Science Flashcards
(188 cards)
1
Q
8A Food and nutrition
what are the nutrients we need in our diet
A
carbohydrates, fats, proteins, vitamin, and minerals
2
Q
8A Food and nutrition
define diet
A
diet means what you eat witch provides raw material for your body
3
Q
8A Food and nutrition
name 2 benefits water provide for your body
A
- Cools you down when sweating
- Fills up cells so they keep their shapes
4
Q
8A Food and nutrition
what does protein provide for your body and give 2 example of it
A
Protein helps build and repair muscles, cells, and tissues.
Example: Chicken and eggs
5
Q
8A Food and nutrition
what does fats provide for your body and give an example of it
A
Fat gives your body energy, protection, and keeps you warm.
Example: nuts and olive oil.
6
Q
8A Food and nutrition
what does carbohydrates provide for your body and give an example of it
A
Carbohydrates give your body quick energy.
Example: Bread and rice.
7
Q
8A Food and nutrition
what does vitamins A, C and D provide for your body and give an example of each
A
Vitamin A helps your eyes see in the dark (carrots), Vitamin C helps heal cuts and fight illness (oranges), and Vitamin D helps keep bones strong (milk).
8
Q
8A Food and nutrition
what does minerals provide for your body and give an example of it
A
Minerals help your body grow, stay healthy, and build strong bones and teeth.
Example: Calcium in milk or iron in red meat.
9
Q
8A Food and nutrition
what does fibre provide for your body and give an example of it
A
Fibre helps your digestive system work properly and prevents constipation.
Example: fruits and vegetables.
10
Q
8A Food and nutrition
define starch
A
the main carbohydrate
11
Q
8A Food and nutrition
name 2 sugars
A
sucrose and glucose
12
Q
8A Food and nutrition
define lipids
A
fats and oil
13
Q
8A Food and nutrition
what are oils
A
liquid fat
14
Q
8A Food and nutrition
how do you test for starch in foods
A
add iodine solution to the food sample if starch is present you will see a blue black colour
15
Q
8A Food and nutrition
how do you test for protein in foods
A
place a food sample in a test tube add biuret solution if there’s protein you will see a purple colour
16
Q
8A Food and nutrition
how do you test for fat in foods
A
rub a food sample on some white paper, hold the paper to light. Fats leave a greasy mark
17
Q
8A Food and nutrition
what units used to measure energy in foods
A
kilojoules (KJ)
18
Q
8A Food and nutrition
name 2 factors that changes the amount of energy we need
A
Age and activity level.
(Younger people and more active people usually need more energy.)
19
Q
8A Food and nutrition
what is kwashiorkor
A
caused by a lack of protein a symptom is a large belly from fluids collecting around the intestines and muscles too weak to hold the stomach and intestines in place
20
Q
8A Food and nutrition
what is night blindness
A
caused by a lack of vitamin A making people not being able to see well in low light
21
Q
8A Food and nutrition
what is scurvy
A
caused by a lack of vitamin C causing painful joints and bleeding gums
22
Q
8A Food and nutrition
what is rickets
A
caused by a lack of calcium and vitamin D in which weak bones do not form properly
23
Q
8A Food and nutrition
what is anaemia
A
caused by a lack of iron causing shortness of breath and tiredness
24
Q
8A Food and nutrition
what is starvation
A
caused by a lack of nearly all nutrients getting thinner and thinner
25
# 8A Food and nutrition
what is obesity
people who contain more energy than they need, causing heart diseases and high blood pressure
26
# 8A Food and nutrition
what is a balanced diet
when you eat the right amount of a wide variety of foods
27
# 8A Food and nutrition
what is malnutrition
people who have problems caused by too much or little of a nutrient in their diets
28
# 8A Food and nutrition
what does the digestive system do
The digestive system breaks down food into smaller parts so your body can absorb nutrients and get energy.
29
# 8A Food and nutrition
list all of the organs in the digestive system in order the food passes trough and name their job
Mouth – Ingestion Chews food and mixes it with saliva made from the salivary grands to start digestion.
Oesophagus – A tube that contracts pushing food down to the stomach.
Stomach – Mixes food with acid and enzymes to break it down.
Small intestine – Absorbs nutrients into the blood.
Large intestine – Absorbs water and forms poo (waste).
