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Biology > Human Reproduction (chpt. 41) > Flashcards

Human Reproduction (chpt. 41) Flashcards

1
Q

Function of : sperm duct

A

Transport sperm

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2
Q

Function of : urethra

A

Dual function - carries urine or sperm out of the body

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3
Q

Function of : penis

A

Releases sperm into the vagina

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4
Q

Function of : epididymis

A

Where sperm mature and are stored

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5
Q

Function of : testis

A

Male gonads - produce sperm and testosterone

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6
Q

Function of : scrotum

A

Holds testes outside the body to provide a cooler temperature

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7
Q

Why are the testes held outside the body

A

To allow a cooler temperature for meiosis to take place - 37°C too hot

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8
Q

Male reproductive system - glands

A

Seminal vesicle
Prostate gland
Cowper's gland

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9
Q

Function of : glands in male reproductive system

A

Produce seminal fluid which provides nourishment for the sperm

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10
Q

Secondary sexual characteristics

A

Features that distinguish males from females

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11
Q

Gonad

A

An organ that produces sex cells

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12
Q

What makes up semen

A

Sperm and seminal fluid

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13
Q

Testosterone

A

Produced in testes
Primary and secondary sexual characteristics

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14
Q

Luteinising hormone (LH) males

A

Produced in pituitary gland
Causes production of testosterone

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15
Q

Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) males

A

Produced in pituitary gland
Stimulates sperm producing cells to divide by meiosis to produce sperm

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16
Q

Secondary sexual characteristics in males

A

Deeper voice
Growth spurt
Body hair
Muscular development

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17
Q

Infertility

A

The inability to produce offspring

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18
Q

Male infertility

A

Low sperm count
Caused by drug abuse OR lack of hormones
Treatments: lifestyle change OR drug therapy, IVF

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19
Q

What section of the sperm enters into the egg

A

Only the head

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20
Q

Function of : Fallopian tube

A

Transport the egg to the uterus using cilia and peristalsis

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21
Q

Function of : ovary

A

Female gonad - produces eggs, oestrogen, progesterone

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22
Q

Function of : endometrium

A

Where zygote implants - placenta formation

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23
Q

Function of : cervix

A

Opening of womb

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24
Q

Function of : vagina

A

Birth canal

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25
Q

Function of : uterus

A

Protects the developing foetus

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26
Q

Menstrual cycle

A

A series of events that occur every 28 days on average in the female if fertilisation has not taken place

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27
Q

Menopause

A

When ovulation and menstruation stop happening in a female

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28
Q

Menstruation

A

Is the discharge of the endometrium and the unfertilised egg

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29
Q

Menstrual cycle days 1-5

A

MENSTRUATION (PERIOD)
Endometrium is shed
FSH stimulates the Graafian follicle to develop and secrete oestrogen

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30
Q

Menstrual cycle days 6-13

A

REPAIR
Oestrogen from the GF inhibits FSH and travels to the uterus where it stimulates the rebuilding of the endometrium and the production of LH in pituitary gland
Graafian follicle matures

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31
Q

Menstrual cycle day 14

A

OVULATION
Mature Graafian follicle moves to the surface of the ovary and bursts to release the egg into the Fallopian tube
LH causes ovulation and stimulates the formation of the corpus luteum which secretes progesterone and oestrogen

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32
Q

Menstrual cycle days 15-21

A

REST / SECRETORY PHASE
Empty GF develops into corpus luteum which secretes progesterone and oestrogen
Walls of uterus prepare for implantation

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33
Q

Menstrual cycle days 21-28

A

Egg passes into the uterus and if unfertilised, begins to degenerate
Progesterone and oestrogen levels drop and the walls of the endometrium break down
FSH is produced
Cycle repeats

34
Q

Role of menstrual cycle

A

Prepare for pregnancy
Egg development
Ovulation

35
Q

Menstrual disorders

A

Fibroids - benign growths in uterus
Cause is uncertain
Treatments: radiation or surgically removed

36
Q

Female infertility

A

Blockage of Fallopian tubes due to scarring
Caused by an infection e.g. STD
Treatment: surgical opening of tubes or IVF

37
Q

Copulation

A

The act of sexual intercourse

38
Q

What happens during copulation

A

Sexual arousal causes the penis to become stiff and erect due to increased blood flow
The clitoris becomes erect and the vagina becomes lubricated

39
Q

Orgasm

A

The physical and emotional sensations experienced at the peak of sexual excitement

