places and spaces

Question 1

what is a place? x2

Answer 1

all places are connected
all places are different

Question 2

what is in a place? x4

Answer 2

people are at the heart of places
settlement patterns
transport routes
individual buildings

Question 3

how is a place defined?

Answer 3

Places are defined by a combination of characteristics which change over time

Question 4

what characteristics make up the identity of a place?

Answer 4

physical geography
demography
socio-economic
cultural
political
built environment

Question 5

examples of each characteristic that make up a place.

Answer 5

physical geography- altitude, slope angle, aspect, geology
demography- population, age of population, gender, ethnicity
socio-economic - employment, income, education, status
cultural - religion, clubs and societies
built environment - age and style of buildings, density of houses

Question 6

definition of knowledge economy

Answer 6

jobs that require a higher level of eduction and gather, store and analyse knowledge

Question 7

definition of time-space compression

Answer 7

a set of processes leading to a shrinking world caused by reduction in relative distance between places

Question 8

name 5 characteristics that influence peoples perception of place

Answer 8

age
gender
sexuality
religion
role

Question 9

how do these different characteristics affect peoples perception of place

Answer 9

AGE- changes as people go through life cycle
postive perceptions may turn negative
GENDER- places are divided reflective of the way society view man and womens roles eg society was built around men, and question of womens saftey
SEXUALITY- acceptance of different sexual orientations becomes more widespread
some places acquire the meaning because theyre lgbt groups such as gay village in manchester
RELIGION - certain features in landscape mean some places are sacrid to certain groups, stonehenge, jerusalem
ROLE- different responsibilities you have through life cycle affect perception

Question 10

describe emotional attachment to a place

Answer 10

highly personal and selective
could be a social memory which is effected by feelings that are social and are recieved as part of a group eg protest or terrorist attack

Question 11

define diaspora

Answer 11

the spread of an ethnic or national groups who have left their homeland

Question 12

describe a group of diaspora

Answer 12

the kurds
all the same nationality (Kurdish)
don’t have their own state
28-30 million kurds
Kurdistan lies across turkey, iran, iraq, syria and a further 2-3 mil live as diaspora in eg Germany
emotionally attatched to the land, after they were forced to abandon their traditions afert break up of Ottoman Empire

Question 13

define globalisation

Answer 13

globalisation is the increasing inter-connectedness and interdependence of the world, economically, socially, politically, and culturally

Question 14

what is a global village

Answer 14

a saying to convey the idea that the world has become smaller, and there is more interconnectedness

Question 15

what is informal representation of places

Answer 15

tv, films, literature, music

Question 16

what is formal representation of places

Answer 16

large quantaties of data collected, which is valuable to representing places
eg. census, map,

Question 17

define inequality

Answer 17

resources, wealth, and oppurtunities are not evenly spread

Question 18

define spatial inequality

Answer 18

the unequal distribution of factors at any scale
eg- North vs South England

Question 19

define quality of life

Answer 19

the extent to which needs and desires are met

Question 20

define standard of living

Answer 20

ability to access services and goods including basics such as food and water

Question 21

name 10 characteristics determining standard of living and quality of life

Answer 21

quality of housing
level of pollution
access to leisure services
access to employment
level of income
percentage on state benefits
percentage of free state meals
incidence of crime
standards of educations
percentage of lone pensioners

Question 22

what is the poverty cycle/spiral of decline/negative cumilative causation

Answer 22

poverty->poor living conditions->ill health->poor education-> poor occupational skills-> poverty

Question 23

what is an LSOA?

Answer 23

lower layer super output area
small designed to be of a similar population size. Approximatley 1500 residents or 650 household. There are 32,844 LSOAs

Question 24

which 7 factors are combined to get an index number

Answer 24

crime
employment
health
living environment
income
education
barriers to housing and services.

Question 25

what are the characteristics of a boom?

Answer 25

economy always dynamic and changing more opportunities improved economic health of a place increase in profit new technology business growth happens every 50 years according to Kondratieff not evenly spread, core areas benefit more than peripheral areas

Question 26

what are the characteristics of a recession?