Rectum – Stores poo before it leaves the body.
Anus – Where poo leaves the body.
30
# 8A Food and nutrition
how does bacteria and enzymes help your body digest food
Bacteria: help digest food your body cannot
Enzymes: Substances that help speed up the breaking down of large molecules
31
# 8A Food and nutrition
how does food have a greater surface area benefit digestion, and what is surface area : volume ratio
A greater surface area means enzymes reach more of the food at once breaking it down faster and more efficiently. surface area : volume ratio is the comparison of how much surface area something has per unit volume
32
# 8A Food and nutrition
how has the small intestines adapted to do its job better
by increasing its surface area through folded walls and devoloping villi and microvilli on them
33
# 8A Food and nutrition
explain the process in which nutrients transfer from the small intestines to the blood
Nutrients pass through the thin walls of the villi in the small intestine into tiny blood vessels by diffusion.
34
# 8A Food and nutrition
how does drinking alcohol affect your digestive system
fewer enzymes are released drinking would also damge villi causing them to be shorter
35
# 8A Food and nutrition
what are the jobs of the pancreas, liver and tongue
Pancreas: Produces enzymes that help break down food in the small intestine.
Liver: Makes bile, which helps digest fats.
Tongue: Moves food around the mouth and helps with chewing, tasting, and swallowing.
36
# 8E Combustion
Define a fuel
A fuel is a chemical substance which stores energy witch could be transferred to make things happen
37
# 8E Combustion
what chemical reaction is used for hydrogen fuel
hydrogen + oxygen = water
38
# 8E Combustion
what are hydrocarbons and define their combustion reaction
Hydrocarbons are compounds made of only carbon and hydrogen. Hydrocarbon + Oxygen → Carbon dioxide + Water
39
# 8E Combustion
describe the test for carbon dioxide
Bubble a gas through limewater if the gas were carbon dioxide the Limewater would turn milky or cloudy
40
# 8E Combustion
describe the test for hydrogen
Collect the gas in a test tube bring a lit splint near the opening if hydrogen is present a "squeaky pop" sound would occur
41
# 8E Combustion
describe the test for water
1. if a few drops of water to the White Anhydrous Copper Sulfate powder It would turns blue.
2. Blue Cobalt Chloride Paper Expose to water It would turn pink.
42
# 8E Combustion
define oxidation and its reaction with metal and non metals
Oxidation is a chemical reaction where a substance gains and combine oxygen
Metals + Oxygen → Metal Oxides
Non-metals + Oxygen → Non-metal Oxides
43
# 8E Combustion
define the law of conservation of mass
Mass cannot be gained or destroyed in a chemical reaction.
44
# 8E Combustion
why do mass change in a oxidation reaction
Mass increase in an oxidation reaction because the metal combines with oxygen from the air and oxygen has mass.
45
# 8E Combustion
compare how phlogiston and oxygen explain combustion
Phlogiston theory said burning releases phlogiston and leaving the fuels ash while oxygen theory says the fuel combines with oxygen from the air, producing oxides (Burning)
46
# 8E Combustion
define an exothermic reaction
An exothermic reaction is a chemical reaction that releases energy to the surroundings
47
# 8E Combustion
use the fire triangle to explain how we could control fire
To control fire, remove one part of the fire triangle:
Fuel
Oxygen
Heat
48
# 8E Combustion
what does the flammable hazard sign look like and mean
(a black and white fire burning) Easily burst into flames
49
# 8E Combustion
define an independent and dependent variable
Independent Variable: The variable you change or control in an experiment
Dependent Variable: The variable you measure or observe, which changes because of the independent variable.
50
# 8E Combustion
what does the oxidising hazard sign look like and mean
(flame over a circle.)Releases oxygen
51
# 8E Combustion
what type of fire extinguisher could remove what part of the triangle and give an example for each
Water: Heat (Wood fires)
Foam: Heat & Oxygen (Petrol fires)
CO₂: Oxygen (Electrical fires)
Dry Powder: Heat & Oxygen (All-purpos)
52
# 8E Combustion
what is a control variable and why its useful for a fair test
A control variable is something you keep the same in an experiment.
It makes sure the test is fair by showing that only the independent variable is causing the change in the dependent variable.
