Human Theories Flashcards
(15 cards)
Maintenance of power = Hard/Soft/Smart power
Hard = economic/military
Soft = cultural/resources
Smart = a mixture of both
Joseph Nye
Heartland theory - Mackinder
Mackinder’s ‘Heartland Theory’:
Based on the premise that most of the world’s natural resources are to be found in Asia and Europe
The ‘heartland’ is an area bordered by mountains on three sides and the Arctic to the north
World systems theory - Wallerstein
World systems theory:
Developed by Wallerstein in 1974
Whole world is one unit divided into:
- Core = HICs - need labour and resources
- Periphery = NEE - share characteristics of core and periphery
- Semi-peripheries = LIC - need investment
Criticisms = too focused on economy and not on culture
Cheap labour and natural resources from periphery to core
Modernisation theory - Rostow
Modernisation theory:
Based on 15 EU countries
1. Traditional society = subsidence farming
2. Transitional stage = shift to manufacturing and improved infrastructure
3. Take off = industrial growth, regional and political change
4. Drive to maturity = growth supported through tech innovation and investment
5. Mass consumption = consumer orientated society, production of goods, high incomes
Criticisms = outdated, too simple, assumes nations start at same point, does not show how nations get the money needed to advance, colonialism not taken into account
Dependency theory - Frank
Dependency theory:
- poverty of developing countries is due to dependence on developed nations - unequal relationship
- linked to Neo-colonialism
- Primary resources are exported from developing countries to developed countries - low profits
- Developing countries do not have the funds to process primary resources which would add value
- Developed countries apply tariffs on processed goods which means that developing countries struggle to export processed goods
Criticisms = Developed countries have lost their power to control developing countries,
Countries are emerging and becoming more developed semi-periphery countries such as Mexico and India
The global system is now controlled by TNCs and the World Trade Organisation,
Underdevelopment may be due to internal not external factors
Colonial and neocolonial control
European powers dominated invading and taking power in many countries in Africa, Asia and the Americas
Colonial control = one power dominating and exploiting another territory, it’s people and resources - many islands under British Empire and large amounts of Africa
Neocolonial control = the continuation of domination after a nation gains independence, after the Cold War ended in 1991- can be through political, military, economic, cultural (China and Africa)
Hegemony/hegemonic power
One dominant superpower (USA could become)
Neoliberalism
Promoting free markets, deregulation, and a reduction of state/government intervention in the economy
IGOs
World bank = SAPs - focuses on developed nations
IMF = SAPs - focuses on developing nations
WTO = reduce barriers and promote free trade
WEF = promotes free trade and is in favour of TNCs - bring businesses and governments together
Climate change
Earth summit 1992
Kyoto protocol 1997
Paris agreement 2015 = variation in willingness to act = China/USA
IPCC 2 degrees
Alliances
Military = NATO, ANZUS
Economic and political = EU, ASEAN, NAFTA
Environmental = IPCC, UNFCCC
UN = 193 nations
Contested areas
South China Sea = trade - link between Indian and Pacific oceans (lots of biodiversity)
Artic = resources - no international treaty to protect the environment - 160bn barrels of oil and 30% undiscovered gas
Shift of industry
Industry moving from western nations to Asian
China open door policy 1978 = FDI and trade
Measuring globalisation
KOF index = measures the social, economic and political aspects of globalisation through a wide range of data and countries are scored out of 100 (higher = more globalised)
- only available for 122 countries
- does not include environmental factors
AT Kearney index = aims to look at how countries cope with population growth and a shrinking world
Ranks cities according to their ‘business activity’, ‘cultural experience’ and ‘political engagement’
- only looks at 156 countries
5 pillars for superpowers
- Economic
- Military
- Political
- Cultural
- Resources
Demographic