Question 5

Seminal vesicles

Answer 5

Provides fluid rich in fructose for energy and also containing protective mucus.

Question 6

Erectile tissues

Answer 6

Fills with blood during an erection, causes penis to stiffen in order of be inserted into the vagina during sexual intercourse

Question 7

Sperm duct

Answer 7

Tube which connects the tests to the urethra and through which mature sperm travel

Question 8

Ovary

Answer 8

Structure in which ova develop in structures called follicles. (They secrete oestrogen at different points during the menstrual cycle)

Question 9

Oviduct

Answer 9

Tube through which ova travel to reach the uterus. Fertilisation usually happens here

Question 10

Uterus

Answer 10

Muscular wall into which the blastocyst (the early embryo) implants after fertilisation. Placenta attaches to this. Contracts during childbirth to push baby (and afterbirth) out. Lining is shed each month.

Question 11

Cervix

Answer 11

A narrowing of the uterus which leads to the vagina. Enlarges greatly during labour to allow passage of the fetus.

Question 12

Vagina

Answer 12

Passageway leading from the uterus to the outside. Sperm is deposited here during copulation and the fetus is born through it

Question 13

Sperm

Answer 13

-Male gamete
-has an acrosome head with enzymes to penetrate the ovum.
-Contains many mitochondria to release energy for movement

Question 14

Ovum

Answer 14

-female gamete
-has a large cytoplasm as a food store for the developing embryo

Question 15

Puberty

Answer 15

The period at which reproductive organs and secondary characteristics develop.

Question 16

Penis

Answer 16

Penis structure which transfers sperm from male to female during sexual intercourse

Question 17

corpus Iuteum

Answer 17

-the body left behind in the ovary after ovulation

Question 18

Female exclusive secondary sexual characteristics

Answer 18

-beginning of menstruation
-increase in body mass(rounded hips)
-breast development

Question 19

Male exclusive secondary sexual characteristics

Answer 19

-growth of facial and body hair
-sperm production starts
-growth of penis and testes
-muscle development
-breaking of the voice

Question 20

Secondary sexual characteristics that develop for male and female

Answer 20

-growth and development of sexual organ
-development of sexual drive
-growth of armpit and pubic hair
-deepening voice

Question 21

What is the menstrual cycle

Answer 21

A recurring process which takes around 28 days. During the process, the lining of the uterus is prepared for pregnancy

Question 22

Menstruation

Answer 22

Shedding of the uterus lining if the implantation of the fertilised egg into the uterus lining does not happen

Question 23

what happens if the ovum is not fertilised by sperm

Answer 23

-the ovum breaks up and passes out of the vagina
-shedding of the uterus lining

Question 24

what happens if the ovum is fertilised by sperm

Answer 24

-the ovum starts to divide
-new cells travel down the fallopian tube to the uterus and attach to the endometrium
-fertilised ovum develops into an embryo

Question 25

4 hormones that control the menstrual cycle

Answer 25

1. Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) 2. Luteinising hormone (LH) 3. Oestrogen 4. Progesterone

Question 26

Ovulation

Answer 26

The release of a mature egg cell(ovum) into the oviduct,

Question 27

Menstruation

Answer 27

the breakdown and shedding of uterus lining in preparation for a new egg cell

Question 28

Where is FSH produced

Answer 28

-released from pituitary gland

Question 29

what does FSH do

Answer 29

-causes an egg cell in the ovary to mature -stimulates the ovaries to produce oestrogen

Question 30

what does oestrogen do

Answer 30

-this causes thickening of the uterus lining, stimulate secretion of LH

Question 31

where is oestrogen produced and why

Answer 31

-the ovaries (follicle) -in response to FSH

Question 32

what does LH does do

Answer 32

stimulates ovulation (release of an egg at day 14) Progesterone

Question 33

where is LH produced

Answer 33

-produced by the pituitary gland

Question 34

where is progesterone produced

Answer 34

-in the ovaries by the corpus iuteum

Question 35

what does progesterone do

Answer 35

-maintains the lining of the uterus during the second half of the cycle; lining break downs when progesterone levels fall -inhibits release of LH and FSH (to prevent ovulation happening again)

Question 36

what happens after an ovum has been fertilised

Answer 36

it develops into an embryo and implants in the uterus (called a fetus in the later stages of pregnancy)

Question 37

when does the placenta develop

Answer 37

-once an embryo has implanted

Question 38

what does the placenta do

Answer 38

-lets the blood of the embryo and mother get very close to allow the exchange of food, oxygen and waste (diffusion for oxygen and waste products

Question 39

how is the placenta connected to the embryo

Answer 39

-umbilical cord

Question 40

what is in the umbilical cord

Answer 40

-arteries and veins

Question 41

maternal sinus

Answer 41

-spaces of maternal blood that is involved in the transfer of substances between itself and the chorionic villi

Question 42

chorionic villi

Answer 42

-structures belonging in the embryo that is involved in the transfer of substances between itself and the maternal sinus -it is implanted into the uterus wall

Question 43

amnion membrane

Answer 43

-surrounds the embryo and secretes amniotic fluid -ruptures during child birth and releases the fluid (water breaks)

Question 44

amniotic fluid

Answer 44

-fluid that protects the fetus against jolts and bumps