Humannnn

Question 1

Events involved in reproduction

Answer 1

Gametogenesis = formation of haploid gametes
Gamete transfer / insemination =transfer of male gamete into female reproductive tract
Fertilisation = fusion of haploid male and female to diploid zygote
Implantation = attachment of blastocyst to Endometrium lining of uterus
Gastation = development of embryo
Parturition = child birth

Question 2

Primary sex organs /,,, , eg
Secondary/ , eg

Answer 2

Essential, main , gonads = responsible for production of gametes and secretion of certain hormones eg male = testis , ovary = female
Neither produce gametes nor secrete hormone but involve in reproduction
Eg male = accessory duct , accessory gland , external genitalia
Eg female = accessory gland , fallopian tube/ oviduct , external genitalia , uterus

Question 3

Male reproductive system location ,
contains

Answer 3

Pelvis region ,
a pair of testis
Accessory duct = tubuli recti , rete testis , vasa efferntia , epididymis , vasa deferens,
ejaculatory duct , urethra
Accessory gland = seminal vesicles, prostate gland ,bulbo urethral (cowpers gland
External genitalia / male copulatory organ ( penis )

Question 4

B/w scrotum and testis
Circumcirion
Prepurial gland /
Ejaculatory

Answer 4

Gubernaculum = fibrous structure
Surgical removal of foreskin / prepuce
Gland of Tyson = b/w foreskin and gland penis which secrete wax like substance called smegma
Made up of seminal vesicles, vas deference

Question 5

Scrotum , compartment separated by (no)
Helps
Scrotum and a.c connected by
Spermatic chord (no)

Answer 5

Testes are situated outside the abdominal cavity within pouch , 2 by scrotal septum
Maintaining low temperature of testes (2-2.5 c lower than body temperature) necessary spermatogenesis
Inguinal canal
2, vas deferens , testicular nerve fibre , testicular artery, vein

Question 6

Spermatic cord penetrates
Muscle , help ( along with)

Formation of testes (time
cryptochidism
Orchidopexy

Answer 6

Into a.c or pelvic cavity through inguinal canal
Dartose , inner cremastor = extends also to spermatic cord , in regulation of temperature inside scrotum along with sweat gland , pampiniform muscle
7 th week of pregnancy
Failure of testis to descend from ac to scrotum
Surgical procedure to cure cryptochidism

Question 7

Monorchidism
Polyorchidism
Synorchidism
Orchidectomy
Castraction

Answer 7

Surgical procedure to cure cryptochidism
Only single testis descends
More than 2 testis +nt
Testis fused
Surgical removal of testes
==== of gonads

Question 8

Testis length,width ,shape
Testicular lobules
Seminiferous tubules , in which
Open into

Answer 8

4-5 cm , 2-3 cm , oval
Each testes has about 250 compartments
Each lobule contains one to three highly coiled seminiferous tubules ,sperm produced
Into vasa efferntia through straight tubules ( tubuli recti ) , rete testes ( network oftubules

Question 9

Protective covering of testes
Elephant , whale
Intra testicular duct , external
The vas efferntia leave , located

Answer 9

Tunica vaginidis = outer , t albugenia = middle fibrous layer , t vasculosa = inner most
Intrabdominal testis
Tubuli recti, rete testis , vasa efferntia , epididymis, vas deference , Ejaculatory duct , urethra
The testis and open into epididymis located along the posterior surface of testis

Question 10

Seminiferous tubules cell 1/ , str, fn
Cell 2 /,,,, structure
Fn ,,,,,,

Answer 10

Spermatogonia / germinal cell , cuboidal = responsible for gamete formation
Sertoli cells / nurse cell / sustentacular cells / somatic cell, columnar
Provide nourishment , responsible for protection, secrete inhibin hormone ( antagonist to Fsh ) , secrete ABP ( androgen binding protein responsible for conc of testosterone
, secrete mif ( mullerian inhibiting hormone, form blood testis barrier

Question 11

Interstitial cell , contain
Leydig cell synthesis
Epididymis part fn

Answer 11

Region outside seminiferous tubules , leydig cell
And secrete testicular hormone called androgen
Copet epi / head , corpus / body , couda / tail , maturation of sperm , storage of sperm , primary storage house

