Humanities Flashcards
(144 cards)
1
Q
Plate Tectonics
how old is earth
A
The Earth is estimated to be around 4.6 billion years old,
2
Q
Plate Tectonics
3 features of Precambrian Era
A
land masses began to form
intense volcanic activity that released toxic gases into the atmosphere.
emergence of early life in the form of bacteria,
3
Q
Plate Tectonics
when was the Palaeozoic Era
A
540 million – 250 million years ago
4
Q
Plate Tectonics
4 features of Palaeozoic Era
A
formation of Pangea
Cambrian explosion
emergence of land plants, insects, and reptiles.
Permian extinction
5
Q
Plate Tectonics
when was the Mesozoic Era
A
250 million – 65 million years ago
6
Q
Plate Tectonics
3 features of Mesozoic Era
A
dominance of reptiles
Pangaea broke apart
mass extinction caused by an asteroid
7
Q
Plate Tectonics
when was the Cenozoic Era
A
65 million years ago – Present
8
Q
Plate Tectonics
4 features of Cenozoic Era
A
the rise of mammals, birds, and flowering plants.
The Earth’s climate cooled and dried,
shaping the continents into their present forms.
The first humans appeared
9
Q
Plate Tectonics
what are the 4 Era’s in chronology order
A
Precambrian Era
Palaeozoic Era
Mesozoic Era
Cenozoic Era
10
Q
Plate Tectonics
what is the earths 4 layers called from outer to inner
A
Crust to Mantle to outer core to inner core
11
Q
Plate Tectonics
what are the properties of the crust
(location)
(basic properties)
A
This is the outer skin of the Earth and it is very thin and brittle. It is broken into pieces.
12
Q
Plate Tectonics
what are the properties of the Mantle
(location)
(length)
(material)
A
This layer is between the crust and the outer core. This is the thickest layer (2900-3000km). It is made up of hot molten rock.
13
Q
Plate Tectonics
what are the properties of the outer core
(material)
(product)
A
This layer is made of liquid iron nickel and creates Earth’s magnetic field as it spins.
14
Q
Plate Tectonics
what are the properties of the inner core
(location)
(material)
(temperature)
A
This is the central layer of Earth’s structure and is made up of solid iron nickel. It is the hottest layer at 5500 degrees C.
15
Q
Plate Tectonics
name the 3 main people that observed the plate tectonics theory in order
A
1st Alexander von Humboldt
2nd Alfred Wegener
3rd Harry Hess
16
Q
Plate Tectonics
what was Alexander von Humboldt’s contribution to the plate tectonics theory
A
Noticed how the coastlines of South America and Africa seemed to fit together like puzzle pieces.
Suggested that Earth’s continents might have once been connected.
17
Q
Plate Tectonics
what was Alfred Wegener’s contribution to the plate tectonics theory (what evidence did he provide)
A
stated the theory of continental drift, and that all continents were once joined in a supercontinent called Pangaea
(evidence)
Fossils: Similar fossils found on continents separated by oceans.
Geological Features: Mountain ranges on different continents lining up.
Climate Evidence: Fossils of tropical plants found in Antarctica.
18
Q
Plate Tectonics
what was Harry Hess’s contribution to the plate tectonics theory
A
proposed the hypothesis of seafloor spreading.
19
Q
Plate Tectonics
what were the past 4 super continents in chronological order
A
1 Nuna
2 Rodinia
3 Gondwana
4 Pangea
20
Q
Plate Tectonics
formation of Nuna
A
Formation: 1.8 billion years ago
21
Q
Plate Tectonics
formation of Rodina
A
Formation: 1.1 billion to 750 million years ago
22
Q
Plate Tectonics
formation and time period of Gondwana
A
Formation: 550 million years ago
Time Period: Late Precambrian Era
23
Q
Plate Tectonics
formation and time period of Pangea
A
Formation: 335 million years ago
Time Period: Late Paleozoic & Mesozoic Era
24
Q
Plate Tectonics
name a possible future super continent
A
Pangea Ultima
Aurica
Novopangea
Amasia
25
# Plate Tectonics
what are the 4 types of plate boundary
Conservative Boundary (transform)
Collision Boundary
Destructive Boundary (convergent)
Constructive Boundary (divergent)
26
# Plate Tectonics
what happens at Conservative Boundary
The two plates are sliding in the same direction/opposite directions.