53
# 8E Combustion
compare complete and incomplete combustion
Complete Combustion: Fuel burns fully in plenty of oxygen, making carbon dioxide and water.
Incomplete Combustion: Fuel burns in limited oxygen, making carbon monoxide or soot (carbon) and water
54
# 8E Combustion
what 5 pollutants does Hydrocarbon fuels produce and what these pollutants could produce
Carbon dioxide (CO₂) – causes global warming
Carbon monoxide (CO) – toxic gas
Particulates (soot) – causes breathing problems
Sulfur dioxide (SO₂) – causes acid rain
Nitrogen oxides (NOₓ) – cause acid rain
55
# 8E Combustion
what does a catalytic converter do
It reduces harmful gases from car exhaust by changing:
Carbon monoxide → carbon dioxide
Nitrogen oxides → nitrogen + oxygen
from adding more oxygen to the substances
56
# 8F The Periodic Table
give 2 points out of Dalton's atomic theory
-atoms cannot be created or destroyed
-all matter is made up of tiny particles called atoms
57
# 8F The Periodic Table
give 3 examples of a physical property
colour
melting point
boiling point
58
# 8F The Periodic Table
define malleability and ductility
Malleability: The ability of a material to be hammered or pressed into shapes without breaking
Ductility: The ability of a material to be stretched into a wire without breaking.
59
# 8F The Periodic Table
what is the chemical symbol for carbon and chlorine
C = Carbon
Cl = Chlorine
60
# 8F The Periodic Table
note 3 examples of chemical properties
Flammability
Reactivity
PH level
61
# 8F The Periodic Table
what is the chemical symbol for copper, nitrogen and hydrogen
Cu = Copper
N = Nitrogen
H = Hydrogen
62
# 8F The Periodic Table
use the atomic theory to explain what happens when chemical reacts
When chemicals react no mass would be gained nor lost and masses of elements always reacted in the same ratio
63
# 8F The Periodic Table
define a chemical formula and how it shows ratio
A chemical formula shows the types and numbers of atoms in a compound, while the subscript shows how many atoms of each element are in one molecule, giving the ratio.
64
# 8F The Periodic Table
How is the periodic table organised and ordered
It is organised by increasing atomic number (number of protons) and arranged in groups (columns) with similar properties and periods (rows) showing repeating patterns.
65
# 8F The Periodic Table
define atomic number
The atomic number is the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom.
66
# 8F The Periodic Table
give 2 properties of alkali metals, halogens and noble gasses
Alkali Metals:
Very reactive
Soft
Halogens:
Highly reactive
Have distinctive colors
Noble Gases:
very unreactive
Colorless
67
# 8F The Periodic Table
what are groups on the periodic table and what groups are the alkali metal, noble gasses and halogens found in
Groups are the vertical columns on the periodic table. Elements in the same group have similar chemical properties:
Alkali metals: Group 1
Halogens: group 7
Noble gasses: group 0
68
# 8F The Periodic Table
give 2 examples of noble gasses
Helium (He)
Neon (Ne)
69
# 8F The Periodic Table
give 2 examples of alkali metals
Lithium (Li)
Francium (Fr)
70
# 8F The Periodic Table
give 2 examples of halogens
Chlorine (Cl)
Bromine (Br)
71
# 8F The Periodic Table
define an anomalous result or outlier
A result that is very different from the other results in an experiment or data set.
