Human Structure and Function Flashcards
(32 cards)
Define Physiology
FUNCTIONS and processes of living organisms
Define Morphology
STRUCTURE and physical features of organisms
Can you name the 7 types of receptors the body uses to detect and respond to different types of sensory information?
- Thermo Receptors
- Found in the skin. Detect changes in temperature (heat or cold). - Nociceptors
- Detect pain caused by damage or potentially harmful stimuli. - Chemo Receptors
- Detect chemical changes in the body, like changes in CO₂, O₂, or pH levels. Found in the rain and blood vessels - Photo Receptors
- Detect light and are found in the retina of the eye. - Muscle Spindles & Golgi Tendon Organs
- Found in the muscles - Baro Receptors
- Detect changes in blood pressure. Found in the arteries - Maculae / Cristae
- Part of the inner ear, involved in balance.
What is Anticipatory Attention?
Your ability to focus and prepare for what’s about to happen. It helps athletes pick up important cues in advance.
Describe the Capacity Theory of Attention
When you do more than one task at once, those tasks must share that limited attention, potentially making one task drop in performance
Describe the Bottleneck Theory of Attention
The brain can only handle a certain amount of information at once, the others requiring the same amount of brain power, must wait.
What is proprioception?
Refers to the body’s ability to sense its position in space, its movement, and the force exerted on its joints and muscles without relying on visual input.
How does proprioception help us?
- Balance
- Sense of Rhythm
- Spacial orientation
- Synchronisation
Define locomotion
Refers to the ability of the body to move from one place to another. It involves complex coordination of muscles, bones, and the nervous system, and it can occur in various forms, including:
- Walking
- Running
- Crawling
- Swimming
What is meant by Bio-Tensegrity structures?
Describes how muscles and bones work together to stay strong and flexible through a balance of tension and compression.
State the difference between Isometric, Concentric and Eccentric contractions
Isometric = Muscle contracts to hold a position
Concentric = Muscle shortens
Eccentric = Muscle lengthens
What is the difference between tonic and phasic muscles
Tonic muscles - Always slightly active to maintain posture (e.g hamstrings, erector spinae…)
Phasic muscles - Used for movement, not constant activity (e.g glutes, deltiods…)
Why is it the ‘12 lead’ ECG when theres only 10 electrodes and leads placed on the body?
2 leads refers to 12 views of the heart through the electrical signals passed through the heart.
Describe the placements of the electrodes for a 12 lead ECG test
V1 (Patient’s right) + V2 (Patient’s left) - 4th intercostal space the the left and right of the sternum
V4 - 5th intercostal space in the mid-clavicular line (in line with middle of clavicle)
V3 - between V2 and V4
V5 - Directly horizontal to V4, in the anterior axillary line (in line with start of armpit)
V6 - Directly horizontal to V5, in the mid axillary line (in line with middle of armpit)
LA (left arm) + RA (right arm) - 2cm under the infra clavicular fossa (depression between chest, deltoid and clavicle)
LL (left leg) + RL (right leg) - mid way between top of iliac curve (top of hip) and costal border (edge of rib cage)
What test can be used to measure how much air you can breathe in and out, and how fast you can do it. Also, what measurements can this test produce?
Spirometry test
- Forced Expiratory Volume (FEV)
- Forced Vital Capacity (FVC)
- Peak Expiratory Flow (PEF)
- Forced Expiratory Flow in 1 second (FEV1)
What is the Douglas Bag test and what does it measure?
A classic method used to measure a person’s oxygen consumption (VO₂) and carbon dioxide production (VCO₂) during rest or exercise. It’s a direct gas collection technique that helps calculate resting metabolism and VO₂ max.
- The person breathes through a mouthpiece, which channels all expired air into a large, sealed bag (called a Douglas bag).
- The bag collects the expired air over a set period (e.g. 1 minute during exercise).
- The volume of air and its gas composition are then analysed using gas analysers.
- Using these values, VO₂ and VCO₂ are calculated.
What are Korotkoff sounds
The sounds heard through a stethoscope when measuring blood pressure
Name the main pulse sites and where to find them
Radial pulse - Lateral wrist
Carotid pulse - Neck
Brachial - Inside of the elbow
What are Actin and Myosin?
Two essential proteins found in muscle cells that play a central role in muscle contraction and movement. They interact in a highly organised structure called a sarcomere, which is the basic unit of a muscle fiber.
What is the Sliding Filament Theory?
Explains how muscles contract, involving the interaction between Actin and Myosin.
From an Exercise Intensity Domain point of view, at what point does exercise move from sustainable to unsustainable?
As exercise intensity moves from heavy to severe (RCP/LTP) it becomes unsustainable.
From an Exercise Intensity Domain point of view, what does the Gas Exchange Threshold tell you about exercise intensity?
Exercise Intensity is moving from moderate to heavy
From an Exercise Intensity Domain point of view, when working at an Extreme intensity, approximately how long can you last before complete fatigue.
2 minutes
From an Exercise Intensity Domain point of view, what does Lactate Turn Point/Respiratory Compensation Point tell you about exercise intensity?
Exercise Intensity is moving from heavy to severe.