As the plates slide past each other they get stuck.
Pressure and tension builds up as the plates lock together.
Eventually, the plates snap causing a sudden surge of energy.
27
# Plate Tectonics
What happens at Collision Boundary
Two continental plates crash into each other.
As they collide, they trigger earthquakes.
The rocks between the plates get pushed up and folded - because they are the same density.
28
# Plate Tectonics
What happens at Destructive Boundary
Two plates are pushed together, and the heavier oceanic crust gets subducted beneath
the lighter continental crust.
Heat from friction and the mantle starts to melt the subducted plate into magma.
This magma builds pressure, eventually breaking through the crust as a volcano.
29
# Plate Tectonics
What happens at Constructive Boundary
Two plates move apart from each other.
A gap appears, and molten magma rises to fill the gap.
This solidifies to create new rocks on the sea bed.
Over time, the layers of new rock build up and break through the surface of the ocean. or form extra land between 2 continental plates
30
# Plate Tectonics
what do Conservative Boundaries cause
Earthquakes
31
# Plate Tectonics
what do collision boundaries cause
Fold mountains & Earthquakes
32
# Plate Tectonics
what do destructive plate boundaries cause (3 things)
Volcanoes, Earthquakes, Deep Ocean Trenches
33
# Plate Tectonics
what do constructive plate boundaries cause (4 points)
Mid-Ocean Ridges, Volcanic Islands, Rift Valleys, Volcanoes
34
# Plate Tectonics
how does a Hotspot work
Earth's core's Heat rises through the mantle forming magma. and then through the crust's cracks erupting as lava. then it solidifies. creating lands and as the plates move its like a conveyor belt constantly forming new islands.
35
# Plate Tectonics
where are the oldest and newest lands made by Hotspots
the oldest lands would be the furthest from the Hotspot while the recent ones would be closer due to the movement of the plate
36
# Plate Tectonics
All Volcanoes fall under 3 categories what are they and describe them
Extinct
Unlikely to erupt again. Volcanic activity finished.
Dormant
Erupted in the past 2000 years but not recently (sleeping).
Active
Erupted recently and likely to erupt again.
37
# Plate Tectonics
what are the 2 types of volcanoes
Shield Volcano
Composite Volcano
38
# Plate Tectonics
what are composite volcanoes:
shape (why)
what are they made of
feel of lava
The lava running down the volcano is thick like honey!
The volcano is made up of layers of ash and lava.
Composite volcanoes have a narrow base due to the slow-moving lava. It cools and sets before it travels far. This means there are steep sides.
39
# Plate Tectonics
what are composite volcanoes:
what plate boundaries are they found on
what are there eruptions like
what natural disaster happen when they erupt
found at destructive plate boundaries.
They have very violent eruptions, which forces volcanic bombs out of the vent. The lava also escapes through a number of vents.
Lahars (mudflows) can happen when rainwater mixes with ash.
40
# Plate Tectonics
What are shield volcanoes:
what plate boundaries are they found on
what are there eruptions like
They have very gentle eruptions and no volcanic bombs. Its lava runs downhill quickly and spreads over a long distance before it cools. and The lava escapes through one large crater, which means lots of lava reaches the surface.
Are found at constructive plate boundaries.
41
# Plate Tectonics
What are shield volcanoes:
shape (why)
what are they made of
feel of lava
Shield volcanoes are only made of lava.
Because the lava travels far before it sets, the base of the volcano is very wide and the slopes very gentle.
Shield volcanoes have thin runny lava which moves quickly.
42
# Plate Tectonics
what is a crater
Opening at the top of a volcano
43
# Plate Tectonics
what is a Magma Chamber
Store of hot molten rock beneath the volcano
44
# Plate Tectonics
What is Layers of ash and Lava
Build up overtime to form the sides of the volcano
45
# Plate Tectonics
What is a main vent
The tunnel in which magma rises to the top of the volcano
46
# Plate Tectonics
what is a secondary vent and cone
an additional opening on the sides of volcanoes allowing magma to escape
47
# Plate Tectonics
what is a Lava flow
Molten rock flowing down the side of the volcano
48
# Plate Tectonics
what is a volcanic cloud
Gas, steam and ash escaping from the volcano
49
# Plate Tectonics
what is a volcanic bomb
Large pieces of rock ejected from the volcano
50
# Plate Tectonics
why do plates move
plates move because of convection currents in the mantle
51
# Plate Tectonics
what are convection currents
Convection currents are the circular movements of fluid caused by heat transfer, where hot, less dense material rises and cools down so then this cooler, denser material sinks, creating a continuous flow. In Earth's mantle, these currents drive the movement of tectonic plates.
