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human rights Flashcards

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1
Q

define human rights norms

A

established customary behaviour based on moral principles and ways of living inculcated into the culture of a country or area over a long period of time

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1
Q

define human rights

A

basic rights and freedoms inherent to all human beings to which all people are emtitled without discrimination

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2
Q

what are the sustainable development goals?

A

established in 2015
supposed to be achieved in 2030
‘global goals’

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3
Q

what are the millenium development goals?

A

established in 2000
for LIDCs

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4
Q

what happened in 1948?

A

the universal declaration of human rights

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5
Q

what did article 5 of the UDHR state?

A

no one shall be subjected to torture or to cruel, inhuman and degrading treatment or punishment

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6
Q

what did article 9 of the UDHR state?

A

no one shall be subjected to arbitary arrest, detention or exile.

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7
Q

what impact has globalisation had on human rights?

A

enhanced the ability of civil society to work across borders an to promote human rights
it has enabled some organisations to gain power and penetrate violations

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8
Q

what are the main modern threats to human rights?

A

child labour
people trafficking
genocide
modern slavery

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9
Q

what are international treaties?

A

international agreements concluded between states in written form and governed by international law
there are a growing number of treaties regarding human rights

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10
Q

what is the UN convention on the rights of the child?

A

designed to change the ways that children are viewed and treated
it describes what a child needs in order to reach its full potential and explains the responsibilities of adults and governments to ensure that children everywhere can enjoy all their rights
basis of UNICEF work

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11
Q

what is infant mortality rate?

A

the annual number of deaths of infants under the age of one per 1000 live births

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12
Q

examples of global variation in IMR

A

Mali = 106.5
Italy = 3.3

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13
Q

how is IMR viewed as a human rights concern?

A

most of the deaths are avoidable
country is not doing all it can to prevent these deaths
not upholding rights of most vulnerable people

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14
Q

define intervention?

A

actions of a state, group of states or international organisations in a foreign territory to end gross violation of
included military force, economic sanctions and the assistance of NGOs

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15
Q

what is humanitarian intervention?

A

action taken to protect people at risk of war, famine, flood, genocide
often third party country or multilateral agency like UN

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16
Q

what is the UN security council?

A

he only body that can authorise the use of military force
military intervention is controversial

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17
Q

which organisations do the UN cordinate?

A

regional organisations - NATO, OSCE and ASEAN Intergovernmental commission on human rights

non-governmental organisations : Red Cross, Oxfam

public-private parternships: Gavi Alliance (vaccines and immunisation)

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18
Q

define global governance

A

intervention by the global community attempting to regulate issues such as human rights sovreignity and territorial integrity

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19
Q

define geo-politics

A

ways in which geographical factors were central in shaping international politics

global balance of power and international relations

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20
Q

who is a geo-political power holder?

A

USA- dominant militarily and politically
2nd to China in trading

ACs, EDCs, LIDCs - all have inequalities in power due to wealth, political strength and development

SUPRANATIONAL UN, EU, ASEAN, OPEC - all exert greater geopolitical influence than their individual number states

MNCs - have considerable influence o the countries that they invest in

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21
Q

what understanding is required before intervening in human rights issues?

A

political composition of the groups of countries and organisations that are involved in the intervention

nature of the intervention itself

why intervention is necessary

characteristic features of the country

socio-economic and political consequences of intervention

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22
Q

what is NATOs purpose?

A

to safeguard the freedom and security of all its members by political and military means

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23
Q

what is NATOs aim?

A

to secure a lasting peace in Europe, based on democracy, human rights and the use of law