72
# 8F The Periodic Table
what is the chemical symbol for magnesium
Magnesium (Mg)
73
# 8F The Periodic Table
give 2 properties of metal and non metal
Metals: Shiny, High melting points
Non metals: Dull, Low melting points
74
# 8F The Periodic Table
give the reaction for alkali metals with water and oxygen and how would these reaction be with elements lower the group
reaction with water: Alkali metal + water → metal hydroxide + hydrogen gas
reaction with oxygen: Alkali metal + oxygen → metal oxide
lower down the groups reactivity would increase
75
# 8F The Periodic Table
what are the trends in the periods of PH level in oxides of all elements define what happens when you react these oxides (only metal oxides from the table) with an acid (equation and what type they are)
oxides get from alkali to acid in the table and when the metal oxides react with acid:
acid + metal oxide → salt + water
these reactions are neutralisations
76
# 8I Fluids
describe the strength of forces in the 3 states of matter
solid = strong
liquid = fairly strong
gas = weak
77
# 8I Fluids
describe the spacing of particles in the 3 states of matter
solid = close
liquid = close
gas = far apart
78
# 8I Fluids
describe the movement of particles in the 3 states of matter
solid = vibrate in fixed positions
liquid = moves around within the liquid
gas = moves about fast in all directions
79
# 8I Fluids
describe solids (shape, volume, flow, and about its compression)
keeps their shape and volume they cannot flow and difficult to compressed but could into smaller volume
80
# 8I Fluids
describe liquid (shape, volume, flow, and about its compression)
keeps their volume but not shape they could flow and are difficult to compress
81
# 8I Fluids
describe gas (shape, volume, flow, and about its compression)
does not have a fixed shape or volume could flow and easy to compress
82
# 8I Fluids
why is it difficult to compress solids and liquids
Solids and liquids are hard to compress because their particles are tightly packed together.
83
# 8I Fluids
why is gas easy to compress
because its particles are far apart and move freely, allowing them to be squeezed closer together easily.
84
# 8I Fluids
define diffusion
Diffusion is the movement of particles from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration, until they are evenly spread out. It happens naturally in gases, liquids, and solids.
85
# 8I Fluids
define Brownian motion
tiny bits of dust in the air or water can be seen jiggling around as they are hit by the moving air or water particles
86
# 8I Fluids
define density
Density is the mass of an object per unit volume It tells you how much matter is packed into a given space
87
# 8I Fluids
how heating and cooling effects materials
Heating makes materials expand because they move or vibrate more and take up more space and cooling makes them contract and move less
88
# 8I Fluids
define volume
Volume is the amount of space inside an object or substance.
89
# 8I Fluids
define mass
Mass is the amount of matter in an object, typically measured in kilograms or grams.
90
# 8I Fluids
how does the density triangle work out mass density and volume (appearance)
The triangle has M (mass) on top and Belows a line then beneath that D (density) on the bottom left and V (volume) on the bottom right to use it you cover the term, and it will show the workings
91
# 8I Fluids
what is the formulae for density
Density = Mass ÷ Volume
92
# 8I Fluids
what is the formulae for mass
Mass = Density × Volume
93
# 8I Fluids
what is the formulae for volume
Volume = Mass ÷ Density
94
# 8I Fluids
how to choose units for density
choose units based on the size and mass of the object
95
# 8I Fluids
how to work out the density of a regular shape
work out the mass with scale and volume with W x L x H and do mass divided by volume
96
# 8I Fluids
how to work out the density of an irregular shape
use water displacement method for volume and use a scale for mass and do mass divide volume
97
# 8I Fluids
what is gas to liquid called
condensation
98
# 8I Fluids
what is solid to gas called
sublimation
99
# 8I Fluids
what is solid to liquid called
melting
100
# 8I Fluids
what is liquid to gas called
boiling
101
# 8I Fluids
name 3 ways you could increase pressure
. compressing
. increase temperature
. increase particles
102
# 8I Fluids
what will a line graph of particles changing state look like
1st the temp rises or drops, then a period of a steady line this's because energy's used to break or form bonds instead of temp finally the line rises or drops again after state changed
103
# 8I Fluids
what is liquid to solid called
freezing
104
# 8I Fluids
what is gas to solid called
deposition
105
# 8I Fluids
what is pressure and what causes them
Pressure is the force exerted per unit area on a surface. It is caused by the collisions of particles against a surface.
106
# 8I Fluids
how does temperature affect pressure
As temperature increases, pressure does too because the particles move faster and collide more often, creating more force. and so when temperature decrease pressure does too
107
# 8I Fluids
how does depth or height affect pressure
Pressure increases with depth and decreases with height. More depth means more pressure, and higher altitude means less pressure.
108
# 8I Fluids
what causes you to float in water
You float in water because the upthrust is equal to or greater than your weight.
109
# 8I Fluids
what factors effect upthrust
weight of object
density of fluids
volume of object
110
# 8I Fluids
define upthrust
Upthrust is the upward force from a liquid or gas that pushes against an object's weight
111
# 8I Fluids
how do you measure upthrust of water
To measure upthrust, of water weigh the object in air, then weigh it when it's fully submerged in water. The two minus is the upthrust.