Question 12

Vas deference ascends to and
Ampulla ()act )
Conveys sperm by ( contraction
Urethra length , parts

Answer 12

Abdomen and loops over the urinary bladder
Before entering prostate , it dilates to form ampulla ( reservoir of sperm
Peristaltic contraction of its muscular wall
Length 20 cm , prostatic urethra, membranous urethra, penile urethra

Question 13

Accessory glands male p/u
Sv , pg, bg location
Seminal plasma

Answer 13

Seminal vesicles paired , prostate gland unpaired, bulbo urethral gland paired gland
Dorso lateral side of urinary bladder, base of urethra , either side of membranous urethra
Secretion of this gland which is rich in fructose, calcium , certain enzymes

Question 14

Seminal vesicle secretion
Prostate gland secrte , bulbo urethreal gland secrete
Essential for maturation and motility of sperm

Answer 14

Fructose( main nutrient subs of sperm ) , fibrinogen, prostaglandin
Contains ca2+, profibrinolysin , citric acid , lubricanting substance during copulation
Secretion of epididymis, vas deference , seminal vesicles, prostate

Question 15

Semen = , volume , no per ejaculation , normal count
Normal shape and size ,,,, , ph
Oligospermia
Azospermia
Asthernozpermia
Tertiozspermia

Answer 15

Seminal vesicles (90%) + sperm(10%):, 2.5-5 ml , 200 -300 million , 80 -81 million /ml
60% , 40% of it show vigorous motility , 7.2-7.4 slightly alkaline
Sperm count less than 20 million
Sperm nearly absent in semen
Sperm motility absent
Abnormal shape and size

Question 16

Penis , is , consist of
Tissue 1, tissue 2
Glans penis , covered by
Urethral external opening

Answer 16

Male copulatory absent , common passage for urine and semen , spongy tissue and erectile tissue
Corpus spongiosum = single and ventral , corpura cavernousa = double and dorsal
Enlarged end of penis , loose fold of skin prepuce / foreskin
Urethral meatus

Question 17

Path of sperm
Impotence
BPH
Hydrocole

Answer 17

Seminiferous tubules-> straight tube ->rete testis ->vasa efferntia ->epididymis ->vas deference -> ampulla -> Ejaculatory duct ->urthera ( prostatic , membranous , penile
In ability to achieve penile erection
Benign prostatic hypertrophy = enlargement of prostate gland
Accumulation of fuild in tunica vaginalis

Question 18

Female reproductive system location
Consist of
Ovaries location , length, shape
Ovary are
Connected to uterus and pelvic wall

Answer 18

Pelvis region
A pair of ovaries , a pair of oviduct/ fallopians tube , uterus, cervix , vagina , external genitalia
Each side of lower abdomen near kidney , 2-4 cm , almond shape
Primary sex organ , produce female gamete ( ovum) and secrete steroidal hormone ( progesterone, estrogen)
By ligaments

Question 19

Each ovary is covered by, encloses , divided into
Composed of , What are found ,,,,
Follicular development stages

Answer 19

Thin epithelium , ovarian stroma , a peripheral cortex , an inner medulla
Stromal cell , connective tissues, blood vessel , numerous oogonia in cortex during intrauterine life
Primordial follicle ( developing primary follicle) , primary follicle, secondary follicle , tertiary follicle, mature tertiary/ Graafian follicle

Question 20

Primordial follicle oocyte , surrounded by cell
Primary follicle oocyte , zona pellucida
Primary follicle (def), at puberty no

Answer 20

Primary oocyte , granulosa cell
Primary, mem of glycoprotein nature appears b/w oocyte and follicular cells ,acellular
Primary oocyte surrounded by a layer of granulosa cell
60000- 80000

Question 21

Secondary follicle the stromal cells surrounding , outside
Secondary follicle
Tertiary follicle characterised by
Primary oocyte

Answer 21

The mem granulosa become condensed become condensed to start forming a covering called theca externa , some fibrous tissue forms theca externa
Follicle surrounded by more layers of granulosa cell and a new theca
Fluid filled cavity called antrum . ( liquor follicle)
Completes its first meiotic division