52
# Plate Tectonics
what is plate tectonics
movement of plate and the activity inside earth is called plate tectonics
53
# Plate Tectonics
give an example of a Hotspot and the island it created
the Hawaiian Hotspot Created the Hawaiian Islands such as Hawai'i
54
# Plate Tectonics
give me an example of Conservative Boundaries
San Andreas Fault
55
# Plate Tectonics
give me an example of Collision Boundaries
Himalayas
56
# Plate Tectonics
give me an example of constructive boundaries
Mid-Atlantic Ridge
57
# Plate Tectonics
give me an example of Destructive plate boundaries
Andes Mountains
58
# Plate Tectonics
give me a example of Composite Volcanoes
Mount Fuji.
59
# Plate Tectonics
give me a example of a shield volcano
Mauna Loa in Hawaii.
60
# Plate Tectonics
when was the Precambrian Era
4.6 billion to 540 million years ago
61
# The French Revolution
when did the French revolution start and end
The French Revolution started in 1789 and ended in 1799 with the rise of Napoleon Bonaparte.
62
# The French Revolution
what was the three estates
The Three Estates were the social classes in pre-revolutionary France
63
# The French Revolution
who were in the three estates and what percentage of the population do they span
First Estate (Clergy): 1% of the population
Second Estate (Nobility): 2% of the population
Third Estate (Commoners): 97% of the population
64
# The French Revolution
what privileges did the three estates have
First Estate: did not pay tax and had their own law courts
Second Estate: had to pay little in tax don't have do military services and could carry a sword
Third Estate: had no privileges.
65
# The French Revolution
what was the "ancien regime"
the old system of government and society in France, which was on absolute monarchy and the privileges of the First and Second Estates.
66
# The French Revolution
what was the tax system like for the three estates
The richer you are the less tax
67
# The French Revolution
what problem did the tax system of the French bring to its citizens
the rich would just keep getting richer and the poor would just keep getting poorer
68
# The French Revolution
who were the king and queen of France and why were they disliked
The king was Louis XVI and the queen was Marie Antoinette. the queen was disliked for her extravagant spending unloyalty to Louis and also because he was Austrian Louis XVI was disliked because he was a complete Monarchy and couldn't solve Frances many problems
69
# The French Revolution
what and where was the Petit Trianon why was it disliked or liked by people
The Petit Trianon was a Marie Antoinnette is a small hamlet located on the grounds of the Palace of Versailles. people thought it was wasteful offending others who are struggling. Supporters says it improved the environment and she saved 12 poor family with it
70
# The French Revolution
what was the "lettres de cachet"
The lettres de cachet were letters signed by the king that allowed the imprisonment or exile of individuals without trials
71
# The French Revolution
why was France in Financial Debts
France was in debt due to the huge spending of the monarchy. and the tax system was inefficient. spending more then they earn
72
# The French Revolution
why did the king call Estates Generals for a meeting (date, place)
King Louis XVI called the Estates-General on May 1789 to address France’s financial crisis and to get approval for the new taxes system in a large hall in Versailles.
73
# The French Revolution
what was the voting system like in the Estates General meeting and what did the third estate think of it
In the Estates General, each estate had one vote, meaning the First and Second Estates could always outvote the Third Estate. The Third Estate, representing 97% of the population, felt that this system was unfair.
74
# The French Revolution
why did France suffer a food crisis and what affects did it bring
poor harvests due to bad weather caused food shortages and its price rising leading to hunger, poverty, and effects on other manufactures as people couldn't offered them
75
# The French Revolution
what happened in the estate generals
in a large hall in Versailles. The Third Estate wanted a vote per person to ensure their influence. The king rejected this and locked the Third Estate out, leading to the Tennis Court Oath.
76
# The French Revolution
what and when was the tennis court oath and what did the king do about it
June 1789, when members of the Third Estate was locked out of the Estates General they swore to Oath to stop until they had changed how France was governed. The king tried to stop them but was eventually accepted their demands.
