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RUSVM Immunology > Humoral Immune Response > Flashcards

Humoral Immune Response Flashcards

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1
Q

___________ is driven by B lymphocytes and its ability to produce antibodies in response to antigen.

A

Humoral immunity is driven by B lymphocytes and its ability to produce antibodies in response to antigen.

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2
Q

___________ stimulated for an intracellular pathogen, while ___________ is stimulated for an extracellular pathogen.

A

Cellular immunity stimulated for an intracellular pathogen, while humoral immunity is stimulated for an extracellular pathogen.

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3
Q

__________ and _________ are the two subcategories of the humoral immune response.

A

Passive and active are the two subcategories of the humoral immune response.

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4
Q

_________ is an example of an artificial passive humoral immune response

A

Immunoglobulins is an example of an artificial passive humoral immune response

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5
Q

___________ is an example of natural passive humoral immune response.

A

Transplacental, Colostrum, egg is an example of natural passive humoral immune response.

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6
Q

__________ is an example of artificial active humoral response.

A

Vaccination is an example of artificial active humoral response.

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7
Q

__________ is an example of natural active humoral response.

A

Disease is an example of natural active humoral response.

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8
Q

_________ created by B cells are the BCR

A

Antibodies created by B cells are the BCR

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9
Q

_______ is a complex receptor made up of a combination of light and heavy chains.

A

BCR is a complex receptor made up of a combination of light and heavy chains.

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10
Q

Light chains consist of _________, ___________, ___________, and __________.

A

Light chains consist of constant domain, variable domain, light kappa chain, and light lambda chain.

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11
Q

Heavy chains consist of __________ and __________.

A

Heavy chains consist of variable domain and constant domain.

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12
Q

There are 5 different types of _________ chains.

A

There are 5 different types of heavy chains.

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13
Q

VH + VL= ___________

A

VH + VL = Antigen binding site

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14
Q

CH + CL = ____________

A

CH+ CL = Stabilizer of the antigen binding site

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15
Q

Framework regions

A

Constant regions within the hypervariable regions

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16
Q

Complementary Determining Regions (CDR)

A

Region with difference, recognizes the antigen

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17
Q

BCRs use _________ to aid in signal transduction

A

BCRs use CD79 complex to aid in signal transduction

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18
Q

___________ is made up of two alpha and beta chains.

A

CD79 complex is made up of two alpha and beta chains.

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19
Q

B lymphocytes can act as a co-stimulator that stimulate _________ further.

A

B lymphocytes can act as a co-stimulator that stimulate Th cells further.

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20
Q

Co-stimulation of B lymphocytes increases the production of ______, ______, _______, _______ by the helper T cells.

A

Co-stimulation of B lymphocytes increases the production of IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-13 by the helper T cells.

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21
Q

_________ increases the growth and differentiation of B cells and increases the expression of MHC II

A

IL-4 increases the growth and differentiation of B cells and increases the expression of MHC II

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22
Q

_______ induces Ig class switching.

A

IL-4 induces Ig class switching.

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23
Q

_________ stimulates B cell differentiation into plasma cells.

A

IL-5 stimulates B cell differentiation into plasma cells.

