HWH Midterm Study

Question 1

Scientific Revolution

Answer 1

-reason, observation, experiment

Question 2

Scientific Method

Answer 2

-hypothesis
-natural law

Question 3

People during the Scientific Revolution

Answer 3

Copernicus: heliocentric (sun)
Kepler: geocentric (earth)
Newton: proved heliocentric (law of gravity)
Galileo: proved heliocentric (invention of telescope)

Question 4

Absolutism

Answer 4

-absolute monarch
-mercantilism (more exports than imports; colonies for raw materials)
-divine rights (right from god)

Question 5

Enlightenment

Answer 5

-popular sovereignty (consent from people) replaces divine rights (right from god)
-ideas from Europe to the Americas

Question 6

John Locke

Answer 6

Two Treatises of Government

-government should protect people’s Natural Rights (life, liberty, and property)

democracy (popular sovereignty)
-people should give consent to the government

Question 7

Montesquieu

Answer 7

The Spirit of Laws

Separation of Powers

 Legislative—makes laws (Congress: House of 
 Representatives and Senate)

 Executive—carries out laws (president, vice 
 president, Cabinet, most federal agencies)

 Judicial—evaluates laws (Supreme Court and 
 other courts)

Question 8

Rousseau

Answer 8

The Social Contract
-treat citizens equally

Question 9

Voltaire

Answer 9

Candide

Freedom of Expression (Voice)
“I do not agree with what you have to say, but I’ll defend to the death your right to say it.”

Question 10

Thomas Hobbes

Answer 10

Leviathan

Social Contract- give up freedom for organized society

-people are naturally cruel, greedy, selfish
-strictly controlled, absolutes monarch

Question 11

Adam Smith

Answer 11

Wealth of Nations

-Laissiez Faire/free market society (supply and demand; unlimited)

-limited role in government

Question 12

Age of Revolution

Answer 12

American, French, Latin American
-absolute monarch
-mercantilism and deficit spending
-social classes (clergy, aristocrat, others)

Question 13

leaders of revolutions

Answer 13

Toussaint Louverture- Haitian; slave revolt
Simon Bolivar/Jose San Martin- leader of SA
Fr. Miguel Hidalgo- Mexico

Question 14

Industrialization

Answer 14

-new tech: factories; assembly line
-new jobs: less skilled
-urbanization: cities–too crowded; filth; disease
-living conditions
-Communist Manifesto (Marx): proletariat vs bourgeoisie

Question 15

Imperialism

Answer 15

economic: resources/new markets
political: competition; prestige (credit); security
-direct/indirect
social: Social Darwinism (survival of the fittest); paternalism (acts like a father); White Man’s Burden (westernizing colonies)

Question 16

mercantilism to laissez fair

Answer 16

late 15th centuries–absolute monarchs follow mercantilism to become rich in gold and silver
-more exports than imports
-colonies for raw materials
-controlled trade; limited how people spend their money

industrial revolution introduce laissez faire
-free market prices are based on supply and demand
-allowed people to do as they choose; government played no role in economics

Adam Smith- Wealth of Nations
-government should intervene as little as possible
-self-interests benefits economy

Question 17

American, French, and Latin American Revolutions

Answer 17

American Revolution
-French and Indian War led to big expenses in Great Britain
-British government attempts to tax the colonies with acts
-absolutism limited trade and finances

French Revolution
-King Louis XIV spends expensive amount of money on the royal family and the Palace of Versailles
-commoners pay the most tax

Latin American Revolution
-inspired by French Revolution
-discontent in social classes
-saw Napoleon’s invasion of Spain as an opportunity to gain independence