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Biology SAAT > Human Reproduction > Flashcards

Human Reproduction Flashcards

1
Q

What’s tje appropriate body temperature for the scrotum to produce sperm?

A

lower than 37c (body temp)

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2
Q

What is the structure inside the testes that produces the sperm?

A

Semi-niferous tubules

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3
Q

how many sperms are produced daily in the semi-niferous tubules?

A

100-200 million sperms daily

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4
Q

Where do sperms stay to mature untill ejaculation?

A

in the Epi-didymis

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5
Q

How does the seminal vesicle contribute to the semen flid of the sperm?

A

it contributes over half the semen fluid
+
secretes sugar (glucose) for energy, nutrients, proteins, enzymes and nourishment for the sperm

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6
Q

How do the Prostate Glands and the Bulbouretheral Glands contribute to the semen fluid?

A

Secrete an Alkaline Solutionto neturalize the acidic conditions of the urethra and the female reproductive tact

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7
Q

Is Testosterone an amino-acid or a steroid hormone?

A

it is a steroid hormone, it can pass through the cell wall of the egg cell in the female reproductive system

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8
Q

What are some function of Testosterone in the male body?

A
  1. helps in production of sperm
  2. secondary male sec-characterstics; body hair, sharp jawline
  3. helps in deepening the voice
  4. evetually leads to a receeding hairline or baldness
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9
Q

What causes the male voice to be deeper than the female

A

ales have longer vocal cods in the Larynx, this results in a deeper voice

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10
Q

Describe the journey of the production of the three male hormones from the brain:

A

Hypothalumus: GnRH

goes to the Anterior Pituitary

Anterior Pituitary: LH + FSH

travels to Testes through bloodstream

LH: stimulates production of testosterone
FSH: promotes production of sperm

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11
Q

What kind of feed-back system regulates the male reproductive-hormones? And how so?

A

A negative feedback system, the Hypothalamus starts by detecting testosterone levels in the bloodstream

High levels of Testost.: decreases production of FSH and Lh

and vice versa

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12
Q

what is the approximate size of an ovary?

A

the size of an almond

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13
Q

what are immature eggs in the ovary called?

A

Oocytes

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14
Q

What is in egg that is just developmed from an Oocytes called?

A

An ovum

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15
Q

What is the function of the follicle cells that surround the ovum?

A

it provides protection and nousihment

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16
Q

What is the name of the tube that connects the ovaries with the uterus?

A

The oviduct

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17
Q

What is the approximate size of a uterus?

A

A human fist

18
Q

What does the increase in GnRH at the beginning of the Follicular Phase stimulate?

A

The steady increase in the production of LH and FSH in the anterior pituitary

FSH stimulates the maturization of multiple follicles in the ovaries, which hold an oocyte

The maturization of follicle secretes estrogen, which keeps LH and FSH levels low (negative feedback)

19
Q

What happens when one oocyte is completely mature and is ready for ovulation? and when does that happen?

A

After a week from the beginning of the follicular phase, one follicle remains and secrets estrogen

After 12 days of estrogen secretion, its high levels, through a positive feedback loop, prompts the hypothalamus to secrete a surge of LH, rupturing the follicle to relase the oocyte

20
Q

What happens to the follicle that ruptures after releasing the oocyte and rupturing?

A

It becomes a corpus Leteum, which degenerates and stays in the ovary to release two hormones:
(highest to lowest levels of production)
1. Progesterone
2. Estrogen (keeps LH and FSH levels down through negative feedback to prevent follicular maturaization)

21
Q

What are the function of Progesterone

A
  1. Negative feedback with hypothalamus, prohibiting secretion of GnRH
  2. Mainting the lining of the endometrium
22
Q

What happens when an egg is not fertalized?

A

The corpus leteum degenrates, lowering levels of Progesterone and estrogen, causing the lining of the endometrium to shed, and in the release of GnRH, FSH, and LH

23
Q

During meiosis-one of the female egg, one of the resulting structures is smaller than the other and degenerates, what is it called?

A

The polar body

24
Q

When, during meosis, does an egg rupture through the ovaries and into the oviduct?

A

During metaphase 2

25
Q

Can an egg cell complete meosis division if not fertalized?

A

No, if a sperm does not penetrate the egg during metaphase 2, the egg cell will degenerate and never finish meiotic divison

26
Q

What does a fertalized egg called?

A

A zygote

27
Q

After 30 hors of fertalization, what happens to the zygote?

A

It starts Mitosis, cell divison,
it divides in the oviduct while it moves by muscle contractions

28
Q

After 3-4 days of fertalization:

A

Egg leaves oviduct

The egg is now divided into about 16 cells and called a Morula and is a solid ball

29
Q

After 5 days of fertalization:

A

it is a blasocyt, a bag of cells

30
Q

what happens during the 6-10 day after fertalization?

A

The blasocyt begin to attatch to the endometreium and is fully implanted by the tenth, or, it falls and it becomes an early failed pregnancy.

31
Q

What exactly will develop to become the fetus?

A

The inner cell mass of a blastocyt

32
Q

What is the Acrocome and its function?

A

A specialzed Lysosomes organelle, which posses digestive enzymes to penetrate through the plasma memberane of the egg cell

33
Q

functions of the amnoic fluid

A
  1. protect
  2. cushions
  3. insulates
34
Q

what does the yolk sac contribute to

A

the first site of red blood cells formation for the embryo

35
Q

What hormone does the embryo secrete,a nd what is its function?

A

hCG human chrionic goundtropin

it keeps the corpus luteum from degenerating to maintain the rest of the negative feedback cycle of hormones it regulates

36
Q

what can ultrasound tell us about the fetus

A
  1. growing rate
  2. position
  3. sex
37
Q

what a karyotype

A

a chart of the chromosomes pairs

38
Q

the normal weight and size of a newborn

A

3.3 kg and 51 cm

39
Q

how does the posterior pituitary gland play a role in birth?

A

it releases a hormone Oxytocin which stimulates involuntary muscles in the wall of the uterus to contract

40
Q

what are the important hormones through adolescence and theri function

A
  1. Human growth hormone: stimulates mitosis, it increses protein synthesis and fat breakdown
  2. Thyroxine: increases metabolic rate
  3. Steroid hormones(testosterone and estrogene): break through cell walls and increase the size of the cells
41
Q

the weight and size difference during infancy

A

3 times the weight and grown 25 cm

Biology SAAT (9 decks)

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