Answer 26

less opportunities worse economic health stagnation decrease in profit plateau of profit decrease in GDP decrease in household income decrease in investments increase in unemployment and bankruptcies

Question 27

who are key economic players?

Answer 27

individuals, groups, people or organisations who can influence or be influenced by the process of change

Question 28

who are public players?

Answer 28

include governments- EU, local and national

Question 29

what is the EU?

Answer 29

Trans-national government that can influence economic change via grants for infrastructure development

Question 30

how is national government and economic player?

Answer 30

has departments and agencies responsible for strategic planning such as education and training and major transport links

Question 31

how is local government an economic player?

Answer 31

has simalar responsibilities to national government- carries out planning and implementation at the local scale. Tries to stimulate economic growth, sustain existing employment, create new jobs, and improve the environment

Question 32

how are private players an economic player?

Answer 32

wide range of different people and organisation business players can be self-employed or TNCs - maintain to generate money out of their investment

Question 33

how are TNCs an economic player?

Answer 33

Trans-National Corporation involved in international production of goods/services

Question 34

how are local communities economic players?

Answer 34

concerned about immediate area interested in economic change eg. employment and social issues and environmental issues

Question 35

how does the government use TAXATION to reduce social inequality?

Answer 35

income tax is used by Government to re-distribute wealth from richer to poorer groups, creating a fairer society

Question 36

how does the government use SUBSIDIES to reduce social inequality?

Answer 36

governments give subsidies to poorer groups benefits outside London= £384.64 for a couple or parent with child eg. free school meals, help with uni fees

Question 37

how does the government use PLANNING to reduce social inequality?

Answer 37

government charities and housing agencies give priority to upgrading housing and services in the poorest areas. Organised geographically + targeted at most deprived areas

Question 38

how does the government use LAW to reduce social inequality?

Answer 38

legislation exists which outlaws discrimination to give equal opportunities s to all groups. The poorest groups of workers are protected by minimum wage legislation

Question 39

how does the government use EDUCATION to reduce social inequality?

Answer 39

governments often provide funding for training and upgrading skills in order to raise skill levels and qualifications to improve employment prospects and boost economic growth. Education programmes to improve personal health, targeted at poor

Question 40

how does the government use PENSIONS to reduce social inequality?

Answer 40

£185.15 per week some of the poorest members of society rely on state pension although some are entitled to benefits. Many live in inner cities - high levels of multiple deprivation in these areas. wealthy people have occupational pensions which provide additional income to state pensions

Question 41

how does the government use HEALTHCARE to reduce social inequality?

Answer 41

in ACs - provided by a combination of government and private organisations eg NHS , paid for through taxes. Aren't evenly distributed - inner cities and remote urban areas are short of GPs and healthcare workers language and cultural barriers prevent healthcare eg immunizations

Question 42

how does the government use RURAL SERVICES to reduce social inequality?

Answer 42

services are mainly concentrated in large villages and towns better mobility and time space compression means that people are less reliant on key setllements as they can access a range of destinations in and around urban settlements availability of home delivery

Question 43

what is placemaking?

Answer 43

multi-faceted approach to planning, designing and managing public spaces capitalises on a local community intention of creating public spaces that promote health happiness and well being political due to the nature of place identity - want positive connotations process and a philosophy

Question 44

key players GIS

Answer 44

Geographical information system use satelites and technology to find sites to build new houses on 60%-80% all date now includes a locational component more people and governments are using geography as a part of their work

Question 45

key players GOV

Answer 45

national representatives - King government on all scales involved use GIS British council promotes educational and cultural links abroad work with TNC

Question 46

key players FDI

Answer 46

foreign direct investment increased since 1980 but with flows and ebbs depending on health of global, regional and national economies most FDI flows of capital are from TND headquarters

Question 47

24 hour city

Answer 47

can be found around the world with many EDCs and LIDCs such as Cairo and Mumbai large urban places can be transformed into different places depending on the time of day London - night bus routes doubled between 1999-2013 and passenger numbers have tripled + since 2015 - 5 underground lines operating growth around clock activity due to population growth in 1980s Trend replicated in other cities such as Berlin, Madrid and New York

Question 48

local community place making

Answer 48

residents association heritage association digital placemaking - social media

Question 49

digital placemaking

Answer 49

increasingly playing a role in the evolution of places social media is more integrated in the lives of people encouraged in public participation and collaboration in processes such as planning and decision making about land use in local neighbourhood

Question 50

role of architects and planners

Answer 50

CABE (commission for architecture and built environment) Local Authority Planning departments

Question 51

what is a places brand?

