Human Sexual Reproductive System

Question 1

what is asexual reproduction

Answer 1

process resulting in the production of genetically identical offspring (clones) from 1 parent, without the fusion of nuclei of gametes

Question 2

what is sexual reproduction

Answer 2

process of involving the fusion of the nuclei of reproductive cells called gametes (fertilisation) to form a zygote and the production of genetically dissimilar offspring

Question 3

6 points

what are the parts of the human male reproductive system

Answer 3

testes
scrotum
sperm duct
prostate gland
urethra
penis

Question 4

what is the function of the testis

Answer 4

produces male sex hormone (testosterone) and sperms upon puberty

Question 5

what is the function of the scrotum

Answer 5

sac which holds the testis outside the body where temperature is lower and optimum for the development of healthy sperm

Question 6

what is the function of the sperm duct

Answer 6

muscular tube which carries sperms from the testis to the urethra

Question 7

2 points

what are the functions of the prostate gland

Answer 7

male sex gland produces fluid which:
- contains nutrients which nourishes sperms and enzymes that activate the sperms to swim
- provides a medium for sperms to swim in

^ mixture of fluid and sperms called semen

Question 8

what is the function of the urethra

Answer 8

tube which carries urine and semen to outside of the body

Question 9

what is the function of the penis

Answer 9

erectile organ when the male is sexually aroused, to deposit semen containing sperms into vagina during sexual intercourse

Question 10

6 points

what are the parts of the human female reproductive system

Answer 10

ovary
oviduct (fallopian tube)
uterus (womb)
uterine lining
cervix
vagina (birth canal)

Question 11

what is the function of the ovary

Answer 11

produces eggs (ova) and female sex hormones (oestrogen and progesterone)

Question 12

2 points

what are the functions of the oviduct

Answer 12

site where fertilisation occurs

pathway to carry mature egg from ovary to uterus

Question 13

what is the function of the uterus

Answer 13

organ with thick muscular walls and has inner surface covered with a layer called uterine lining, for implantation of embryo and subsequent development of the fetus

Question 14

what is the function of the cervix

Answer 14

ring of muscle at lower end of uterus that widens during childbirth

Question 15

what is the function of the vagina

Answer 15

muscular tube where sperms are deposited during sexual intercourse

Question 16

how many chromosomes do each human gamete carry

Answer 16

23 chromosomes (22 chromosomes and 1 sex chromosome)

*sex chromosome: sperm carries either X or Y chromosome, egg will always carry X chromosome

Question 17

what are the 5 stages of fertilisation

Answer 17

1) during ovulation, an ovum is released into the oviduct

2) when the nuclei of a sperm and ovum fuse, fertilisation occurs, forming a fertilised egg called a zygote

3) repeated cell division of the zygote gives rise to an embryo

4) the embryo moves towards the uterus by peristalsis and movements of hair-like structures called cilia

5) the embryo implants in the uterine lining approximately 7 days after fertilisation

Question 18

3 points

describe pregnancy and birth

Answer 18

in humans, pregnancy lasts about 9 months

during pregnancy, the embryo develops into a fetus (unborn baby)

at the end of the pregnancy, the muscles of the uterus contract to push out the fully formed baby; cervix enlarges to allow baby to pass through (birth)

Question 19

what is heredity

Answer 19

process by which characteristics are passed down genetically from 1 generation to the next

Question 20

where are genes carried

Answer 20

chromosomes

Question 21

what is puberty

Answer 21

period when an adolescent becomes capable of reproducing

Question 22

6 points

what are characteristics of puberty in a male

Answer 22

facial hair starts to grow

voice-box enlarges and voice deepens

hair starts to grow in armpits

penis and testes increase in size

production of sperms begins and ejaculation occurs

hair starts to grow in the pubic region

Question 23

4 points

what are the characteristics of puberty in a female

Answer 23

hair starts to grow in armpits

breasts and uterus enlarge and hips broaden

menstrual cycle begins

hair starts to grow in the pubic region

Question 24

what is menstrual cycle

Answer 24

cycle of natural changes that occur in the uterus and ovary in preparation for possible pregnancy