77
# The French Revolution
what was the bastille and what did it represent
The Bastille was a prison in Paris that symbolized the Royal absolute power and abuse as the victims of the Lettres de cachet was sent here
78
# The French Revolution
when and what was the storming of the bastille
The Storming of the Bastille occurred on 14th July 1789, when protestants stormed the prison in protest against the king’s authority freeing its prisoners and in search of weapons and gunpowder.
79
# The French Revolution
when and what was the "Declaration of the rights of man and the citizens" about and give three points of it
on August 1789, it declared the rights of individuals and the principles of the Revolution.
The law should be the same for everyone
The power to rule came from the whole nation
Every citizen could talk write and publish freely
80
# The French Revolution
what and when was "The womans march to Versailles" and what happened to the royal family after that
took place on October 1789. Thousands of women marched to Versailles to demand bread and bring the king and queen back to paris
81
# The French Revolution
why and when and what happened at the flight to Varennes
June 1791, King Louis XVI and his family attempted to escape Paris and the Revolution but were captured in Varennes.
82
# The French Revolution
why did France declare war on Austria after the flight to Varennes
France declared war on Austria because Austrian monarchs threatened to restore Louis XVI to the throne
83
# The French Revolution
when what and why was the storming of the Tuileries and what happened to the royal family after that and what assembly was set up for replacement
The Storming of the Tuileries occurred on August ,1792, when revolutionary's attacked the royal palace, ending the monarchy. The royal family was imprisoned, and the National Convention was established to replace the monarchy.
84
# The French Revolution
what did the convention do to Louis XVI (DATES)
Louis XVI was trial and found guilty of treason by the National Convention He was executed by guillotine on January 1793.
85
# The French Revolution
who were the sans culottes
The sans-culottes were working people of Paris they were the ones who overthrew the king they were named that because they refused to weir culottes (short trousers.)
86
# The French Revolution
how did the rest of Europe react to Louis XVI execution and what happened
European monarchies were horrified by Louis XVI’s execution, worried about themselves being harmed they declared war on France.
87
# The French Revolution
why was there inflations and shortages when France was at war with most of Europe and what happened
because of printing large amounts of money to fund the war making them lose value and farmers would not sell crops to money losing value leading to shortages
88
# The French Revolution
who were the Jacobins and Girondins and what were the conflict between them
The Jacobins were a group of extreme revolutionaries who wanted quick, big changes and used force to make it happen. The Girondins were more moderate and preferred a slower, less violent approach. Their disagreement led to the Reign of Terror
89
# The French Revolution
what and why was the Committee of public safety
The Committee of Public Safety was created in 1793 to protect France from foreign and internal enemies during the Revolution. and key reason to the Reign of Terror.
90
# The French Revolution
what was the law of suspect
this allowed for the arrest or execution of anyone suspected of being an enemy of the Revolution, leading to mass arrests and executions during the Terror.
91
# The French Revolution
what and why was the guillotine and how did it work
The guillotine was a machine designed for execution. It was seen as a more humane method of execution, with a sharp blade that by gravity cuts of someone's head
92
# The French Revolution
what happened to the committee and Robespierre in general after people thought they were no use of them anymore
After the Terror, Robespierre and the Committee of Public Safety were becoming very unpopular making Robespierre arrested and executed
93
# The French Revolution
when was Robespierre Beheaded
Robespierre was beheaded on July 1794
94
# The French Revolution
when and what was the Directory
The Directory was the five-member executive government of France from 1795 to 1799. It was created after the fall of Robespierre but struggled with ruling
95
# The French Revolution
where and when was Napoleon born
Napoleon Bonaparte was born on August 1769, on the island of Corsica.
96
# The French Revolution
how did Napoleon become Frances ruler
Napoleon rose to power after the French Revolution, first as a military leader, then as First Consul He then declared himself Emperor of France
97
# The French Revolution
what top three changes did Napoleon bring to France
Established the Napoleonic Code
Expanded its territory
Reformed education
98
# The French Revolution
why did the people of France want to revolve
The French people were dissatisfied with high taxes, inequality, food shortages, and the monarchy's lavish spending and most importantly the new type of thinking spreading across Europe called Reasons
99
# The French Revolution
what was code Napoleon and give 3 points it emphasized
The Code Napoleon was a set of laws established by Napoleon that emphasizes
Equality: Everyone is treated the same by the law.