112
# 8I Fluids
how do you know if something would float
find the density of the fluid and object if the fluids density is greater than the objects it will float
113
# 8I Fluids
3 factors that increase drag
higher speed
larger surface area
rough surface
114
# 8I Fluids
factors that decrease drag
smooth surface
low speed
streamline shape
115
# 8I Fluids
what causes drag
Drag is caused by friction between an object and the air or water particles
116
# 8I Fluids
how speed affect drag
As speed increases, drag does too. This is because the moving objects push more air or fluid particles aside, creating more friction and resistance.
117
# 8I Fluids
which of the states of matters could be comppresed
gas
118
# 8I Fluids
what's a chemical change
a change witch forms one or more new substances
119
# 8I Fluids
what's a physical change
a change witch no new substances are formed
120
# 8I Fluids
how does the water displacement can method of measuring volume work
You place an object into a full can of water. The water that spills out is collected and measured. The volume of the spilled water is equal to the volume of the object.
121
# 8I Fluids
how temperature affect volume
When temperature increases, particles move faster and spread out, so volume increases. Gases and liquids expand more than solids.
122
# 8I Fluids
how does water behave different from other liquids and solid near its freezing point
Most substances shrink when they freeze, but water expands. This makes ice less dense than liquid water, so ice floats.
123
# 8K Energy Transfer
what is internal energy
The Energy stored in the movement of particles
124
# 8K Energy Transfer
what are Energy measured in
Joules (J)
125
# 8K Energy Transfer
What is Temperature and its unit of measurement
something that describes how hot or cold something is Degrees Celsius (°C)
126
# 8K Energy Transfer
Are internal energy and temperature the same and why
No, because the temperature is measurable using thermometers, but the internal energy something contained cannot
127
# 8K Energy Transfer
what are the 3 factors the amount of internal energy in something depends on
Temperature
Material
Mass
128
# 8K Energy Transfer
How does the Energy flow
from hotter objects to a cooler one
129
# 8K Energy Transfer
The bigger the difference in temperature the ____ the energy is transferred
Faster
130
# 8K Energy Transfer
what happens to cold and hot objects (During energy transfer)
cold objects become hotter and vice versa until they are both same temperature
131
# 8K Energy Transfer
what happens to particles when a liquid Evaporates
the fastest moving particles in a liquid escape forming gas the particles that are left store less energy as movement so the temperature of the remaining liquid is lower
132
# 8K Energy Transfer
what are the 4 ways energy can be transferred by heating
Evaporation
Radiation
Conduction
Convection
133
# 8K Energy Transfer
how is energy transferred through radiation and what state could this happen through
Energy is transferred through radiation via electromagnetic waves This type of energy transfer doesn't require a medium and can happen in all states of matter
134
# 8K Energy Transfer
how is energy transferred through Conduction and what state could this happen through
Energy is transferred through conduction within all 3 states when one particle gains energy it passes it to surrounding particles through collisions.
135
# 8K Energy Transfer
how is energy transferred through Convection and what state could this happen through
Energy is transferred through convection by the movement of the fluids due to temperature differences. Warm fluid rises, and cooler fluid sinks, creating a cycle.
136
# 8K Energy Transfer
2 ways to insulate the cold in houses
Double Glazed Windows
Dark coloured coating
137
# 8K Energy Transfer
2 ways to insulate the heat in houses
light coloured coating
windows
138
# 8K Energy Transfer
give an example insulator
wood
139
# 8K Energy Transfer
give an example conductor
metal
140
# 8K Energy Transfer
define Accuracy
close to the true value of the thing being measured
141
# 8K Energy Transfer
define Precision
several measurement results are close together
142
# 8K Energy Transfer
define Random Errors
Errors formed due to factors that are difficult to control
143
# 8K Energy Transfer
define Systematic Errors
all results from the instrument are incorrect by a similar amount
144
# 8K Energy Transfer
how could you avoid Systematic Errors
Adjust instruments and use proper measurement techniques.
145
# 8K Energy Transfer
how could you avoid Random errors
Take multiple measurements and average the results.