40
Q

Ejaculation

A

The release of semen from the penis

41
Q

Insemination

A

The release of semen into the vagina just outside the cervix

42
Q

How many sperm are released during copulation

A

500 million sperm are released into the female
Many die on the journey or due to acidic vagina secretions

43
Q

Fertilisation

A

When the nucleus of the sperm fuses with the nucleus of the egg, forming a diploid zygite

44
Q

Where does fertilisation occur

A

Fallopian tube

45
Q

How long do eggs survive

A

Up to 2 days

46
Q

How long do sperm survive in the female

A

Up to 7 days

47
Q

Implantation

A

The embedding of the fertilised egg into the uterus

48
Q

What is the placenta made of

A

Formed partly from the cells of the embryo and partly from the cells of the endometrium

49
Q

Function of placenta

A

Prevents blood from mixing (different blood types and mothers higher blood pressure)
Transfers gases and nutrients
Endocrine gland - it secretes progesterone and oestrogen

50
Q

Development of zygote

A

DAY 1 - FERTILISATION
Contains 46 chromosomes
All mitochondrial DNA from egg

DAY 3 - MORULA
Divides rapidly by mitosis
Solid clump of cells is formed

DAY 5 - BLASTOCYST
Hollow ball of a few hundred cells
Pushed from Fallopian tube to uterus

51
Q

What does IVF stand for

A

In Vitro Fertilisation

52
Q

What is IVF

A

It involves removing an egg from the ovary and fertilising it outside of the body

53
Q

Germ layers

A

Basic layers of cells in the blastocyst from which all adult tissues and organs will form

54
Q

3 germ layers and what they form

A

ECTODERM - skin, hair, nails, nervous system

MESODERM - bone, muscles, circulatory, reproductive system

ENDODERM - liver, pancreas, thyroid, digestive, respiratory system

55
Q

Development of embryo

A

Germ layers
Up to 8 weeks, the limbs form, heartbeat, sex organs, cartilage becomes bone (ossification)

56
Q

Ossification

A

Cartilage becomes bone when the embryo is developing

57
Q

FSH Females

A

Pituitary gland but works in ovary
Stimulates oestrogen and development of graafian follicle

58
Q

Oestrogen

A

Produced by Graafian follicle in ovary
Repairs endometrium
Secondary sexual characteristics
Stimulates LH

59
Q

Secondary sexual characteristics in females

A

Pubic and underarm hair
Breasts
Growth spurt

60
Q

LH Females

A

Pituitary gland
Ovulation and development of corpus luteum
Stimulates progesterone

61
Q

Progesterone

A

Produced by corpus luteum
Maintains endometrium
Stops uterus from contracting

62
Q

Birth - stage 1

A

DILATION
Secretion of progesterone decreases allowing uterus to contract
Pituitary produces oxytocin which increases contractions
Become stronger and more frequent
Mucus plug and amniotic fluid released

63
Q

Birth - stage 2

A

EXPULSION
Contractions become stronger and the baby descends head first into birth canal
Umbilical cord is clamped and cut

64
Q

Birth - stage 3

A

AFTERBIRTH
Placenta and foetal membranes are birthed

65
Q

How does the egg prevent more than one sperm from entering

A

It forms a membrane

66
Q

Why do sperm need digestive enzymes

A

To break down the membrane surrounding the egg

67
Q

What type of immunity is passed from mother to baby by breastfeeding

A

Passive / acquired

68
Q

Where exactly in the ovary are eggs produced

A

Oocyte or follicle

69
Q

Lactation

A

The secretion of milk by the mammary glands (breasts) of the female

70
Q

Benefits of breastfeeding for the baby

A

- perfect food at correct temperature
- sterile at room temperature
- contains antibodies
- bonding of mother and baby

71
Q

Benefits of breastfeeding for mother

A

- delays return of menstrual cycle
- reduced risk of breast cancer
- uterus contracts quicker due to oxytocin
- bonding of mother and baby

72
Q

Birth control

A

Methods taken to limit the number of children that are born

73
Q

Contraception

A

The deliberate prevention of fertilisation or pregnancy

74
Q

Natural contraception

A

Track cycle & work out fertile period

75
Q

Chemical contraception

A

The pill - tablet containing oestrogen and progesterone, prevents ovulation

76
Q

Barrier / mechanical contraception

A

Condom - prevents sperm entering vagina

77
Q

Surgical contraception

A

Tubal ligation - oviducts cut & tied
Vasectomy - sperm ducts cut & tied

78
Q

DRAW FEMALE

A

79
Q

DRAW MALE

A

80
Q

DRAW SPERM

A

Biology (34 decks)

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