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24
Q

________ stimulates IgM and IgG production

A

IL-5 stimulates IgM and IgG production

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25
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ selectively stimulates IgA production.
**IL-5** selectively stimulates IgA production.
26
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is needed for final differentiation of B cell into plasma cells.
**IL-6** is needed for final differentiation of B cell into plasma cells.
27
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ required for optimal induction of IgE
**IL-13** required for optimal induction of IgE
28
IL-4 + IL-5 = ________ production.
IL-4 + IL-5 = **IgE** production.
29
IL-5 + IL-6 = ________ production.
IL-5 + IL-6 = **IgA** production.
30
IL-1 + IL-6 = ________ production.
IL-1 + IL-6 = **IgM** production.
31
CD40 on the B cell binds to CD154 on the T cell to trigger ___________ from the T cell.
CD40 on the B cell binds to CD154 on the T cell to trigger **IL-4** from the T cell.
32
CD40 on the B cell binds to CD154 on the T cell to trigger ___________ from the B cell.
CD40 on the B cell binds to CD154 on the T cell to trigger **proliferation, Ig production and Ig class switching** from the ​B cell.
33
CD40 on the B cell binds to CD154 on the T cell to trigger ___________ in dendritic cells.
CD40 on the B cell binds to CD154 on the T cell to trigger** antigen presentation, cytokine production and cell survival** in dendritic cells.​
34
CD40 on the B cell binds to CD154 on the T cell to trigger ___________ in macrophages.​
CD40 on the B cell binds to CD154 on the T cell to trigger **cytokine production, activation** in macrophages.​​
35
CD21 is the complement receptor for _______ . It recognizes the _________ part of the C3b complement to trigger \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
CD21 is the complement receptor for **C3**. It recognizes the **C3d** part of the C3b complement to trigger **CD19**.
36
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is a signaling component. It costimulates with \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_'s signal to amplify it.
**CD19** is a signaling component. It costimulates with **CD79**'s signal to amplify it.
37
Two types of memory B cells are _________ and \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
Two types of memory B cells are **Long-lived resting memory cell** and **Large and dividing memory cell**.
38
The long lived resting memory B cells survival does not depend on \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, it is stored until needed.
The long lived resting memory B cells survival does not depend on **antigen contact**, it is stored until needed.
39
Large, dividing memory B cells survival depends on \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, it is used and proliferates into _____ and _______ BCRs.
Large, dividing memory B cells survival depends on **antigen contact**, it is used and proliferates into **IgM** and **IgG** BCRs.
40
_General pathway of antibodies:_ Activation of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ → Increase \_\_\_\_\_\_ → _________ production → 1. increased _______ recognition → elimination/destruction of antigen source or → 2. __________ released into body fluids
_General pathway of antibodies:_ Activation of **B cells** → Increase **BCR** → **Antibody** production → 1. increased **antigen** recognition → elimination/destruction of antigen source or → 2. **antibody** released into body fluids
41
Antibody classes: (Most abundant) \_\_\_\_\_\_\_, \_\_\_\_\_, \_\_\_\_\_\_\_, \_\_\_\_\_\_\_, __________ (Least abundant)
Antibody classes: (Most abundant) **IgG**, **IgM**, **IgA**,**IgD**, **IgE** (Least abundant)
42
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Produced when an animal has been exposed to an antigen for a long time or when the animal is experiencing a second exposure to the same antigen
**IgG** ## Footnote Produced when an animal has been exposed to an antigen for a long time or when the animal is experiencing a second exposure to the same antigen
43
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Plasma cell found in the spleen, lymph node and bone marrow
**IgG** Plasma cell found in the spleen, lymph node and bone marrow
44
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Important in inflammation
**IgG** Important in inflammation
45
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Agglutination
**IgG and IgM** Agglutination
46
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Opsonisation
**IgG and IgM** Opsonisation
47
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Activates the classical complement pathway
**IgG** Activates the classical complement pathway
48
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Predominantly made during the first exposure to an antigen. First antibody made by newborns.
**IgM** Predominantly made during the first exposure to an antigen. First antibody made by newborns.
49
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Large plasma cell confines the antibody within the blood stream and secondary lymphoid organs
**IgM** Large plasma cell confines the antibody within the blood stream and secondary lymphoid organs
50
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Functions as antigen receptors on naive B cells
**IgM** Functions as antigen receptors on naive B cells
51
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Complement activation site is on the CH4
**IgM** Complement activation site is on the CH4
52
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Virus neutrilization
**IgM** Virus neutrilization
53
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Predominant antibody in secretions
**IgA** Predominant antibody in secretions
54
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Important role in preventing diseases cause by organisms that may enter the body through mucosal surfaces
**IgA** Important role in preventing diseases cause by organisms that may enter the body through mucosal surfaces
55
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Associated with anaphylactic reactions and immunity to parasites.
**IgE** Associated with anaphylactic reactions and immunity to parasites.
56
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Produced by plasma cells located under body surfaces.
**IgE** Produced by plasma cells located under body surfaces.
57
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Attached to RcERI on mast cells and basophils
**IgE** Attached to RcERI on mast cells and basophils
58
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Release inflammatory molecules from mast cells
**IgE** Release inflammatory molecules from mast cells
59