146
# 8K Energy Transfer
define power and the 2 units its measured in
the amount of energy transferred per second watts (W)
Kilowatts (KW)
147
# 8K Energy Transfer
how many Watts are there in a Kilowatts
1000W=1KW
148
# 8K Energy Transfer
1 Watts = how many joules transferred per second
1 watt = 1 Joule transferred every second
149
# 8K Energy Transfer
Define Efficiency
The amount of useful energy transferred compared with the total amount supplied
150
# 8K Energy Transfer
what is a Sankey diagram and how could we interpret it
by looking at the width of each arrow representing its proportion
151
# 8K Energy Transfer
what is the Equation for Efficiency
Efficiency = Useful energy transferred/total energy supplied x100%
152
# 8K Energy Transfer
what unit is used by companies for your Utilities fees and what it means
Kilowatt-hour(kwh) the amount of energy transferred in 1 hour by an appliance with a power of 1KW
153
# 8K Energy Transfer
what is the Equation for kilowatt-hour
Power rating (KW) x time (hour) = Energy use (kwh)
154
# 8K Energy Transfer
define Payback time and its Equation
Payback time is the period it takes for an investment to recover its initial cost through profits or savings. Payback time = cost of change/saving per year
155
# 8E Combustion
what does the explosive hazard sign look like and mean
(An exploding circle) contains enough stored energy to explode
156
# 8E Combustion
Why is it important to carry out fair tests
To make sure the results are accurate, reliable
157
# 8E Combustion
Describe the greenhouse affect and how its caused
The greenhouse effect is when gases in the atmosphere trap heat from the Sun, keeping the Earth warm. Greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide, methane, and water vapour trap some of this heat making the Earth heat up
158
# 8E Combustion
what human activities are causing global warming
Burning fossil fuels
Farming
Deforestation
159
# 8D Unicellular Oraganisms
what is the 7 life proccesses (MRS GREN)
Movement, Reproduction, Sensitivity, Growth, Respiration, Excretion and Nutrition
160
# 8D Unicellular Oraganisms
Define multicellular and unicellular organisms
multicellular: Organisms made up of more than one cell
unicellular: Organisms made up of one cell
161
# 8D Unicellular Oraganisms
which of the 5 kingdoms are unicellular and witch are multicellular
Prokaryotes: Unicellular
Protoctists: Both
Fungi: Both
plants: Multicellular
animals: Multicellular
162
# 8D Unicellular Oraganisms
what cell parts do Animals have
Cytoplasm
Cell membrane
Nucleus
Mitochondria
163
# 8D Unicellular Oraganisms
what cell parts do plants have
Cytoplasm
Cell membrane
Nucleus
Mitochondria
Cell wall
Chloroplasts
164
# 8D Unicellular Oraganisms
what cell parts do Fungi have and give an example of a fungi
Cytoplasm
Cell membrane
Nucleus
Mitochondria
Cell wall
[Yeast]
165
# 8D Unicellular Oraganisms
what cell parts do Protoctists have
Cytoplasm
Cell membrane
Nucleus
Mitochondria
(Cell wall) some
(Chloroplasts) some
[Seaweed]
166
# 8D Unicellular Oraganisms
what cell parts do Prokaryotes have
Cytoplasm
Cell membrane
Cell wall
[Bacteria]
167
# 8D Unicellular Oraganisms
define viruses structure from outer to inner and give an example of a virus
-Protein molecules in the fat envelope
-fat envelope
-protein coat
-strands of genes
[Influenza virus]
168
# 8D Unicellular Oraganisms
How do Viruses live and reproduce
Viruses cannot live or reproduce on their own — they need a host cell.