Freedom: People have personal freedoms.
Clear laws: Laws are easier to understand and follow.
100
# The French Revolution
what did Napoleon do to Govern the giant French empire
assigning his family members to rule lands he conquered
101
# The French Revolution
what is a negative for the citizens under Napoleons ruling
when the French army passes through your house they would dig up your croups take your horses live in your house and eat you farm animals
102
# The French Revolution
when and what happened in the Russian campaign (Facts) and why did it happen
In June 1812. he attacked Russia defeated due to the unexpected winter temp to -20 degrees and also because
he could not find any food shelter or horses in Russia to take and use because they all retreated to the countryside taking the advantages of their large piece of land loosing 550,000 mens out of 600,000
103
# The French Revolution
what happened to Napoleon after his defeat in Russia and who became the government after that
After his defeat in Russia, Napoleon gave up his throne and was exiled to Elba. The replacement was Louis XVIII
104
# The French Revolution
what happened in the "Hundred days"
when Napoleon escaped from exile on Elba, returned to France but most of Europe declared war on France but Napoleon got defeated at Waterloo.
105
# The French Revolution
what and when happened at Waterloo and what happened to Napoleon after that
at the Battle of Waterloo on June 1815, defeated by the British and Prussian forces. He was exiled to Saint Helena, where he died in 1821.
106
# The French Revolution
Who was Robespierre and what affect did he have on the revolution
As a member of the Committee of Public Safety and host behind the Reign of Terror, he executed thousands to defend the revolution. His extreme Ideals led to his execution
107
when was the National assembly formed
The National Assembly was formed on June 1789
108
# The French Revolution
when was the Law of suspect formed
The Law of Suspects was formed on September 1793
109
# The French Revolution
When was Louis XVI arrested
July 1791 AND August 1792
110
# Slavery & the British Empire
who was Mansa Musa, what did he do and when about was he born
Emperor of Mali, considered one of the wealthiest people in history; spread Islam and learning across West Africa. (r. c.1312–1337)
111
# Slavery & the British Empire
what was the Timbuktu city and what happened there
Centre of learning, trade, and culture; home to major universities and libraries.
112
# Slavery & the British Empire
What were the Benin Bronzes
Intricate brass plaques from the Kingdom of Benin – evidence of complex, artistic African societies.
113
# Slavery & the British Empire
What trades happened in West Africa
West Africans traded gold, ivory, and kola nuts with Arabs and Europeans.
114
# Slavery & the British Empire
What was Afirca's status before Colonisation and slavery
Africa had powerful kingdoms and civilisations before colonisation and slavery.
115
# Slavery & the British Empire
Define an Empire and when did Britain start building one
A state that controls lands and people beyond its borders. Britain began building its empire in the 16th century.
116
# Slavery & the British Empire
What were Britain's motives for building an empire and after they did what were their colonies
Trade, wealth, competition with Spain and France, missionary work, spreading British culture:
India, North America, Caribbean, parts of Africa and Southeast Asia.
117
# Slavery & the British Empire
What goods did Britain gain from its empire
Sugar, tea, coffee, spices, tobacco, cotton.
118
# Slavery & the British Empire
What did the source A tea party by Joseph van Aken show
luxury goods from the empire became part of British life.
119
# Slavery & the British Empire
How did Britain's empire affect Britain
The empire created vast wealth for Britain but relied on exploitation and colonisation.
120
# Slavery & the British Empire
what was the triangular trade
Britain to Africa (goods), Africa to Americas (slaves – Middle Passage), Americas to Britain (raw materials).
121
# Slavery & the British Empire
where were Caribbean Plantations
Jamaica, Barbados, and St. Kitts produced sugar with enslaved labour.
122
# Slavery & the British Empire
what was the journey like on the Middle passage
The journey across the Atlantic, called the Middle Passage, lasted 6 to 12 weeks. Enslaved people were chained tightly below deck in terrible conditions, and about 1 in 6 died before reaching their destination.
123
# Slavery & the British Empire
summarise Olaudah Equiano's life
Kidnapped at 11, sold into slavery; later published a best-selling autobiography (1789).