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24
what has NATO been doing in Ukraine?
since 2014 supports co-operation on the ground helps enhance Ukraine's political and practical dialogue supports democratic governance of tehe security and defence sector helps build inter-operability beween allied and ukrainian forces to face common challenges
25
define forced labour
when people are coerced to work through use of violence or intimidation, or by more subtle means of detention such as retention of identity papers- bonded labour
26
how many people are part of forced labour?
21 million victims 11 million are girls
27
how much illegal profit does forced labour generate?
$150 billion
28
what are the three types of forced labour?
children who are denied education because they are forced to work men unable to leave work because of debts owed to recruitment agents women and girls exploited as unpaid, abused domestic workers
29
what is the global distribution of forced labour?
worst in southeast asia but nowhere in the world is unaffected
30
define article 3
everyone has the right to life, liberty and security (forced labour violates)
31
what are examples of forced labour?
cotton farming in Uzbekestan brick kilns in pakistan usa agriculture- migrants trafficked into industry
32
what economic factors influence forced labour?
poverty lack of economic opportunities and unemployment low wages migrants seeking work
33
what social factors influence forced labour?
gender inequality age, espc children entire families enslaved through bonded labour women and children trafficked for sexual exploitation indigenous people eg in farming in Paraguay
34
what political factors influence forced labour?
political instability conflict breakdown of laws corruption state sponsorship of modern slavery eg cotton in Uzebekistan high levels of discrimination and prejudice
35
what environmental factors cause forced labour?
escaping climate related disasters hazardous working conditions in open mines
36
what was the situation like in Chaghcharan Ghor before global intervention?
hostile and politically insecure families had to sell assets such as livestock and their daughters basic rights neglected - gender inequality
37
what is the situation like in Chagharan Ghor now, after global intervention?
Afghan aid co-ordinated donor funding and government input which has transformed the lives of communities and individuals EU funded Afghan aid training on efficient and efficient agricultural methods, reducing the spread of diseases by securing safe water supplies locals now have greater freedom and women are more integrated in society. democratic practises have been strengthened by the election of community groups
38
what global intervention strategies are being done in Kabul to tackle poverty?
funding from Japan to upgrade neighbourhoods in 33 provincial capitals and kabul election of community development council, each included 300-250 households
39
define maternal mortality rate
the death of a woman while pregnant or within 42 days of termination of pregnancy from any causes related to or aggravated by the pregnancy or its managment per 100,000 live births
40
examples of maternal mortality rates
Sierra Leone: 1100/100,000 South Sudan: 1223/100,000 as of 2020
41
what six factors influence maternal mortality rates?
access to treatments for pregnancy and brith complications, espc emergency care quality of medical services espc provision of skilled attendance at birth level of political commitment and government investment availability of information and education cultural banners which affect discrimination poverty
42
what protection measures are in place for maternal mortality rates?
the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW) the International Covenant on Economic Social and Cultural Rights various regional treaties and the laws of many individual states
43
how has the number of maternal deaths changed over time?
since 1990-2015 there has been a 44% in reduction of deaths
44
what is capital punishment?
the death penalty
45
how does capital punishment defy human rights?
state must recognise the right to life
46
how many cases of capital punishment has there been recently?
in 2014, there was at least 607 excecutions 2466 people were sentenced to death in 55 countries
47
what factors influence the global variation in capital punishment?
differences between countries in the range and type of crimes for which it is imposed the incidence of its legality under national law the increase in the number of countries in which it is being abolished its reinstatement in some countries for threats to state security and public safety posed by terrorism the number of commutations and pardons (granted in 28 countries in 2014)
48
define gender inequality
the unequal treatment of individuals based on their gender women and men do not enjoy the same rights and opportunities across all sectors of society because they are a woman or a man
49
how is gender inequlity measured and what do the results show?
a range of indices show that females suffer the most
50
global patterns in gender equality is closely related to...
respect for the rights of women demonstrated by the GGGI - global gender gap index
51
what challenges remain in gender inequality?
forced marriage - often involves children forced labour incl sex slavery access to education and healthcare employment opportunities political participation wage equality violence against women access to reproductive health services
52
what are two Millenium Development Goals targeting gender inequality?
improve maternal health promote gender equality and empowerment
53
what have NGOs done to address gender inequality?
established Girls Education Initiative led by UNICEF Internation Centre for Research on Women
54
what has the UN done for gender inequlity?
CEDAW working on treaties and legislation
55
how does education perpeptuate gender inquality and has it changed?
favours males MDG has caused some improvements girls suffer severs disadvantages in poorer countries particularly in rural countries
56
how would improving female education improve gender equality?
help women move into labour market and increase production capacity of the labour force decrease infant mortality as women get more educated about fertility family health and child nutrition would improve
57
what has the UN done to improve female education?
Girls' Education Initiative
58
what factors lead to females not having education?
poor families prioritise paying for men to go oldest girl has household obligations educating girls does not benefit the girl's family but the family in which she marries into girls face exploitation and abuse in some classroom environments some schools do not offer private or separate latrines insufficient numbers of female teachers child marriage early pregnancy inadequate legislation insufficent government investment
59
what factors effect female reproductive health in developing countries?
early forced marriage high rates of young pregnancy STDs incl HIV harmful traditional practices eg FGM forced sterilisation or abortion sexual violence gender bias in education = limited access to information lack of empowerment in family size and spacing of pregnancies
60
how many girls under 18 give birth every day?
20,000
61
who is involved is resolving issues surrounding female reproductive rights?
Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights NGOs eg ICRW, Amref Health Africa and Womankind
62
what factors effect employment opportunities for women?
social norms- where the primary responsibility in securing household income is down to men and women are expected to do housework cultural beliefs and practices of religious or social groups levels of governmental and company support for child care degrees to which equal oppurtunity is safeguarded by law social acceptance of women as contributors to household income gender based norms that shape the educational and job decisions of women and men levels of discrimination by employers sectoral structure of the labour market
63
which human rights are often the cause of conflict?
denial of human needs such as food, housing, employment opportunity and limited access to education over long periods of time discrimination and denial of freedom on an undemocratic society unrepresentative government in which people are treated unequally or unjustly and excluded from decision making oppressive government that do not respect the needs of all groups, including the preservation of ethnic identity or discrimination on the basis of gender genocide or torture
64
what human rights issue may conflict cause?
high incidence of human mortality, military involvement in fighting and civillians in local communities damage to homes and property damage to infrastructure, including transport systems, hospitals, school and tele-communications the impact on food and water supply displacement of populations including the effects of internal and international refugee migration exploitation of women ethnic cleansing
65
the role of flows of people, money, ideas and technology in geopolitical intervention
UNHRC deployes experts, working groups etc to promote ideas and values OHCHR provides education and training NGOs eg Amnesty raise awareness NATO give military support
66
how do the UN protect human rights?
main aim to "reaffirm faith in fundamental human rights" different council with experience that countries may lack Security Council deals with human rights violations even in conflict areas Human right council work with the legal backing of the International Bill of rights
67
how do NGOs protect human rights?
work on the ground in areas of conflict modify social norms through education train in practical agricultural methods improve sanitation provision of medicines health education
68
how do treaties and law protect human rights?
binding in international and national law eg Convention of the Rights of a Child

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