*starts from puberty until menopause

Question 25

# days 1-5, 6-13, 14, 11-17, 18-28 describe the key events of the menstrual cycle

Answer 25

day 1-5: uterine lining breaks down and menstruation occurs day 6-13: uterine lining starts to repair (lining becomes very rich in blood capillaries) day 14: ovulation occurs when a mature egg is released into the oviduct day 11-17: fertile period which during sexual intercourse around the ovulation period is likely to result in pregnancy day 18-28: further thickening of the uterine lining to supply embryo with nutrients and oxygen for growth

Question 26

what is the function of oestrogen

Answer 26

stimulates the repair and growth of uterine lining

Question 27

what is the function of progesterone

Answer 27

maintains uterine lining in its thickened state

Question 28

# menstruation, after menstruation, ovulation, after ovulation describe the use of the oestrogen and progesterone in the menstrual cycle

Answer 28

(menstruation) day 1-5: uterine lining breaks down as monthly discharge of blood or menses from the uterus via the vagina (after menstruation) day 1-13: ovary produces oestrogen, which repairs uterine lining high oestrogen concentration leads to ovulation (ovulation) day 14: mature egg released into oviduct 2 ovaries take turns to release an egg (after ovulation) day 14-28: ovary produces progesterone, maintaining thickness of uterine lining for rest of the menstrual cycle oestrogen production decreases if no fertilisation occurs, production of progesterone decreases, leading to menstruation (no menstruation occurs when pregnant)

Question 29

what are 2 potential consequences of premarital sex

Answer 29

unwanted pregnancies STDs

Question 30

what is abortion

Answer 30

termination of a pregnancy where a doctor surgically removes the embryo or fetus from uterus (usually carried out in first 12 weeks of pregnancy)

Question 31

what is the risk of abortion

Answer 31

infected/damaged reproductive system

Question 32

# 2 points what are effects of drug abuse on a fetus

Answer 32

slows down development and growth of fetus higher risk of premature birth or miscarriage

Question 33

# 3 points what are the mechanical methods of birth control

Answer 33

condom: prevents sperms from being deposited into vagina, prevents fertilisation diaphragm: covers cervix preventing fertilisation intra-uterine device (IUD): prevents implantation of embryo

Question 34

# 2 points what are the chemical methods of birth control

Answer 34

contraceptive pills: prevents pregnancy by inhibiting ovulation spermicide: chemical that kills or blocks sperms from entering uterus

Question 35

# 2 points what are the surgical methods of birth control

Answer 35

vasectomy: cutting and tying both sperm ducts to permanently prevent fertilisation in males tubal ligation: cutting and tying both oviducts to permanently prevent fertilisation in males

Question 36

what is the natural method of birth control

Answer 36

do not have sexual intercouse during fertile period of the woman's menstrual cycle

Question 37

# 5 points how can STIs be transmitted

Answer 37

sexual intercourse with an infected person infected blood during blood transfusion needle sharing with infected person, accidental needle stick injuries from infected mother to child during childbirth (in rare cases) through organ/tissue transplants or unsterilised dental or surgical equipment

Question 38

# 5 points how can STIs be prevented/controlled

Answer 38

sexual abstinence and avoiding having multiple sex partners not abusing drugs or sharing injection needles practise safe sex by using condoms during intercourse use only sterile needles or disposable instruments during injection, piercing or tattooing accept only HIV-screened blood for blood transfusions

Question 39

# 2 points what is the cure for AIDS/HIV

Answer 39

they are viral STIs and cannot be cured anti-retroviral drugs will only slow down progression

Question 40

# 2 points what is the cure for gonorrhoea/syphilis

Answer 40

caused by bacteria and infected persons are injected with antibiotics (e.g. penicillin) syphilis treatment is only effective with early diagnosis and in the early stages