Humanistic approach

Question 1

Maslow was one of the founders of which movement in psychology?

Answer 1

The humanistic movement

Question 2

What was one of Maslow’s main interests?

Answer 2

What motivates peolpe

Question 3

Maslow described a hierarchy of needs that…

Answer 3

motivate our behaviour

Question 4

What is the primary goal in Maslow’s hierarchy of needs?

Answer 4

Self actualisation

Question 5

According to Maslow’s hierarchy of needs in order to reach our primary goal, a number of…

Answer 5

deficiency needs must first be met

Question 6

What’s at the bottom of Maslow’s hierarchy of needs?

Answer 6

Physiological needs such as food and water

Question 7

What’s second from the bottom of Maslow’s hierarchy of needs?

Answer 7

Safety and security

Question 8

What’s third in Maslow’s hierarchy of needs?

Answer 8

Love and belongingness

Question 9

What’s the fourth stage of Maslow’s hierarchy of needs?

Answer 9

Self-esteem

Question 10

The humanistic approach suggests that most people have an innate desire to do what?

Answer 10

Reach their full potential and become the best they can possibly be

Question 11

What represents the uppermost level of Maslow’’s hierarchy of needs?

Answer 11

Self-actualisation

Question 12

Which of the lower levels of Maslow’s hierarchy of needs need to be met before an individual can work towards self-actualisation?

Answer 12

All four of them

Question 13

What are the four stages below self-actualisation known as?

Answer 13

Deficiency needs

Question 14

At which stage of life does the first stage of Maslow’s hierarchy of needs apply to?

Answer 14

Early development when a baby is first focused on physiological needs

Question 15

At which stage of life does Maslow’s hierarchy of needs apply?

Answer 15

Throughout life

Question 16

Free will claims that human beings…

Answer 16

are essentially self-determining

Question 17

Free will says that people are still affected by external and internal influences, but are also what?

Answer 17

Active agents who can determine their own development

Question 18

True/False: Rogers & Maslow accept scientific models that attempt to establish general principles of human behaviour

Answer 18

False, as active agents we are all unique and psychology should concern itself with the study of subjective experience

Question 19

As active agents we are all unique, and psychology should concern itself with the study of subjective experience. Someone who supports which approach would say this?

Answer 19

Humanist approach

Question 20

What is Humanism often referred to as?

Answer 20

Person-centred

Question 21

What did Carl Rogers argue about personal growth?

Answer 21

For it to be achieved an individual’s concept of self must be broadly equivalent to, or have congruence with their ideal self

Question 22

Carl Rogers argued that if too big a gap exists between the two ‘selves’ a person will experience what?

Answer 22

A state of incongruence

Question 23

Why is self-actualisation not possible due to incongruence?

Answer 23

There are negative feelings of self-worth that arise from incongruence

Question 24

In the humanistic approach, what do negative feelings of self worth arise from?

Answer 24

Incongruence

Question 25

In order to reduce the gap between the self-concept and the ideal self what did Rogers develop?

Answer 25

Client-centred therapy, also called counselling

Question 26

What is client-centred therapy also known as?

Answer 26

Counselling

Question 27

Rogers developed client-centred therapy to help people cope with what?

Answer 27

The problems of everyday living

Question 28

What did Rogers claim about many of the issues we experience as adults?

Answer 28

They have roots in childhood

Question 29

Give an example of an issue we may experience as adults that roots in childhood?

Answer 29

Any from worthlessness, low- self-esteem, etc.

Question 30

Rogers claimed that many of the issues we experience as adults can often be explained by what?

Answer 30

A lack of unconditional positive regard - a lack of unconditional love from our parents

Question 31

Rogers suggested that a parent who sets boundaries or limits on their love for their child is doing what?

Answer 31

Storing up psychological problems for that child in the future

Question 32

Give an example of how a parent could set a boundary or limit on their love for their child, which Rogers would suggest is storing up psychological problems for that child in the future

Answer 32

"I will only love you if...", etc/

Question 33

Setting boundaries or limits on your love for your child is an example of what?

Answer 33

Conditions of worth

Question 34

Rogers claimed that many of the issues we experience as adults can often be explained by a lack of unconditional positive regard as a child. He therefore saw one of his roles as an effective therapist as...

Answer 34

being able to provide his clients with the unconditional positive regard that they had failed to receive as children

Question 35

True/False: Client-centred therapy is an important form of modern day psychotherapy

Answer 35

True

Question 36

Client-centred therapy led to the general approach of ___________

Answer 36

counselling

Question 37

True/False: Counselling is applied to many settings today

Answer 37

True

Question 38

Give an example of how counselling is applied in many settings today

Answer 38

Samaritans and other helplines, etc.

Question 39

How did Rogers refer to those in therapy?

Answer 39

As 'clients' rather than patients

Question 40

True/False: In client-centred therapy, therapy is directed by the therapist

Answer 40

False, it is non-directive

Question 41

True/False: Client-centred therapy is non-directive

Answer 41

True

Question 42

The client is encouraged towards the discovery of their own solutions. Which type of therapy does this describe?

Answer 42

Client-centred therapy

Question 43

In client-centred therapy the client is just encouraged towards the discovery of their own solutions within what kind of atmosphere?

Answer 43

A therapeutic atmosphere that is warm, supportive and non-judgemental

Question 44

For Rogers, an effective therapist should provide the client with which three things?

Answer 44

Genuineness, empathy and unconditional positive regard

Question 45

What is the aim of Rogerian therapy?

Answer 45

To increase the person's feelings of self-worth

Question 46

The aim of Rogerian therapy is to increase the person's feelings of self-worth by doing what?