124
# Slavery & the British Empire
who benefited from the slave trade
Liverpool, Bristol, and London grew rich from investing in slavery.
125
# Slavery & the British Empire
how was the slave trade connected to Britain
The slave trade was a major part of Britain’s economy and built on cruelty and dehumanisation.
126
# Slavery & the British Empire
what was the Charleston slave Auction
took place 1859 a marketplace where Enslaved people were sold publicly based on age health and strength
127
# Slavery & the British Empire
what would happen at a slave auction
people would be examined like animals families often seperated
128
# Slavery & the British Empire
what context would come up on slavery in newspapers and what do they show
Advertised auctions and 'runaway slaves' would be featured in newspapers showing how normalised slavery was.
129
# Slavery & the British Empire
define how slaves were thought as and treated as
Enslaved people were treated as property and denied basic human rights.
130
# Slavery & the British Empire
what would a slave working on plantations daily work be
12–18 hour days; sugar, cotton, or tobacco harvesting; no wages.
131
# Slavery & the British Empire
How were slaves on plantations food and shelter conditions like
Enslaved people had poor diets (cornmeal, salt pork) lived in poor housing, and often suffered from common diseases due to harsh living conditions.
132
# Slavery & the British Empire
name some punishment for slaves on plantations
Whipping, branding, chaining – listed in logs like William King's plantation records.
133
# Slavery & the British Empire
what was Frederick Douglass famous for
Escaped slavery, became an abolitionist to slavery and author.
134
# Slavery & the British Empire
how would slaves on plantations show resistance
Enslaved people rebelled, escaped, or sabotaged tools.
135
# Slavery & the British Empire
how were life like on plantations for slaves
Life was brutal, controlled through violence, yet many resisted and survived.
136
# Slavery & the British Empire
name 2 abolitionists acts on slavery
1807: Slave Trade Act – illegal to buy/sell slaves in the British Empire.
1833: Slavery Abolition Act – freed over 800,000 enslaved people.
137
# Slavery & the British Empire
name 3 abolitionists to slavery and how they resisted to slavery
Wilberforce, Clarkson, Equiano – used speeches, books, and wrote signed requests for change.
138
# Slavery & the British Empire
after the Britains abolition to slavery in ____ how did the goverment make up for the change
after the Britains abolition to slavery in 1833 the goverment made up for the change by giving Slave owners £20 million while the enslaved got nothing
139
# Slavery & the British Empire
what were causes to the abolition of slavery
Slave rebellions, religion, changing economy, and acts from abolitionists to slavery
140
# Slavery & the British Empire
what are some modern issues caused by slavery
Racism and unfair treatment still happen today. People argue about whether statues of slave traders should stay and if countries should pay back for the wrongs of slavery.
141
# Slavery & the British Empire
how did slavery benefit cities like Liverpool and Bristol
Cities like Liverpool and Bristol became rich from the slave trade. The money helped build banks, docks, and big buildings.
142
# Slavery & the British Empire
How is the town of Reading linked to the legacy of slavery?
Modern research shows Reading may hold links to the slave trade through local businesses, buildings, or wealth that grew during that time. explored during modern investigations
143
# The French Revolution
put these in order with dates:
storming of the Bastille
Tennis court oath
estates general meeting
the national assembly is formed
The Declaration of the Rights of man
law of suspect formed
Louis XVI beheaded
Robespierre Beheaded
Napoleon overthrow the Directory
Napoleon Became Emperor
the Russian campaign
Battle of waterloo
womans march to Versailles
storming of the Tuileries
flight to Varennes
Estates General Meeting (May 1789)
Tennis Court Oath (June 1789)
The National Assembly is Formed (June 1789)
Storming of the Bastille (14 July 1789)
Woman’s March to Versailles (October 1789)
Flight to Varennes (June 1791)
Storming of the Tuileries (August 1792)
The Declaration of the Rights of Man (August 1789)
Louis XVI Beheaded (January 1793)
Law of Suspects Formed (September 1793)
Robespierre Beheaded (July 1794)
Napoleon Overthrows the Directory (November 1799)
Napoleon Becomes Emperor (December 1804)
The Russian Campaign (June 1812)
Battle of Waterloo (June 1815)
144
# Plate Tectonics
Define subduction zone
A place where one tectonic plate sinks beneath another plate and goes into the mantle.