Question 22

Cumulus oophorous
Corona radiata
Ovulation
Surgical removal of ovary

Answer 22

Projection of granulosa cells covering the oocyte into antrum
Granulosa cells lying in close vicinity of zona pellucida , become elongated
Graffian follicle now ruptures to release the secondary oocyte ( ovum ) from ovary
Oopheroctomy

Question 23

Corpus luteum /, secrete
Corpus albicans
Fsh , Lh (increase )
Ovulatory phases

Answer 23

Yellow body , secrete progesterone, estrogen , relaxin ( temporary endocrine gland )
White body
Development of follicle cell , ovulation causing hormone ( maintains corpus luteum ) ( Lh surge )
Preovulation phase = development of follicle = primary follicle to mature graafian
Oulatory phase
Post ovulation phase = luteral phase corpus luteum, albacian

Question 24

Oviduct / , length , extends from
Infundibulum , fimbriae fn
Osmium

Answer 24

Fallopians tube , 10-12 cm , periphery of each ovary to uterus
Part closer to ovary is funnel shaped , edges of infundibulum possess finger like projection , help in collection of ovum after ovulation
Opening of infundibulum in which ovulated egg enters

Question 25

Ampulla ,,,, isthmus
Inner lining of fallopians tube
Fn of oviduct ,,,
Surgical removal of fallopian tube

Answer 25

Infundibulum leads to wider part of oviduct , mainstream of fertilisation , short& narrow
Ciliated columnar epithelium
Site of fertilisation, transport of gamete , transport of early embryonic developing embryo
Salpingtomy

Question 26

Uterus / , structure , parts
Canal of cervix , birth canal
Wall of uterus , fns

Answer 26

Hystera / womb , inverted pear shaped , fundus corpus cervix
Cervical canal , cervical canal along with vagina to form
Perimetrium = outer , fibrous. Myometrium = middle & muscular fn exhibits strong contraction during delivery of baby , endometrium= inner glandular fn lines uterine cavity , undergoes cyclical changes during menstrual cycle

Question 27

Uterus fn,, surgical removal of uterus
Vagina ___ structure , length , opening , bacteria , devoid
External genitalia

Answer 27

Implantation occur , development of embryo , Hysterectomy
Tubular , 10cm , vaginal orifice , lactobacillus acidophilus = maintain acid ph by metabolising the glycogen to lactic acid , of glands
Mons pubis , labia majora , labia minora , clitoris , vestibula

Question 28

Mons pubis. Covered by , lies over
Labia majora , extend
Labia minora
Clitoris structure, lies

Answer 28

Cushion of fatty tissue covered by skin and hair, pubic symphysis
Are fleshy folds of tissue , down from mons pubis & surrounds vaginal , urethral openings
Paired folds of tissue under labia majora
Tiny finger like , at upper junction of two labia minora above urethral openings

Question 29

Bartholins gland location
Vaginal orifice partially covered by
Accessory gland 1
2

Answer 29

Each side of vaginal orifice
Hymen mem
Greater vestibular gland / bartholin gland secrete alkaline fluid during sexual arousal
Lesser vestibular gland / pargurethral gland = secrete mucus

Question 30

Mammary gland location , is
Development due to , tissue 1
2
3

Answer 30

Over the pectoralis major muscle on front wall of thorax , modified seat gland
Estrogen, progesterone , adipose tissue
Fibrous tissue , provide support
Glandular tissue , consists of mammary lobes +nt in each mammary gland

Question 31

Pathway of milk
Milk ejecting hormone, producing hormone
Composition of milk ,,,,,,
First mother milk
Gives colour

Answer 31

Alveoli/ acini = mammary tubule = mammary duct = mammary ampulla = lactiferous duct = nipple ( ejection
Oxytocin , prolactin
Water , fat droplet , milk sugar ( lactose ), milk protein ( casein ), vitamin c, minerals
Colostrum (IgA )
Areola

Question 32

Gametogenesis , types
Spermatogenesis duration (due to )
Type
Spermiation

Answer 32

Formation of haploid male and haploid female , spermatogenesis , oogenesis
Begins at puberty till death , significant increase in secretion of gnrh
Spermatocytogenesis = spermatogonia to spermatid , spermiogenesis = spermatid to sperm ( spermatozoa )
After spermatogenesis sperm head becomes embedded into Sertoli cells and finally releases from seminiferous tubules