Answer 46

Reducing the level of congruence between the self-concept and ideal self

Question 47

The aim of Rogerian therapy is to increase the person's feelings of self-worth and therefore help the person...

Answer 47

become a more fully functioning person

Question 48

True/False: Rogers' work transformed psychotherapy

Answer 48

True

Question 49

Rogers' work introduced a variety of...

Answer 49

counselling techniques

Question 50

True/False: In the UK and US, similar counselling skills to those proposed by Rogers are still practised

Answer 50

True

Question 51

Give 3 examples of settings in which similar counselling skills to those proposed by Rogers are still practised

Answer 51

Any 3 from throughout education, health, social work and industry

Question 52

Rogers' client-centred therapy has been praised as a _______-_______ and _________ approach

Answer 52

forward-looking, effective

Question 53

Rogers' client-centred therapy has been praised as forward-looking as it focuses on what instead of what?

Answer 53

Present problems instead of dwelling on the past

Question 54

Much like psychoanalysis, Rogers' client-centred therapy is best applied to the treatment of what?

Answer 54

'Mild' psychological conditions such as anxiety and low self-worth

Question 55

What do humanist psychologists regard personal growth as?

Answer 55

An essential part of being human

Question 56

What would humanist psychologists say that personal growth is concerned with?

Answer 56

Developing and changing a person to become fulfilled, satisfied and goal-oriented

Question 57

The humanistic approach would suggest that not everyone will manage changing as a person to become fulfilled as there are what involved that may prevent a person from reaching their potential?

Answer 57

Psychological barriers

Question 58

The humanistic approach is very optimistic/pessimistic

Answer 58

Optimistic

Question 59

Which approach has been praised for bringing the person back into psychology?

Answer 59

The humanistic approach

Question 60

The humanistic approach has been praised for bringing the person back into psychology as it promotes a positive image of...

Answer 60

the human condition

Question 61

What did Freud see all human beings as?

Answer 61

Prisoners of their past

Question 62

Freud claimed all of us existed somewhere between where and where?

Answer 62

'Common unhappiness and absolute despair'

Question 63

Humanistic psychologists see all people as basically what?

Answer 63

Good

Question 64

Which approach sees all people as free to work towards the achievement of their full potential?

Answer 64

The humanist approach

Question 65

True/False: The humanistic approach sees people as out of control of their lives

Answer 65

False, it sees people as in control pf their lives

Question 66

The fact that humanistic psychologists see all people as basically good suggests that humanistic psychology offers a...

Answer 66

refreshing and optimistic alternative to other approaches

Question 67

People have argued that humanistic psychology has had a relatively large/small impact in psychology

Answer 67

small

Question 68

Critics have argued that which approach has little application in the real world in comparison with other approaches such as behaviourism and the biological approach?

Answer 68

Humanism

Question 69

The humanistic approach has been described not as a comprehensive theory, but instead as what?

Answer 69

A loose set of abstract ideas

Question 70

True/False: The humanistic approach has been described as a comprehensive theory

Answer 70

False, it hasn't

Question 71

Who's therapy revolutionised counselling techniques?

Answer 71

Rogers'

Question 72

True/False: Maslow's hierarchy of needs has been used to explain motivation

Answer 72

True

Question 73

Where has Maslow's hierarchy of needs been used to explain motivation in particular?

Answer 73

In the workplace

Question 74

One strength of the humanistic approach is that it rejects attempts to do what to behaviour and experiences?

Answer 74

Break them up into smaller components

Question 75

Breaking up behaviour and experiences into smaller components would be an example of reductionism/holism

Answer 75

reductionism

Question 76

How do behaviourists explain human and animal learning?

Answer 76

In terms of simple stimulus-response connections

Question 77

What did Freud describe the whole of personality as?

Answer 77

A conflict between three things - the id, ego and superego

Question 78

Humanistic psychologists advocate reductionism/holism

Answer 78

Holism

Question 79

Holism

Answer 79

The idea that subjective experience can only be understood by considering the whole person

Question 80

How does the fact that the humanistic approach is holistic add more validity than its alternatives?

Answer 80

Considers meaningful human behaviour within its real-world context

Question 81

Why may reductionist approaches be more scientific?

Answer 81

The idea of science is the experiment - experiments reduce behaviour to independent and dependent variables

Question 82

Experiments reduce behaviour into which two variables?

Answer 82

Independent and dependent

Question 83

One issue with humanistic psychology is that there are relatively few concepts that can be broken down to...

Answer 83

single variables and measured

Question 84

One issue with humanistic psychology is that there are relatively few concepts that can be broken down to single variables and measured unlike behaviourism. This means that humanistic psychology in general is short on what?

Answer 84

Empirical evidence to support its claims

Question 85

Why may the humanist approach be culturally biased?

Answer 85

Many of the ideas that are central to humanistic psychology would be much more readily associated with countries that have more individualistic tendencies

Question 86

Many of the ideas that are central to humanistic psychology would be much more readily associated with countries that have which tendencies?

Answer 86

More individualistic tendencies

Question 87

Give 2 examples of individualistic tendencies that would associate something with humanism

Answer 87

Any 2 from individual freedom, autonomy, personal growth, etc.

Question 88

Which large country has individualistic tendencies that makes it more likely to be readily associated with the humanistic approach?

Answer 88

The US

Question 89

Countries with collectivist tendencies emphasise more the need of the group and interdependence. In such countries, which approach may not be as important as it is in others?

Answer 89

Humanism

Question 90

Why may the idea of self-actualisation not be as important in countries with collectivist tendencies as it is in others?

Answer 90

These countries emphasise more the needs of the group and interdependence

Question 91

It is possible that the humanistic approach does not apply universally and instead is a product of...

Answer 91

the cultural context within which it was developed