Answer 51

popular image and perception of the place includes location and atmosphere...

Question 52

what is place rebranding?

Answer 52

changes a place through regeneration and giving a place a new image done to attract investment from customers through investment from private and public

Question 53

what are the three key elements of rebranding?

Answer 53

brand artefact brandy essence brand scape

Question 54

brand artefact

Answer 54

physical environment, built environment

Question 55

brand essence

Answer 55

experience of the people

Question 56

brand scape

Answer 56

how the place positions itself in relation to other competitor places

Question 57

market led gentrification

Answer 57

involves private investors aiming to make a profit typically improves property developers, builders and business owners, for example, those running restaurants, wine bars or retailing

Question 58

top down rebranding

Answer 58

involves a large scale organisations such as local authorities, development industries and private investors such as an insurance and pension fund agencies eg former dockland areas such as Salford Quays, Manchester

Question 59

flagship development

Answer 59

large scale, one off property projects with distinctive architecture act as a catalust to attract further development and regeneration eg Millenium Stadium, Cardiff

Question 60

legacy rebranding

Answer 60

following international sporting events which brought investment and regeneration to a place London Olympics. 2012

Question 61

events rebranding

Answer 61

major festivals such as those associated with the European capital of culture, Liverpool, 2008 Acts as a catalyst for cultural development and transformation of the city beneficial socio-economic development now considered in choosing hosting cities eg development of favelas before Rio Olympics 2016

Question 62

role is architecture in rebranding

Answer 62

nearly always plays a role and can be used to reinforce a particular heritage look or to promote the place as modern or forward looking can change the way people use the place- changing its image eg Convent Garden - re-used existing buildings

Question 63

role of heritage in rebranding

Answer 63

nearly always plays a role can revitalise a place Eg Wessex Tourist Board has rebranded Dorset and Somerset

Question 64

role of retail in rebranding

Answer 64

growth in importance of consumer spending, rebranding can be aided by retail development eg Flagship Selfridges store has become iconic

Question 65

role of art in rebranding

Answer 65

sense of place created through art galleries and art events Eg Edinburgh fringe

Question 66

role of sport in rebranding

Answer 66

major international sporting events eg Olympics can be a catalyst that kickstarts rebranding

Question 67

role of food in rebranding

Answer 67

developing a reputation of high quality foods helps with rebranding eg Ludlow, small town called 'food town'

Question 68

gov role in rebranding

Answer 68

directly funded organisations eg tourist boards and planning departments

Question 69

EU role in rebranding

Answer 69

Regional Development Fund give grants to assist places that fall below average income levels found in EU eg improvements to the A55 has rebranded rural area, developing its tourist industry and helping offset social and economic decline

Question 70

corporate bodies role in rebranding

Answer 70

banks, insurance companies, pension funds and development companies helps fund rebranding and help carrying out physical development eg investing in large malls to generate long term regular flows of income for pension providers

Question 71

not for profit organisation role in rebranding charities

Answer 71

bodies responsible for the Arts, the National Trust and local community groups such as residents associations are involved in rebranding, sometimes invoking change but also being affected by it

Question 72

gentrification

Answer 72

rebranding brings about socio-economic change wealthier people move in - more disposable income - types of services availble change eg corner shops and are replaced by delicatessens

Question 73

how does rebranding favour different groups?

Answer 73

some players/ stakeholders benefit from rebranding more than others eg in Liverpool a large shopping centre was developed and many locals felt that regeneration wouldn't benefit them - more sustainable to entrepeuners and those living in the suburbs

Question 74

differing priorities in rebranding

Answer 74

development agencies want profit, local residents want good quality of life eg Liverpool used foreign labour instead of locals. Locals were asked what they wanted and their requests were ignored as they were focused on profit