Question 33

Spermatogenesis

Answer 33

1 Spermatogonia 2n 44+X+Y after meiosis gives
2 Additional spermatogonia 2n 44+X+Y , 2n 44+X+Y 1,2 Multiplication
3 Growth phase from type b primary spermatocyte 2n 44+X+Y
4 After meiosis 1 secondary spermatocyte n 22 + X,,, n22 + Y 3,4 growth phase
5 After meiosis 2 spermatid n 22 + X, n 22 + X , n22 + Y , n22 + Y
6. Then sperm 5,6 spermiagenesis

Question 34

Each spermatogonium is
Primary no is , secondary spermatocyte is no
Spermatid is no
Spermiogenesis

Answer 34

Diploid and has 46 chromosomes
Diploid and has 46 chromosomes 1 , haploid has 23 chromosome 2
haploid has 23 chromosome 2
Spermatids are transferred into spermatozoa ( sperms )

Question 35

Spermiogenesis includes ,,,,
A sperm has. , ___ involves whole sperm
___ & ___ Nucleus , __ portion ! structure acrosome
Acro filled with

Answer 35

Modification of Golgi apparatus into acrosome , condensation , elonga of nucleus , development of axial filament etc
Head ,neck , a middle piece , a tail , ,,,, plasma membrane
Elongated and compact haploid nucleus, anterior portion of head is covered by cap like structure
With enzymes that help fertilisation of ovum ( zona lysin , corona penetrating enzymes

Question 36

Neck has , their fn

Middle piece possesses , also called
These ____ arranged as , called

Answer 36

Proximal centriole = cleavage of zygote
Distal centriole / basal body , gives rise to axial filament which passes through the middle piece and extends to tail
Numerous mitochondria, which produce energy for movement of tail , energy chamber of sperm
Mitochondria, in form of spiral sheath know as Nebenkern

Question 37

Tail is , movement of tail facilitates ,
What is determined by it’s motility
Oogenesis , begins at
Structure of egg ,,,( present , absent

Answer 37

Longest part of sperm , sperm motility essential for Fertilization
Viability of sperm
Formation of haploid female gamete (ovum) , at early embryonic stage
Spherical , alecithal ( yolk absent ), centriole absent

Question 38

Menstrual cycle , average
Oestrus cycle
First menstruation, last
3 phases

Answer 38

Reproductive cycle in female primates ( monkey, apes , human beings), 28-29
In non primates mammals cyclical changes during reproduction
Menarche , menopause ( 50 years )
Menstrual / bleeding (3-5)
Follicular / oestrogenic / proliferate / pre ovulatory (6-13)
Luteal / progesteronic / secretory / post ovulatory / fixed phase

Question 39

Ovarian events
Phase
Uterine
Phase

Answer 39

Development of follicle due to gonadotropins ( Fsh & Lh)
Follicular phase , ovulation, lutael
Cyclical changes in endometrium lining of uterus due to secretion of estrogen & prog
Bleeding phase , proliferative phase , secretory phase

Question 40

Menstrual / =
Menstrual flow
Hormone level 1st day
Later

Answer 40

Bleeding = shedding of endometrium lining of uterus
Unfertilised ovum & blood vessels
All low
Fsh ⬆️Lh,estrogen, progesterone low

Question 41

Follicular/ =

Hormone level

Answer 41

Proliferative / pre ovalatory / estrogenic ( 6-13 )= development of follicle
Regeneration/proliferation of endometrium lining
Estrogen ⬆️ progesterone low Fsh ⬆️Lh ⬆️

Question 42

Ovalotory phase =
Hormone
Day of ovulation =

Answer 42

Release of secondary oocyte = ovulation
Fsh , Lh peak level , estrogen ⬆️
Total no of days of menstrual cycle- 14 (leuteal phase )

Question 43

Luteal phase / =
Uterus becomes
Hormone level

Answer 43

Secretory phase / post ovulatory phase , formation of corpus luteum
Glandular , secretory , adhesive
Prog⬆️estrogen ⬆️Fsh low Lh ⬆️