Hunger and Chemical Senses

Question 1

Hunger =

Answer 1

Low blood glucose levels

Question 2

Glucose

Answer 2

• preferred source of energy
• stored in glycogen
• released by the liver to replenish BG levels
• found in muslces and liver

Question 3

Glycogen

Answer 3

• stores to help maintain BG levels over the course of the day
• Released between meals

Question 4

Feeling of satiation

Answer 4

the pancreas secretes insulin → promotes uptake of glucose by cells for immediate use →excess glucose stored as glycogen and as adipose

Question 5

Feeling of hunger

Answer 5

As time from last meal increases = decrease in blood sugar → Liver converts glycogen to glucose → releasing back into blood → glycogen reserves decreases

Question 6

Neural Peptide Y

Answer 6

• Promotes food seeking behaviour
• high levels in hypothalamus = increased appetite

Question 7

Brain receives feeling of being full from

Answer 7

• Stomach stretch receptors via vagus nerve
• GI tract secretion of digestive hormones
• The liver - monitors glucose levels to control hunger and satiety

Question 8

Cholcystokinin

Answer 8

Hormone responsible for satiety

Question 9

Hunger vs Satiety

Answer 9

H: NPY High, CCK low, Insulin low, glucose low
S: NPY Low, CCK high, Insulin high, glucose high

Question 10

Adipose Tissue

Answer 10

Secretes leptin

Question 11

Leptin

Answer 11

high levels = low appetite
- inhibits NPY

Question 12

Leptin Resistance

Answer 12

Beyond certain level, effect of leptin on appetite is reduced

Question 13

Glycogen reserves get low

Answer 13

• NPY levels increase
• Leptin secreted
• indicate need for food isn’t urgent

Question 14

Blood glucose levels high

Answer 14

• CCK release
• short term satiety response

Question 15

Endogenous Opioids

Answer 15

Naturally occurring chemical substances that have morphine-like analgesic actions in the body
- Analgesic
- block opioid receptors

Question 16

Taste preferences

Answer 16

are universal
- controlled by older and lower regions of brain

Question 17

Responses to taste

Answer 17

neutral: none
sweet: acceptance
salty: acceptance
bitter: rejection
sour: rejection

Question 18

Gustatory Cortex

Answer 18

Perceives taste in brain
- sens info to orbital cortex for flavour

Question 19

Emotional aspect of food

Answer 19

From the thalamus → hypothalamus → amygdala

Question 20

Smell processed in brain

Answer 20

Chemical molecules → nasal cavity → dissolve in the mucus of nose → allows for molecules to interact with the olfactory receptor cell cillia