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Level 2 Science > Human Sexual Reproductive System > Flashcards

Human Sexual Reproductive System Flashcards

1
Q

what is asexual reproduction

A

process resulting in the production of genetically identical offspring (clones) from 1 parent, without the fusion of nuclei of gametes

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2
Q

what is sexual reproduction

A

process of involving the fusion of the nuclei of reproductive cells called gametes (fertilisation) to form a zygote and the production of genetically dissimilar offspring

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3
Q

6 points

what are the parts of the human male reproductive system

A

testes
scrotum
sperm duct
prostate gland
urethra
penis

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4
Q

what is the function of the testis

A

produces male sex hormone (testosterone) and sperms upon puberty

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5
Q

what is the function of the scrotum

A

sac which holds the testis outside the body where temperature is lower and optimum for the development of healthy sperm

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6
Q

what is the function of the sperm duct

A

muscular tube which carries sperms from the testis to the urethra

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7
Q

2 points

what are the functions of the prostate gland

A

male sex gland produces fluid which:
- contains nutrients which nourishes sperms and enzymes that activate the sperms to swim
- provides a medium for sperms to swim in

^ mixture of fluid and sperms called semen

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8
Q

what is the function of the urethra

A

tube which carries urine and semen to outside of the body

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9
Q

what is the function of the penis

A

erectile organ when the male is sexually aroused, to deposit semen containing sperms into vagina during sexual intercourse

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10
Q

6 points

what are the parts of the human female reproductive system

A

ovary
oviduct (fallopian tube)
uterus (womb)
uterine lining
cervix
vagina (birth canal)

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11
Q

what is the function of the ovary

A

produces eggs (ova) and female sex hormones (oestrogen and progesterone)

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12
Q

2 points

what are the functions of the oviduct

A

site where fertilisation occurs

pathway to carry mature egg from ovary to uterus

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13
Q

what is the function of the uterus

A

organ with thick muscular walls and has inner surface covered with a layer called uterine lining, for implantation of embryo and subsequent development of the fetus

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14
Q

what is the function of the cervix

A

ring of muscle at lower end of uterus that widens during childbirth

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15
Q

what is the function of the vagina

A

muscular tube where sperms are deposited during sexual intercourse

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16
Q

how many chromosomes do each human gamete carry

A

23 chromosomes (22 chromosomes and 1 sex chromosome)

*sex chromosome: sperm carries either X or Y chromosome, egg will always carry X chromosome

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17
Q

what are the 5 stages of fertilisation

A

1) during ovulation, an ovum is released into the oviduct

2) when the nuclei of a sperm and ovum fuse, fertilisation occurs, forming a fertilised egg called a zygote

3) repeated cell division of the zygote gives rise to an embryo

4) the embryo moves towards the uterus by peristalsis and movements of hair-like structures called cilia

5) the embryo implants in the uterine lining approximately 7 days after fertilisation

18
Q

3 points

describe pregnancy and birth

A

in humans, pregnancy lasts about 9 months

during pregnancy, the embryo develops into a fetus (unborn baby)

at the end of the pregnancy, the muscles of the uterus contract to push out the fully formed baby; cervix enlarges to allow baby to pass through (birth)

19
Q

what is heredity

A

process by which characteristics are passed down genetically from 1 generation to the next

20
Q

where are genes carried

A

chromosomes

21
Q

what is puberty

A

period when an adolescent becomes capable of reproducing

22
Q

6 points

what are characteristics of puberty in a male

A

facial hair starts to grow

voice-box enlarges and voice deepens

hair starts to grow in armpits

penis and testes increase in size

production of sperms begins and ejaculation occurs

hair starts to grow in the pubic region

23
Q

4 points

what are the characteristics of puberty in a female

A

hair starts to grow in armpits

breasts and uterus enlarge and hips broaden

menstrual cycle begins

hair starts to grow in the pubic region

24
Q

what is menstrual cycle

A

cycle of natural changes that occur in the uterus and ovary in preparation for possible pregnancy

*starts from puberty until menopause

25
Q

days 1-5, 6-13, 14, 11-17, 18-28

describe the key events of the menstrual cycle

A

day 1-5: uterine lining breaks down and menstruation occurs

day 6-13: uterine lining starts to repair (lining becomes very rich in blood capillaries)

day 14: ovulation occurs when a mature egg is released into the oviduct

day 11-17: fertile period which during sexual intercourse around the ovulation period is likely to result in pregnancy

day 18-28: further thickening of the uterine lining to supply embryo with nutrients and oxygen for growth

26
Q

what is the function of oestrogen

A

stimulates the repair and growth of uterine lining

27
Q

what is the function of progesterone

A

maintains uterine lining in its thickened state

28
Q

menstruation, after menstruation, ovulation, after ovulation

describe the use of the oestrogen and progesterone in the menstrual cycle

A

(menstruation) day 1-5: uterine lining breaks down as monthly discharge of blood or menses from the uterus via the vagina

(after menstruation) day 1-13: ovary produces oestrogen, which repairs uterine lining
high oestrogen concentration leads to ovulation

(ovulation) day 14: mature egg released into oviduct
2 ovaries take turns to release an egg

(after ovulation) day 14-28: ovary produces progesterone, maintaining thickness of uterine lining for rest of the menstrual cycle
oestrogen production decreases
if no fertilisation occurs, production of progesterone decreases, leading to menstruation (no menstruation occurs when pregnant)

29
Q

what are 2 potential consequences of premarital sex

A

unwanted pregnancies

STDs

30
Q

what is abortion

A

termination of a pregnancy where a doctor surgically removes the embryo or fetus from uterus (usually carried out in first 12 weeks of pregnancy)

31
Q

what is the risk of abortion

A

infected/damaged reproductive system

32
Q

2 points

what are effects of drug abuse on a fetus

A

slows down development and growth of fetus

higher risk of premature birth or miscarriage

33
Q

3 points

what are the mechanical methods of birth control

A

condom: prevents sperms from being deposited into vagina, prevents fertilisation

diaphragm: covers cervix preventing fertilisation

intra-uterine device (IUD): prevents implantation of embryo

34
Q

2 points

what are the chemical methods of birth control

A

contraceptive pills: prevents pregnancy by inhibiting ovulation

spermicide: chemical that kills or blocks sperms from entering uterus

35
Q

2 points

what are the surgical methods of birth control

A

vasectomy: cutting and tying both sperm ducts to permanently prevent fertilisation in males

tubal ligation: cutting and tying both oviducts to permanently prevent fertilisation in males

36
Q

what is the natural method of birth control

A

do not have sexual intercouse during fertile period of the woman’s menstrual cycle

37
Q

5 points

how can STIs be transmitted

A

sexual intercourse with an infected person

infected blood during blood transfusion

needle sharing with infected person, accidental needle stick injuries

from infected mother to child during childbirth

(in rare cases) through organ/tissue transplants or unsterilised dental or surgical equipment

38
Q

5 points

how can STIs be prevented/controlled

A

sexual abstinence and avoiding having multiple sex partners

not abusing drugs or sharing injection needles

practise safe sex by using condoms during intercourse

use only sterile needles or disposable instruments during injection, piercing or tattooing

accept only HIV-screened blood for blood transfusions

39
Q

2 points

what is the cure for AIDS/HIV

A

they are viral STIs and cannot be cured

anti-retroviral drugs will only slow down progression

40
Q

2 points

what is the cure for gonorrhoea/syphilis

A

caused by bacteria and infected persons are injected with antibiotics (e.g. penicillin)

syphilis treatment is only effective with early diagnosis and in the early stages

Level 2 Science (15 decks)

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