Virus attaches to a host cell
Injects its genetic material into the cell to make copies of itself
then New viruses are made and burst out, often destroying the cell
169
# 8D Unicellular Oraganisms
how do yeasts reproduce and what factors help them do that
by a proccess called budding (asexual reproduction) in which a daughter cell grow out a parent cell which are biologically identical
-Moisture
-Sugar
-Warmth
170
# 8D Unicellular Oraganisms
how do yeast respire (equations)
yeasts do aerobic (with oxygen Glucose + Oxygen → Carbon dioxide + Water) releasing more energy and anaerobic (without oxygen Glucose → Ethanol + Carbon dioxide) respirations producing less energy
171
# 8D Unicellular Oraganisms
how are yeasts used in baking
by putting Yeasts in the dough stretch and fold it letting air in the Yeast would respire aerobically and bubbles of gas make the dough rise
172
# 8D Unicellular Oraganisms
how would a yeast cell's populaton's growth curve's line graph look like
The line starts slow, gets steeper as the population grows and more budding occurs but then levels off as resources run out and reproduction slows and stops
173
# 8D Unicellular Oraganisms
define the equation for when anaerobic bacteria respire
anaerobic respiration by the equation:
glucose → Lactic acid
producing some energy
174
# 8D Unicellular Oraganisms
how do bacteria reproduce and what factors help them
by a proccess called Binary fission where one cell grows and split into 2 identical parts while the factors of nutrients (such as sugar) warmth and moisture
175
# 8D Unicellular Oraganisms
why and how are anaerobic bacteria used to make yogurt and cheese
because the lactic acid they produce could be used to turns milk sour and thick (yogurt) also used to make sour milk a key ingredient used for cheese
176
# 8D Unicellular Oraganisms
name the special parts of bacteria's and their functions
Flagellum (Movement from spinning)
Slime capsule (Keeps cell moist)
Chromosome (Carries the organism’s entire genetic information)
177
# 8D Unicellular Oraganisms
how do algae produce organic molecule (equation)
using photosynthesis to produce organic molecule:
Carbon dioxide + Water → Glucose + Oxygen
by traping energy using the chlorophyll joined by carbon dioxide and water to make glucose add oxygen
178
# 8D Unicellular Oraganisms
name and define the functions of common parts of protoctist cells
Pseudopods (movement from its streching and pulling)
vocuoles (food storage)
cilia (tiny waving hair for movement)
179
# 8D Unicellular Oraganisms
what does a pyramid of numbers and biomass show
Pyramid of numers: represents the amount of organisms at each trophic point
Pyramid of biomass: represents the mass of all organisms at each trophic point
180
# 8D Unicellular Oraganisms
why may the bars not seem like a pyramid in the pyramid of numbers
Because it only shows the number of organisms, not their size, one producer (at the bottom) may support lots of organisms above its trophic level.
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# 8D Unicellular Oraganisms
on the pyramids of biomass why do the bars get smaller at higher trophic points
Because biomass decreases at each level — less energy and mass are transferred to the next level.
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# 8D Unicellular Oraganisms
name the 4 trophic levels from the bottom to the top
Tertiary consumer (top)
secondary consumer
primary consumer
producer (bottom)
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# 8D Unicellular Oraganisms
what are decomposers and why are they so important and give an example of them
Decomposers are microorganisms (like bacteria and fungi(Earth worm)) that break down dead plants and animals.
- Recycles nutrients back into the soil
- Keep ecosystems clean by breaking down waste and dead matter
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# 8D Unicellular Oraganisms
Explain how decomposers decompose dead organisms
first enzymes are released to break down large molecules then whats left (Small soluble molecules) are absorbed by the cell
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# 8D Unicellular Oraganisms
what is the carbon cycle and what it shows
The carbon cycle is the natural process that moves carbon between the air, plants, animals, fossil fuels, and the earth.
It shows how carbon is recycled through:
-Photosynthesis: plants take in carbon dioxide
-Feeding: animals eat plants
-Respiration: plants and animals release carbon dioxide
-Decomposition: decomposers break down dead things, releasing carbon
-Combustion: burning fossil fuels releases carbon dioxide
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# 8D Unicellular Oraganisms
what are the functions of
cytoplasms
cellmembrane
nucleus
mitochondria
cell wall
chloroplast
Cytoplasm : Jelly-like substance where chemical reactions happen.
Cell Membrane: Controls what goes in and out of the cell.
Nucleus: controls the cell’s activities
Mitochondria: Produces energy for the cell through respiration.
Cell Wall: provides structure and support for the cell
Chloroplast: Where photosynthesis happens. Contains chlorophyll to absorb sunlight.
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Who is Dmitri Mendeleev and what did he contribute to science
Arranged elements by atomic mass
Left gaps and correctly predicted properties of missing elements
His work led to the modern Periodic Table of Elements
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# 8A food and nutrition
what type of emzymes break down carbohydrates protein and fats
Carbohydrates → broken down by amylase
Proteins → broken down by protease
Fats → broken down by lipase
