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NS9 - Life Sciences 2019 > Human Reproduction > Flashcards

Human Reproduction Flashcards

0
Q

Reasons living things reproduce

A
  • Form new individuals
  • Allow continuation of species
  • Prevent extinction
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1
Q

Extinct

A

When all individuals of a species have died out completely

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2
Q

Offspring

A

The young produced by an organism

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3
Q

Gametes

A

The sex cells (sperm cells and egg cells)

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4
Q

Fertilisation

A

The fusion of a sperm and egg

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5
Q

Embryo

A

The early development period of an individual

The baby before it becomes a foetus

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6
Q

Genetic information

A

The inherited information passed from parents to offspring in the form of DNA

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7
Q

Asexual reproduction

A
  • Only one parent
  • Offspring genetically identical to parent
  • No gametes involved
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8
Q

Sexual reproduction

A
  • Two parents
  • Gametes produced
  • Offspring similar to both parents but not identical
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9
Q

Three main parts of the sperm

A
  • Head - contains nucleus with DNA
  • Middle piece - contains mitochondria for energy
  • Tail - used for swimming
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10
Q

Main parts of a human egg cell

A
  • Nucleus containing DNA
  • Cytoplasm with food store
  • Protective ‘jelly’ coating
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11
Q

DNA

A
  • A molecule that contains coded information
  • Determines an organisms inherited characteristics
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12
Q

The head of the sperm

A
  • contains the nucleus
  • contains DNA from the father
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13
Q

The middle piece of a sperm cell

A
  • Contains mitochondria
  • Provides energy for swimming
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14
Q

The tail of a sperm cell

A
  • A whip-like flagellum structure
  • Used for swimming
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15
Q

Layer surrounding a human egg cell

A
  • A protective layer
  • Jelly like
  • Prevents multiple sperm from fertilising the egg
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16
Q

Contained in a human egg cell

A
  • Nucleus with mothers DNA
  • Cytoplasm with a food store
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17
Q

Advantage of asexual reproduction

A
  • Faster than the process of sexual reproduction
  • Exactly the same characteristics in offspring as parent
  • Only one parent required
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18
Q

Benefits of sexual reproduction

A
  • Promotes variation in a population
  • Every combination of different gametes results in a unique individual
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19
Q

Puberty

A
  • A stage in the human life cycle when the sexual organs mature
  • Occurs usually between 10-15 years in humans
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20
Q

The structure that starts the process of puberty by releasing hormones

A

The pituitary gland

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21
Q

Hormones

A
  • Chemicals that are made by glands that speed up or slow down the activities of an organ
  • They are, in essence, chemical messengers
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22
Q

The effect of hormones released by the pituitary that initiates puberty

A
  • Makes the reproductive organs active
  • Reproductive organs begin to make sex hormones
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23
Q

Primary reproductive organ and hormone in males

A
  • The testes
  • testosterone
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24
Q

Primary reproductive organ and hormone in females

A
  • Ovaries
  • Oestrogen
25
Q

The effect of testosterone in males (secondary sexual characteristics)

A
  • Facial hair
  • Vocal cords make voice deeper
  • Broader shoulders
  • Muscular body
  • Hair growth over body, under arms and pubic hair
  • Penis and testes develop
  • Testes start to make sperm
26
Q

The effect of oestrogen in females (secondary sexual characteristics)

A
  • Hair under arms and pubic hair
  • Breasts grow larger
  • Hips become wider
  • Ovulation and menstruation begins
27
Q

Example emotional changes often experienced through puberty

A
  • Strong emotions or feelings
  • unexplained mood changes
  • Changes in self-esteem
  • Agression
  • Depression
28
Q

The main purpose of sexual reproduction in organisms

A
  • For gametes to join
  • For the continuation of species
29
Q

Main parts of the male reprocuctive system

A
  • Testes
  • sperm duct
  • Male glands
  • Urethra
  • Penis
30
Q

Main purposes of male reproductive system

A
  • To make and store sperm
  • To place sperm in the female
31
Q

Function of testes

A
  • To make sperm
  • Produce testosterone
32
Q

Tube carrying sperm from testes to the penis

A

The sperm duct / vas deferens

33
Q

The tube carrying sperm through the penis

A

The urethra

34
Q

The function of the male glands

A
  • Secrete added to sperm to make semen
  • This fluid helps sperm to survive and swim to the eg
35
Q

Function of the prostrate gland

A
  • Secretes a fluid to nourish and protect sperm
  • helps to form semen
36
Q

Function of the urethra in males

A
  • To carry uring out the body
  • To carry semen out the body
  • Never at the same time
37
Q

Funcrion of the scrotum

A
  • A sack of skin to hold the testes outside the body
  • Sperm production is better at a slightly lower temperature than the core body temperature
38
Q

Semen

A

A mixture of sperm and fluids from the male glands, including the prostrate gland

39
Q

Ejaculation

A

The rapid release of semen from the penis

40
Q

Penis

A
  • The structure for placing semen inside the female during copulation
  • The penis becomes erect when extra blood is pumped into it
41
Q

Foreskin

A
  • A fold of skin that covers the head of the penis
42
Q

Circumcision

A
  • Surgical removal of the foreskin
  • Is often done for religious or cultural reasons
  • If sone under unsterile conditions, infection may occur
43
Q

The main funccion of the female reproductive organs

A
  • To make eggg cells
  • To provide suitable conditions for the early growth of a baby
44
Q

Vagina

A
  • A muscular tube opening to the outside of the body
  • Receives the penis during sex
  • Allows the birth of a baby (the birth canal)
45
Q

Cervix

A
  • The opening from the vagina into the uterus
  • Also called the ‘neck of the womb’
46
Q

The uterus

A
  • A hollow, muscular wall
  • Where a baby grows while a woman is pregnant
  • Also called the ‘womb’
47
Q

Oviducts

A
  • The tubes that carry the egg down from the ovary to the uterus.
  • Lined with tiny hairs that push the egg along.
  • The sperm also swim to meet the egg and fertilisation takes place here.
48
Q

Ovaries

A
  • Make the eggs
  • Release one egg each month
  • Also make femaile sex hormones e.g. oestrogen
49
Q

Main parts of the female reproductive system

A
  • Ovaries
  • Oviducts
  • Uterus
  • Cervix
  • Vagina
50
Q

Ovulation

A
  • The release of a ripe egg from the ovary
  • Occurs once a month
51
Q

Most likely time to fall pregnant

A
  • While a woman is ovulating
  • A number of days before and after ovulation
52
Q

Menstruation

A
  • When the wall of the uterus passes out of the body through the vagina
  • If the egg is not fertilised
53
Q

The menstrual cycle

A
  • The cycle of changes occuring to the wall of the uterus
  • in preparation for receiving a fertilised egg.
54
Q

When the menstrual cycle is said to begin (Day 1)

A
  • The first day of menstruation
  • When a womans ‘period’ starts
55
Q

The typical timing of ovulation during the menstrual cycle

A

Day 14

56
Q

Copulation

A
  • Also called intercourse or sex
  • The penis becomes erect as it fills with blood
  • The vagina becomes moist
  • The penis is placed inside the vagina
  • Ejaculation takes place
57
Q

Contraception

A
  • Birth control
  • A method or device used to prevent pregnancy.
58
Q

Methods of contraception

A
  • fertility awareness e.g. abstinence
  • long-acting reversible contraception, such as the implant or intra uterine device (IUD)
  • hormonal contraception, such the pill or the injection.
  • barrier methods, such as condoms.
59
Q
A

NS9 - Life Sciences 2019 (9 decks)

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