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Shortest half-life of all antibodies
**IgE** Shortest half-life of all antibodies
60
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Functions as BCR on naive B cells
**IgD** Functions as BCR on naive B cells
61
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Not found in cats, chickens, and rabbits
**IgD** Not found in cats, chickens, and rabbits
62
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Mediates the link between innate and adaptive immune response
**IgD** Mediates the link between innate and adaptive immune response
63
Naive B lymphocytes express two classes of membrane bound antibodies: ______ and \_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
Naive B lymphocytes express two classes of membrane bound antibodies: **IgM** and **IgD**.
64
With repeated exposure the antibody is fully suited to recognize all parts of the antigen thus \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
With repeated exposure the antibody is fully suited to recognize all parts of the antigen thus **increasing its affinity**
65
\_\_\_\_\_\_ and _______ are found on the surface of B cells to recognize a complement protein that may have attached to the antigenic determinatn that is presented.
**CD19** and **CD21** are found on the surface of B cells to recognize a complement protein that may have attached to the antigenic determinatn that is presented.
66
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ the protein that recognized the complement protein
**CD21** the protein that recognized the complement protein
67
\_\_\_\_\_\_ is the signal transducing protein of the complex
**CD19** is the signal transducing protein of the complex
68
_B cell interaction with antigens/pathogens:_ B cells and T cells enter lymph node through HEVs → Antigen binding B cells are trapped in the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ → interact with ______ to form primary focus → B cells encounter antigen and migrate to \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ → ________ formation → B cell \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ → newly created _______ leave via efferent lymphatics → travel to _________ where antibodies are created.
_B cell interaction with antigens/pathogens:_ B cells and T cells enter lymph node through HEVs → Antigen binding B cells are trapped in the **T-cell zone** → interact with **Th cells** to form primary focus → B cells encounter antigen and migrate to **primary lymphoid follicles** → **germinal centre** formation → B cell** proliferation** → newly created **plasma cells** leave via efferent lymphatics → travel to **bone marrow** where antibodies are created.
69
Antigen processing and presentation by B cells occurs inside the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
Antigen processing and presentation by B cells occurs inside the **lymph node**.
70
B cell as APC B cell engulfs antigen → breaks down antigen → _______ picks up antigen and presents it on its surface → ________ recognizes the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ → activation ot the Th cell to release \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ → activation of the ______ to initiate development and proliferation.
B cell as APC B cell engulfs antigen → breaks down antigen → **MHC class II** picks up antigen and presents it on its surface → ** Th cell **recognizes the **MHC class II** → activation of the Th cell to release **IL-2, 4 and 5** → activation of the **B cell** to initiate development and proliferation.
71
Primary Immune Response \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ B cell → activated B cell → ________ cells in the peripheral lymphoid organ → low level antibody production of \_\_\_\_\_ → long lived _______ in bone marrow and \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
Primary Immune Response **Naive** B cell → activated B cell →**antibody-secreting** cells in the peripheral lymphoid organ → low level antibody production of **IgM** → long lived **plasma cells** in bone marrow and **B memory cells**.
72
Secondary Immune Response: \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ activated → ________ cells produce and secrete large amounts of \_\_\_\_\_\_ → long lived _______ reside in the bone marrow and \_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
Secondary Immune Response: **Memory B cell** activated → **antibody secreteing **cells produce and secrete large amounts of **IgG** → long lived **plasma cells** reside in the bone marrow and **memory B cells**.
73
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ can be neutralized by the binding of antibodies. Neutralized toxin can be ingested by _________ and broken down. Antibodies block off receptors that usually attach to its target.
**Bacterial toxins** can be neutralized by the binding of antibodies. Neutralized toxin can be ingested by **macrophages** and broken down. Antibodies block off receptors that usually attach to its target.
74
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ are targeted with antibodies, marked to be recognized by macrophages and once ingested, lysis occurs.
**Extracellular bacteria** are targeted with antibodies, marked to be recognized by macrophages and once ingested, lysis occurs.
75
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ are bound by antibodies as well as complement fragment, macrophage can recognize as antibody, ingestion and lysis occurs.
**Plasma bacteria** are bound by antibodies as well as complement fragment, macrophage can recognize as antibody, ingestion and lysis occurs.
76
Ability of a receptor to bind to an antigen is determined by the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
Ability of a receptor to bind to an antigen is determined by the **shape of the binding site**.
77
Unwanted receptor genes can be deleted by \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
Unwanted receptor genes can be deleted by **enzyme recombinase**.
78
Mutations and change to the chains of antibody occur by either __________ or by \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
Mutations and change to the chains of antibody occur by either **somatic muction **or by **gene conversion **.
79
Change in the antibody genes is formed by recombination of the ___________ gene segments.
Change in the antibody genes is formed by recombination of the **V and J **gene segments.
80
If a mutation ________ antigen binding, the mutated cell is destroyed.
If a mutation **reduces** antigen binding, the mutated cell is destroyed.
81
If a mutation ________ the antigen binding, the mutated cell lives.
If a mutation **enhances **the antigen binding, the mutated cell lives.
82

RUSVM Immunology (8 decks)

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